مجال المستوى الأعلى للبلد على الإنترنت

(تم التحويل من CcTLD)

نطاق المستوى الأعلى لرمز الدولة (ccTLD) هو نطاق المستوى الأعلى على الإنترنت يُستخدم عمومًا أو يُحجز لـدولة أو دولة ذات سيادة أو إقليم تابع مُعرَّف بواسطة رمز الدولة. جميع معرفات ccTLD المستندة إلى ASCII تتكون من حرفين، وجميع نطاقات المستوى الأعلى المكونة من حرفين هي ccTLDs.

بدأت طلبات امتدادات رموز الدول في عام 1985. وشملت امتدادات رموز الدول المسجلة في ذلك العام .il (إسرائيل)، .uk (المملكة المتحدة) و.us (الولايات المتحدة). وشملت امتدادات رموز الدول المسجلة في عام 1986 .au (أستراليا)، .de (ألمانيا)، .fi (فنلندا)، .fr (فرنسا)، .is (آيسلندا)، .jp (اليابان)، .kr (كوريا الجنوبية)، .nl (هولندا) و.se (السويد). وشملت امتدادات رموز الدول المسجلة في عام 1987 .ar (الأرجنتين)، .ca (كندا)، .ch (سويسرا)، .cl (تشيلي)، .dk (الدنمارك)، .my (ماليزيا)، .nz (نيوزيلندا) و.no (النرويج).[1] وشملت امتدادات رموز الدول المسجلة في عام 1988 .at (النمسا)، .be (بلجيكا)، .es (إسبانيا)، .ie (أيرلندا)، .it (إيطاليا)، .pt (البرتغال)، .sg (سنغافورة) و.th (تايلاند). وشملت امتدادات رموز الدول المسجلة في عام 1989 .br (البرازيل)، .in (الهند)، .mx (المكسيك) و.tw (تايوان). وفي عقد 1990، سُجلت لأول مرة نطاقات .ae (الإمارات العربية المتحدة)، .cn (جمهورية الصين الشعبية)، .cz (جمهورية التشيك)، .hk (هونغ كونغ)، .pl (بولندا)، .ru (الاتحاد الروسي)، .tr (تركيا) و.za (جنوب إفريقيا).

في عام 2018، بدأت هيئة الإنترنت للأرقام المخصصة (IANA) تنفيذ نطاق المستوى الأعلى لرمز الدولة المدوّل، التي تتكون من محارف أصلية للغة عند عرضها في تطبيق المستخدم النهائي. ويُوصف إنشاء نطاقات ccTLD وتفويضها في RFC 1591، بما يتوافق مع رموز الدول ISO 3166-1 alpha-2. وبينما يتعين على gTLD الالتزام باللوائح الدولية، تخضع ccTLDs لمتطلبات تحددها مؤسسة تنظيم أسماء النطاقات في كل دولة. ومع تسجيل أكثر من 150 مليون اسم نطاق في عام 2020، شكلت ccTLDs نحو 40% من إجمالي صناعة أسماء النطاقات.[2]

بحلول أواخر عقد 2010، أصبحت ccTLDs مستخدمة على نطاق واسع عبر الويب، بما في ذلك المواقع المنشأة باستخدام منشئي المواقع المستضافة وخدمات النطاقات مثل ويكس وIONOS وBluehost، التي تدعم تسجيل أو ربط مجموعة من امتدادات النطاقات، بما فيها نطاقات رموز الدول.[3][4][5]

يوجد أكثر من 300 نطاق ccTLD مفوضًا. وتضم نطاقات .cn و.tk و.de و.uk و.nl و.ru أكبر عدد من النطاقات.[6][7] وتستحوذ أكبر عشرة نطاقات ccTLD على أكثر من خمسة أثمان نطاقات ccTLD المسجلة.[6] وكان هناك نحو 153 مليون نطاق ccTLD مسجل في نهاية مارس 2022.[8]

التفويض والإدارة

IANA مسؤولة عن تحديد الجهة الوصية المناسبة لكل ccTLD. ثم تُفوَّض الإدارة والسيطرة إلى تلك الجهة الوصية، التي تتولى مسؤولية سياسات النطاق وتشغيله. ويمكن تحديد التفويض الحالي من قائمة IANA لنطاقات ccTLD.[9] وقد تختلف متطلبات ورسوم تسجيل نطاق فرعي من ccTLD إلى آخر. وقد يُشترط وجود محلي، مثل الجنسية أو صلة أخرى بنطاق ccTLD، كما هو الحال في نطاقات الولايات المتحدة (us)، واليابان (jp)، وكندا (ca)، وفرنسا (fr) وألمانيا (de)، أو قد يكون التسجيل مفتوحًا.

القوائم

في 20 مايو 2017، كان هناك 255 نطاقًا من نطاقات المستوى الأعلى لرمز الدولة، مكتوبة حصريًا بالأبجدية اللاتينية، وتستخدم رموزًا مكونة من حرفين. وبلغ العدد 316 في اعتبارا من June 2020، مع إضافة النطاقات المدوّلة.[10]

رموز ccTLD بالحروف اللاتينية

Overview of Latin-character country-code TLDs
Name[11]
 Entity Explanation
Year
Registered
 Notes Registry[11] IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6
.ac  جزيرة أسنشن (United Kingdom) Ascension Island Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, .ac is not to be confused with the official academic domains used by several countries such as the United Kingdom (.ac.uk), India (.ac.in) or Indonesia (.ac.id). Also used in the accounting, consulting, and air-conditioning industries. Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run by Internet Computer Bureau) نعم نعم نعم نعم
.ad  أندورا Andorra Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required.[12][13] TLD commonly used for advertisement based websites. Nic.ad لا نعم نعم
.ae  الإمارات العربية المتحدة United Arab Emirates 1990+ .aeDA لا لا نعم
.af  أفغانستان Afghanistan لا نعم نعم
.ag  أنتيگا وبربودا Antigua and Barbuda Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft). لا نعم نعم
.ai  أنگويلا (United Kingdom) Anguilla Also unofficially used by tech companies specializing in AI (Artificial Intelligence). لا نعم نعم
.al  ألبانيا Albania Citizenship no longer required. لا نعم نعم
.am  أرمنيا Armenia Also unofficially used by AM radio stations, podcasts or related business. لا نعم نعم نعم
.an  الأنتيل الهولندية (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Nederlandse Antillen Restricted to registered Dutch companies, organisations and citizens لا نعم نعم نعم
.ao  أنگولا Angola لا لا غير معروف
.aq  أنتاركتيكا Antarctique Defined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. Domain names can be registered and renewed free of charge. ? لا نعم ?
.ar  الأرجنتين Argentina 1987 nic.ar Spanish[A] نعم نعم نعم
.as  ساموا الأمريكية (United States) American Samoa In some countries, like Norway and Denmark, "AS" or "A/S" is used as an abbreviation for stock-based or limited companies. Such companies will often make use of the domain. Also unofficially used by the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Also used for the short URLs of McDonald's in Australia (e.g. food service feedback form "macc.as/feedback"), after the colloquial name "Maccas" used in the region.[15] نعم نعم نعم
.at  النمسا Austria 1988 Nic.at نعم[B] نعم نعم نعم
.au  أستراليا Australia 1986 Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years.[17] Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been made available commencing 24 March 2022.[18] auDA لا نعم نعم (*From 24 Mar 2022)[18] نعم
.aw  أروبا (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Aruba, West Indies Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens لا نعم نعم
.ax  أولاند (Finland) .al and .ad already allocated لا نعم نعم
.az  أذربيجان Azerbaijan Only for Residents. Has no WHOIS-Server. لا نعم نعم نعم
.ba  البوسنة والهرسك Bosnia and Herzegovina University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre لا لا نعم
.bb  بربادوس Barbados لا لا نعم
.bd  بنگلادش Bangladesh For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh. نعم نعم
[19]		 نعم نعم
.be  بلجيكا Belgium 1988 Used for YouTube-related domains. Also unofficially used in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. DNS Belgium Latin
[20]		 نعم نعم نعم
[21]
.bf  بوركينا فاسو Burkina Faso لا لا نعم
.bg  بلغاريا Bulgaria See also .бг (.bg in Cyrillic) for IDN ccTLD نعم نعم نعم
.bh  البحرين Bahrain لا نعم نعم
.bi  بوروندي Burundi لا نعم نعم
.bj  بنين .be, .bn, and .bi already allocated لا نعم نعم
.bl  سان بارتليمي (France) Saint Barthélemy لا لا
.bm  برمودا (United Kingdom) Bermuda Local corporate registration required لا نعم نعم
.bn  بروناي Brunei لا نعم لا
.bo  بوليڤيا Bolivia لا لا نعم
.bq  جزر الكاريبي الهولندية ( بونير,  سابا, and  سنت أوستاتيوس) .be and .bs already allocated
.br  البرازيل Brasil 1989 Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: .edu.br for higher education institutions, .gov.br for government agencies, etc.).[22] نعم
[23]		 نعم لا[C]
.bs  البهاماز Bahamas لا لا نعم
.bt  بوتان Bhutan Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license[24] لا نعم لا
.bu  ميانمار Burma لا لا
.bv  جزيرة بوڤيه Bouvet 1987 Norid نعم نعم نعم نعم
.bw  بتسوانا Botswana May also be used for the Province of Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium لا نعم
[25]		 نعم
.by  بلاروس Byelorussia Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany لا نعم نعم
.bz  بليز Belize Also unofficially used in the province of Bozen (or South Tyrol, see .st) لا نعم نعم
.ca  كندا Canada 1987 Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of California. CIRA French
[26]		 نعم نعم نعم
.cc  جزر كوكوز Cocos Islands Australian territory: not to be confused with Cocos Island in Guam. Currently marketed as global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is currently operated by eNIC, a VeriSign company. نعم نعم نعم
.cd  الكونغو الديمقراطية Congo, Democratic Republic Also unofficially used for Compact disc-related domains. لا لا نعم
.cf  جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى Central African Republic Also used as a free domain service to the public. Freenom (for free domains) نعم لا نعم
.cg  الكونغو Congo لا لا نعم
.ch   سويسرا Confoederatio Helvetica 1987 SWITCH نعم[D] نعم نعم
.ci  ساحل العاج Côte d'Ivoire لا نعم نعم
.ck  جزر كوك Cook Islands لا لا نعم
.cl  تشيلي Chile 1987 NIC Chile نعم نعم نعم نعم
.cm  الكاميرون Cameroon A local entity / company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name. لا نعم نعم
.cn  الصين China 1990+ A local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a valid Resident Identity Card. See ICP license for more information regarding registrations. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs.

Also unofficially used for Cartoon Network-related domains.

CNNIC نعم نعم نعم نعم
.co  كولومبيا Colombia Marketed as a global domain. Anyone can register. لا نعم نعم
.cp  جزيرة كليپرتون (France) Clipperton With Clipperton Island لا نعم
.cq  سارك Cerq لا لا نعم
.cr  كوستاريكا Costa Rica لا نعم نعم
.cs  صربيا والجبل الأسود /  تشيكوسلوڤاكيا Crna Gora, Srbija / Československo Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions. نعم[E] نعم نعم نعم
.cu  كوبا Cuba لا لا نعم
.cv  الرأس الأخضر Cape Verde Also unofficially used for curriculum vitae-related domains. لا لا نعم
.cw  كوراساو (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Curaçao, West Indies لا غير معروف
.cx  جزيرة عيد الميلاد Christmas Xmas Made infamous from Goatse.cx لا نعم نعم
.cy  قبرص Cyprus لا نعم نعم
.cz  التشيك Czechia 1990+ لا[F] نعم نعم
.de  ألمانيا Deutschland (The native name for Germany) 1986 German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed. DENIC نعم[G] نعم نعم نعم
.dg  دييگو گارسيا (United Kingdom) Diego Garcia نعم نعم نعم
.dj  جيبوتي Djibouti Also unofficially used by disc jockeys. لا لا نعم
.dk  الدنمارك Danmark 1987 DK Hostmaster نعم[H] نعم نعم نعم
.dm  دومنيكا Dominica لا نعم نعم
.do  جمهورية الدومنيكان Dominican لا لا نعم
.dz  الجزائر El Djazair / Dzayer لا نعم نعم
.ec  الإكوادور Ecuador In Japan, "EC" is used as an acronym for "electronic commerce". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec".[31] Nic.ec لا نعم نعم
.ee  إستونيا Eesti نعم[I] نعم نعم
.eg  مصر Egypt لا لا نعم
.eh  الصحراء الغربية Español Sahara Unassigned لا لا لا
.er  إرتريا Eritrea نعم نعم
.es  إسپانيا España 1988 Red.es نعم
[33]		 نعم نعم
.et  إثيوپيا Ethiopia لا نعم لا
.eu  الاتحاد الأوروپي European Union Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the Basque language, but now .eus is in official use. EURid نعم[J] نعم نعم نعم
[35]
.fi  فنلندا Finland 1986 Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. TRAFICOM[36] نعم[K] نعم نعم نعم
.fj  فيجي Fiji لا نعم نعم
.fk  جزر فوكلاند (United Kingdom) Falkland لا لا لا
.fl  ليختنشتاين Fürstentum Liechtenstein لا لا لا
.fm  ميكرونزيا Federated States of Micronesia Also unofficially used by FM radio stations, podcasts or related business. نعم نعم نعم
.fo  جزر فارو (Kingdom of Denmark) Føroyar FO Council لا نعم نعم
.fr  فرنسا France 1986 Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[L] AFNIC نعم
[39]		 نعم نعم
.fx  البر الرئيسي لفرنسا .fr, .mf, and .tr already allocated 1986 نعم نعم
.ga  الگابون Gabon نعم نعم نعم
.gb  بريطانيا العظمى Great Britain[40] نعم نعم نعم
.gd  گرينادا Grenada لا نعم نعم
.ge  جورجيا Georgia Available for registration for resident and non-resident natural person or legal entity.[41] لا نعم نعم
.gf  گويانا الفرنسية (France) Guyane Française لا لا
.gg  Guernsey .gu, .gs, and .gy already allocated Also unofficially used by video game-related websites (see GG (gaming)) Island Networks Ltd. نعم نعم نعم
.gh  غانا Ghana لا لا لا
.gi  جبل طارق (United Kingdom) Gibraltar لا نعم نعم
.gl  گرينلاند (Kingdom of Denmark) Greenland Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but now .gal has been approved for such use and was implemented in mid-2014 لا نعم نعم
.gm  گامبيا Gambia Domain name should match the domain owner's name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked. لا لا نعم
.gn  غينيا Guinea A local contact is required لا نعم لا
.gp  گوادلوپ (France) Guadeloupe Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin لا لا نعم
.gq  غينيا الإستوائية Guinée équatoriale Also used as a free domain service to the public. نعم لا
.gr  اليونان Greece نعم[M] نعم نعم
.gs  جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية (United Kingdom) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands لا نعم نعم
.gt  گواتيمالا Guatemala نعم لا نعم نعم
.gu  گوام (United States) Guam لا لا لا
.gw  غينيا-بيساو Gine-Bisaawo لا نعم نعم
.gy  گويانا Guyana لا نعم نعم
.hk  هونگ كونگ Hong Kong 1990+ Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd. نعم نعم نعم نعم
.hm  جزيرة هيرد وجزر مكدونالد Heard Island and McDonald Islands Unused for its intended purposes (islands are uninhabited and government sites instead use .aq); registry open to the public. لا لا نعم
.hn  هندوراس Honduras لا نعم نعم
.hr  كرواتيا Hrvatska لا نعم نعم
.ht  هايتي Haiti نعم لا نعم
.hu  المجر Hungary Citizens of the European Union or entities established by law within the territory of the EU نعم
[43]		 نعم نعم
.ic  جزر الكناري Las Islas Canarias 1988 نعم نعم نعم
.id  إندونيسيا Indonesia Restricted to Indonesian companies (co.id), organisations (or.id), academic (ac.id & sch.id) and citizens (biz.id, my.id & web.id). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.[44] PANDI نعم نعم نعم
.ie  أيرلندا Ireland 1988 In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland).[45][46] نعم نعم نعم نعم
.il  إسرائيل Israel 1985 نعم نعم نعم
.im  جزيرة مان Isle of Man لا لا نعم
.in  الهند India 1989 Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except for gov.in, nic.in, mil.in, ac.in, edu.in, res.in). NIXI[47] نعم
[48]		 نعم نعم نعم
.io  أراضي المحيط الهندي البريطانية (United Kingdom) Indian Ocean Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications because IO can be an acronym for input / output that is useful for domain hacks. NIC.IO (run by Internet Computer Bureau) نعم نعم نعم
.iq  العراق Iraq لا جزئي[N] نعم
.ir  إيران Iran IRNIC نعم لا نعم
.is  آيسلندا Ísland 1986 Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example it.is, that.is, etc.). ISNIC نعم نعم نعم
.it  إيطاليا Italy 1988 Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union. نعم
[49]		 نعم
[50]		 نعم نعم
.ja  جامايكا Jamaica لا لا لا
.je  جرزي Jersey Island Networks Ltd. نعم لا نعم
.jm  جامايكا Jamaica لا لا لا
.jo  الأردن Jordan لا نعم
.jp  اليابان Japan 1986 Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan. Japan Registry Services نعم نعم نعم نعم
[51]
.ke  كنيا Kenya لا لا
[52]		 لا
.kg  قيرغيزستان Kyrgyzstan لا نعم نعم
.kh  كمبوديا Khmer لا لا لا
.ki  كيريباس Kiribati لا نعم نعم
.km  جزر القمر Komori لا لا نعم
.kn  سانت كيتس ونڤيس Saint Kitts and Nevis لا لا نعم
.kp  كوريا الشمالية Korea, Democratic People's Republic Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of internet censorship in North Korea. لا لا لا لا
.kr  كوريا الجنوبية Korea, Republic 1986 نعم نعم نعم
.kw  الكويت Kuwait نعم لا
.ky  جزر كايمان (United Kingdom) .ci and .cy already allocated لا نعم نعم
.kz  قزخستان Kazakhstan نعم لا نعم
.la  لاوس Laos Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles.[53] نعم نعم
.lb  لبنان Lebanon Restricted to registration with a company in Lebanon نعم لا
.lc  سانت لوشيا Saint Lucia نعم نعم
.li  ليختنشتاين Liechtenstein Also unofficially used by entities on Long Island, New York or people with the last name Li. In Russian, li can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending li . SWITCH نعم نعم نعم
.lk  سريلانكا Sri Lanka نعم نعم نعم
.lr  ليبريا Liberia جزئي[N] لا
.ls  لسوتو Lesotho لا لا
.lt  لتوانيا Lietuva نعم نعم نعم
.lu  لوكسمبورگ Luxembourg Also unofficially used in Lucerne, Switzerland نعم نعم نعم
.lv  لاتڤيا Latvija IMCS UL نعم نعم نعم
.ly  ليبيا Libya Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly. نعم نعم
.ma  المغرب Maroc / Al-Maghrib 1992[54] The registrar must be based in Morocco or have a legal representative in the country.

WHOIS privacy is prohibited by the national regulator.[55][56]

ANRT (Agence nationale de réglementation des télécommunications) جزئي[O] نعم
[57]		 نعم نعم
.mc  موناكو Monaco Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco. نعم نعم
.md  مولدوڤا Moldova Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova. نعم نعم
.me  الجبل الأسود Montenegro Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example love.me, meet.me, etc.). نعم نعم
.mf  سانت مارتن (France) Saint Martin, French نعم نعم نعم
.mg  مدغشقر Madagascar Restricted to registration with a company in Madagascar NIC-MG لا نعم
.mh  جزر مارشال Marshall Inactive لا
.mk  شمال مقدونيا Makedonija Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union. لا نعم
.ml  مالي Mali Also used as a free domain service to the public. Freenom (for free domains) نعم لا نعم
.mm  ميانمار Myanmar لا لا
.mn  منغوليا Mongolia The second-level domains .gov.mn, .org.mn, and .edu.mn are reserved for special use. See .mn for more information. نعم نعم
.mo  مكاو Macao Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register. Macao Post and Telecommunications Bureau (CTT) نعم لا نعم نعم
.mp  جزر ماريانا الشمالية (United States) Marianas Pacific لا نعم
.mq  مارتينيك (France) Martinique لا لا
.mr  موريتانيا Mauritania نعم نعم
.ms  مونتسرات (United Kingdom) Montserrat Also unofficially used for Microsoft-related domains. لا نعم
.mt  مالطا Malta لا لا
.mu  موريشيوس Mauritius لا نعم
.mv  المالديڤ Maldives لا نعم
.mw  ملاوي Malawi لا نعم
.mx  المكسيك Mexico 1989 نعم نعم
.my  ماليزيا Malaysia 1987 Restricted to registration by an individual or company in Malaysia MYNIC نعم
[58]		 نعم نعم
.mz  موزمبيق Mozambique لا لا
.na  ناميبيا Namibia نعم نعم
.nc  كاليدونيا الجديدة (France) New Caledonia Restricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months. نعم نعم
.ne  النيجر Niger لا نعم
.nf  جزيرة نورفوك Norfolk نعم نعم
.ng  نيجريا Nigeria لا نعم
.ni  نيكاراگوا Nicaragua لا لا
.nl  هولندا Nederland 1986 First active country-code domain outside the US.[59] لا نعم نعم نعم
.no  النرويج Norge 1987 Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. Norid نعم نعم نعم نعم
.np  نيپال Nepal All .np domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal. لا لا
.nr  ناورو Nauru Was previously used as a free domain service to the public as co.nr.[60] لا نعم
.nu  نيووِيْ Niue Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, because in their languages "nu" means "now". The Swedish Internet Foundation نعم
[61]		 نعم نعم نعم
.nz  نيوزيلندا New Zealand 1987 Māori
[62]		 نعم نعم
[63]		 نعم
.om  عُمان Oman Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact. لا لا
.pa  پنما Panama Some use in Pennsylvania لا لا
.pe  پيرو Peru Also unofficially used for Private Equity-related businesses. نعم نعم نعم
.pf  پولينيزيا الفرنسية (France) Polynésie française With Clipperton Island لا نعم
.pg  پاپوا غينيا الجديدة Papua New Guinea لا لا
.ph  الفلپين Philippines نعم نعم
.pk  پاكستان Pakistan Operated by PKNIC since 1992 لا نعم
.pl  پولندا Poland 1990+ نعم
[64]		 نعم نعم
.pm  سان پيير وميكلون (France) Saint Pierre and Miquelon Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[L] AFNIC نعم نعم
.pn  جزر پيتكيرن (United Kingdom) Pitcairn As a part of a marketing campaign, Lionsgate used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to The Hunger Games franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of Panem; notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn. لا نعم
.pr  پورتو ريكو (United States) Puerto Rico نعم نعم
.ps  فلسطين
[65]		 Palestine Jerusalem, West Bank and Gaza Strip. لا نعم
.pt  الپرتغال Portugal 1988 Associação DNS.PT Portuguese نعم نعم نعم
[66]
.pw  پالاو Pelew نعم نعم نعم نعم
[67]
.py  پاراگواي Paraguay لا لا
.qa  قطر Qatar لا لا
.re  ريونيون (France) Réunion Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[L] AFNIC نعم
[39]		 نعم نعم
.rh  هايتي Republic of Haiti نعم لا نعم
.ri  إندونيسيا Republic of Indonesia نعم لا نعم
.ro  رومانيا Romania نعم
[68]		 نعم
[69]		 نعم نعم
[70]
.rs  صربيا Republika Srbija See also .срб (.srb in Cyrillic). Also unofficially used for Rust (programming language)-related domains. نعم نعم نعم نعم
.ru  روسيا Russia 1990+ See also .su, still in use, and .рф, for IDN. لا نعم نعم نعم
.rw  رواندا Rwanda RICTA لا نعم
.sa  السعودية Saudi Arabia Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.[71] Arabic
[20]		 نعم
[72]		 نعم نعم
[73]
.sb  جزر سولومون Solomon Islands, British نعم لا
.sc  سيشل Seychelles Also unofficially used for Snapchat-related domains. نعم نعم
.sd  السودان Sudan لا نعم
.se  السويد Sverige 1986 The Swedish Internet Foundation نعم[P] نعم نعم نعم
.sg  سنغافورة Singapore 1988 Also unofficially used in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland نعم نعم
.sh  سانت هيلينا (United Kingdom) Saint Helena NIC.SH (run by Internet Computer Bureau) نعم
[75]		 نعم نعم
.si  سلوڤنيا Slovenia نعم[Q] نعم نعم
.sj  سڤالبارد ويان ماين Svalbard and Jan Mayen 1987 Norid نعم نعم نعم نعم
.sk  سلوڤاكيا Slovensko Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[L] نعم نعم نعم
.sl  سيراليون Sierra Leone لا نعم
.sm  سان مارينو San Marino Domain name must be same as company name or trademark. لا نعم
.sn  السنغال Senegal Registration allowed for companies only. Individuals are not allowed to register. نعم نعم
.so  الصومال Somalia Relaunched on 1 November 2010. SONIC لا لا نعم
.sr  سورينام Suriname لا نعم
.ss  جنوب السودان South Sudan نعم
.st  ساو تومه وپرنسيپه São Tomé Also unofficially used in South Tyrol (or province of Bozen, see .bz). نعم لا نعم
.su  الاتحاد السوڤيتي Soviet Union Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions. نعم[R] نعم نعم نعم
[78]
.sv  السلڤادور Salvador لا لا
.sx  سانت مارتن (Kingdom of the Netherlands) .sm, .ma, and .mt already allocated; airport code is SXM نعم لا
.sy  سوريا Syria لا نعم
.sz  إسواتيني Swaziland Registration is restricted to Eswatini organizations with Eswatini Trading Licenses. لا لا
.ta  تريستان دا كونيا (United Kingdom) Tristan da Cunha نعم نعم
.tc  جزر تركس وكايكوس (United Kingdom) Turks and Caicos Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC. لا نعم
.td  تشاد Tchad Available for registration to entities connected with Chad only. لا نعم
.tf  الأراضي الجنوبية والأنتارتيكية الفرنسية Terres australes et antarctiques françaises Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video game Team Fortress 2.[L] AFNIC نعم
[39]		 نعم نعم
.tg  توگو Togo لا نعم
.th  تايلند Thai 1988 نعم نعم لا
.tj  طاجيكستان Tajik لا نعم
.tk  توكلاو Tokelau Also used as a free domain service to the public. Freenom (for free domains) نعم لا نعم
.tl  تيمور الشرقية Timor-Leste Old code .tp has been deactivated since 2015. نعم نعم
.tm  تركمنستان Turkmen نعم
[79]		 نعم نعم
.tn  تونس Tunisia Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Tamil Nadu[80] نعم نعم نعم نعم
.to  تونگا Tonga Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin (Torino in Italian), Toronto, Tokyo, or Tocantins, and also as a domain hack in Slavic languages (to meaning it). نعم لا نعم
.tr  تركيا Turkey 1990+ .ct.tr and .nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus نعم[S] نعم[T] نعم نعم[U]
.tt  ترنيداد وتوباگو Trinidad and Tobago نعم نعم
.tv  توڤالو Tuvalu Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a VeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company. نعم نعم
.tw  تايوان Taiwan 1989 Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent Taiwan, Province of China".[84] TWNIC نعم[V] نعم نعم نعم
.tz  تنزانيا Tanzania TLD registrations allowed as of July 2022, no local presence in Tanzania required. TCRA نعم لا
.ua  أوكرانيا Ukraina Hostmaster Ltd. نعم نعم
.ug  أوغندا Uganda Uganda Online Ltd. نعم نعم
.um  جزر الولايات المتحدة الصغيرة النائية (United States) U.S. Minor Outlying Islands 1985 Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by U.S. State and local governments, see also .gov TLD. Go Daddy نعم نعم
.un  الأمم المتحدة United Nations لا نعم نعم
.uk  المملكة المتحدة United Kingdom 1985 The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB (for Great Britain). UK is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.[40] Nominet UK نعم نعم نعم
.us  الولايات المتحدة U.S. 1985 Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by U.S. State and local governments, see also .gov TLD. Go Daddy نعم نعم
.uy  أوروگواي Uruguay 2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.[86] نعم نعم
.uz  اوزبكستان Uzbekistan Uzinfocom نعم نعم
.va   الڤاتيكان Vatican Limited to the official sites of the Holy See (including those of the Vatican City State). لا لا
.vc  سانت ڤنسنت والگرنادينز Vincent جزئي[N] نعم
.ve  ڤنزويلا Venezuela Registration is at the third level. نعم لا
.vg  ج. العذراء البريطانية (United Kingdom) Virgin Islands لا نعم
.vi  الجزر العذراء الأمريكية (United States) Virgin Islands لا نعم
.vn  ڤيتنام Viet Nam نعم
[87]		 نعم نعم
.vu  ڤانواتو Vanuatu نعم نعم
.wf  والس وفوتونا Wallis and Futuna Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.[L] AFNIC نعم
[39]		 نعم نعم
.ws  ساموا Western Samoa Marketed for use in general Websites نعم نعم
[88]		 نعم
.xk  كوسوڤو .ka, .ks, .kv and .ko already allocated نعم نعم نعم
.ye  اليمن Yemen لا لا
.yt  مايوطة Mayotte Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[L] Also unofficially used for YouTube-related domains. AFNIC نعم
[39]		 نعم نعم
.yu  يوغوسلاڤيا Yugoslavia Still in use. نعم[W] نعم نعم نعم
.za  جنوب أفريقيا Zuid-Afrika 1990+ .za derives from the Dutch name of the country, even though Dutch is no longer an official language. ZA Domain Name Authority[89][90][91] نعم نعم
.zm  زامبيا Zambia لا نعم[X]
.zr  زائير Zaire لا لا نعم
.zw  زيمبابوي Zimbabwe لا لا
Name
 Entity Explanation
Year
Registered
 Notes Registry IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6

Table Notes

Table columns – legend
Name DNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain.[Y]
Entity Country, dependency, or region
Explanation Explanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country.[Z]
Notes General remarks
Registry Domain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC)
IDN Support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
DNSSEC Presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
SLD Second level domain[مطلوب توضيح]
IPv6 Registry fully supports IPv6 access
  1. ^ 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.[14]
  2. ^ Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see[16]
  3. ^ Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.
  4. ^ Since March 2004, see[27]
  5. ^ (28 April 2008)
  6. ^ IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest[28]
  7. ^ 93 non-ASCII characters, see[29]
  8. ^ 1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see[30]
  9. ^ Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011[32]
  10. ^ Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see[34]
  11. ^ September 2005, supported characters: š, ž, å, ä, ö and Sami language; see[37]
  12. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ (6 December 2011)[38]
  13. ^ Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see[42]
  14. ^ أ ب ت Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.
  15. ^ Only supports Accented Latin, no support for Arabic script as of July 2026.
  16. ^ October 2003, for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish; see[74]
  17. ^ Since October 2010, see[76]
  18. ^ (28 April 2008) see[77]
  19. ^ 14 November 2006; see[81]
  20. ^ 14 March 2023; see[82]
  21. ^ 21 July 2015; see[83]
  22. ^ Traditional Chinese characters: see[85]
  23. ^ (28 April 2008)
  24. ^ Restricted to ISPs and other undefined entities. See .zm .
  25. ^ They follow ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as ".ac" for Ascension Island, ".eu" for the European Union, or ".uk" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of ".gb". ISO codes bl, mf, gb, and um are not used for country code top-level domains.
  26. ^ e.g. .de for Deutschland, German language name for Germany.

Internationalized ccTLDs

Internationalized country code top-level domains[92]
DNS name IDN ccTLD Country/Region Language Script Transliteration Comments Other ccTLD DNSSEC
xn--lgbbat1ad8j .الجزائر  الجزائر Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Jazā'ir .dz لا
xn--y9a3aq .հայ  أرمنيا Armenian Armenian hay .am نعم
xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a .البحرين  البحرين Arabic Arabic al-Baḥrain Not in use .bh نعم
xn--54b7fta0cc .বাংলা  بنگلادش Bengali Bengali Bangla .bd لا
xn--90ais .бел  بلاروس Belarusian Cyrillic bel .by نعم
xn--90ae .бг[93]  بلغاريا Bulgarian Cyrillic bg .bg نعم
xn--fiqs8s .中国  الصين Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Zhōngguó .cn نعم
xn--fiqz9s .中國  الصين Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Zhōngguó .cn نعم
xn--wgbh1c .مصر  مصر Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Miṣr / Maṣr[94] .eg نعم
xn--e1a4c .ею  الاتحاد الأوروپي Bulgarian Cyrillic eyu .eu نعم
xn--qxa6a .ευ  الاتحاد الأوروپي Greek Greek ey In use since 2022 .eu نعم
xn--node .გე  جورجيا Georgian Georgian (Mkhedruli) GE .ge لا
xn--qxam .ελ[93]  اليونان Greek Greek el In use since July 2018 .gr نعم
xn--j6w193g .香港  هونگ كونگ Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Hoeng1 gong2 / Xiānggǎng .hk نعم
xn--h2brj9c .भारत  الهند Hindi Devanagari Bhārat Became available 27 August 2014[95] .in نعم
xn--mgbbh1a71e .بھارت  الهند Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Bhārat Became available 2017 .in نعم
xn--fpcrj9c3d .భారత్  الهند Telugu Telugu Bhārat Became available 2017 .in نعم
xn--gecrj9c .ભારત  الهند Gujarati Gujarati Bhārat Became available 2017 .in نعم
xn--s9brj9c .ਭਾਰਤ  الهند Punjabi Gurmukhī Bhārat Became available 2017 .in نعم
xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h .இந்தியா  الهند Tamil Tamil Intiyā Became available 2015 .in نعم
xn--45brj9c .ভারত  الهند Bengali Bengali Bharôt Became available 2017 .in نعم
xn--2scrj9c .ಭಾರತ  الهند Kannada Kannada Bhārata Became available 2020 .in نعم
xn--rvc1e0am3e .ഭാരതം  الهند Malayalam Malayalam Bhāratam Became available 2020 .in نعم
xn--45br5cyl .ভাৰত  الهند Assamese Bengali Bharatam Became available 2022 .in نعم
xn--3hcrj9c .ଭାରତ  الهند Oriya Oriya Bhārat Became available 2021 .in نعم
xn--mgbbh1a .بارت  الهند Kashmiri Arabic (Kashmiri) Bārat Became available 2022 .in نعم
xn--h2breg3eve .भारतम्  الهند Sanskrit Devanagari Bhāratam Became available 2022 .in نعم
xn--h2brj9c8c .भारोत  الهند Santali Devanagari Bharot Became available 2022 .in نعم
xn--mgbgu82a .ڀارت  الهند Sindhi Arabic (Sindhi) Bhārat Became available 2022 .in نعم
xn--mgba3a4f16a .ایران  إيران Persian Arabic (Persian) Īrān .ir لا
xn--mgbtx2b .عراق  العراق Arabic Arabic (Arabic) ʿIrāq Not in use .iq لا
xn--4dbrk0ce .ישראל  إسرائيل Hebrew Hebrew Israel Became available 2022 .il نعم
xn--mgbayh7gpa .الاردن  الأردن Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Urdun .jo لا
xn--80ao21a .қаз  قزخستان Kazakh Cyrillic (Kazakh) qaz .kz لا
xn--q7ce6a .ລາວ  لاوس Lao Lao Lao Became available 2020 .la نعم
xn--mix082f .澳门  مكاو Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Ou3 mun4 / Àomén Not in use .mo لا
xn--mix891f .澳門  مكاو Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Ou3 mun4 / Àomén Became available 2020 .mo لا
xn--mgbx4cd0ab .مليسيا  ماليزيا Malay Arabic (Jawi) Malaysīyā .my نعم
xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd .موريتانيا  موريتانيا Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Mūrītāniyā .mr نعم
xn--l1acc .мон  منغوليا Mongolian Cyrillic (Mongolian) mon .mn نعم
xn--mgbc0a9azcg .المغرب  المغرب Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Maġrib .ma لا
xn--d1alf .мкд  شمال مقدونيا Macedonian Cyrillic (Macedonian) mkd .mk لا
xn--mgb9awbf .عمان  عُمان Arabic Arabic (Arabic) ʿUmān .om لا
xn--mgbai9azgqp6j .پاکستان  پاكستان Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Pākistān .pk نعم
xn--ygbi2ammx .فلسطين  السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Filasṭīn .ps لا
xn--wgbl6a .قطر  قطر Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Qaṭar .qa لا
xn--p1ai .рф  روسيا Russian Cyrillic (Russian) rf .ru نعم
xn--mgberp4a5d4ar .السعودية  السعودية Arabic Arabic (Arabic) as-Suʿūdīya .sa نعم
xn--90a3ac .срб  صربيا Serbian Cyrillic (Serbian) srb .rs نعم
xn--yfro4i67o .新加坡  سنغافورة Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Xīnjiāpō .sg نعم
xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd .சிங்கப்பூர்  سنغافورة Tamil Tamil Cinkappūr .sg نعم
xn--3e0b707e .한국  كوريا الجنوبية Korean Hangul Han-guk .kr نعم
xn--fzc2c9e2c .ලංකා  سريلانكا Sinhala Sinhala Lanka .lk لا
xn--xkc2al3hye2a .இலங்கை  سريلانكا Tamil Tamil Ilaṅkai .lk لا
xn--mgbpl2fh .سودان  السودان Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sūdān .sd لا
xn--ogbpf8fl .سورية  سوريا Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sūriyya .sy لا
xn--kprw13d .台湾  تايوان Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Táiwān .tw نعم
xn--kpry57d .台灣  تايوان Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Táiwān .tw نعم
xn--o3cw4h .ไทย  تايلند Thai Thai Thai .th نعم
xn--pgbs0dh .تونس  تونس Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Tūnis .tn نعم
xn--j1amh .укр  أوكرانيا Ukrainian Cyrillic (Ukrainian) ukr .ua لا
xn--mgbaam7a8h .امارات  الإمارات العربية المتحدة Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Imārāt .ae لا
xn--mgb2ddes .اليمن  اليمن Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Yaman Not delegated .ye لا
Table notes

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

المقالة الرئيسية: Proposed top-level domain § Internationalized country code top-level domains

Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

Relation to ISO 3166-1

The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.

— Jon Postel، RFC 1591[96]

Unused ISO 3166-1 codes

Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS. However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (bv) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy to not assign any at present.[97][98] Two French territories—bl (Saint Barthélemy) and mf (Saint Martin)—still await local assignment by France's government.

The code eh, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb[99] (ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally use uk (see below).

The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.

ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1

Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.

  • uk (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the JANET network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root. gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk is now entrenched.[100]
  • su This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new su registrations are accepted.
  • ac (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, gg (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)
  • eu (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area.

Historical ccTLDs

ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia), zr (for Zaire) and tp (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.

The historical country codes .dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also .de and ye.

The temporary reassignment of country code cs (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split into rs and me (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) led to some controversies[101][102] about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006.

The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the yu ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian rs and Montenegrin me, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.

Australia was originally assigned the oz country code, which was later changed to au with the .oz domains moved to .oz.au.

Internationalized ccTLDs

An internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a web browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Latin script (.us, .uk and .br), Indic script (.भारत) and Korean script (.한국), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the United Kingdom, or independent geographic regions.

ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,[103] and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.[104]

ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.

Generic ccTLDs

Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain or gccTLD refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than "country"-targeted ones.[105][106][107] Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as domain hacks:

gccTLD Country/Region Domain hacks
.ac Ascension Island
.ad Andorra advertising
.ag Antigua and Barbuda Aktiengesellschaft (German for corporation)
.ai Anguilla Artificial intelligence
.am Armenia
.as American Samoa
.az Azerbaijan Arizona
.bz Belize
.cc Cocos (Keeling) Islands
.cd Congo Compact disc
.co Colombia
.cu Cuba see you
.cv Cape Verde curriculum vitae
.dj Djibouti Disc jockey
.fm Federated States of Micronesia
.ga Gabon Georgia
.gg Bailiwick of Guernsey
.hr Croatia Human resources
.io British Indian Ocean Territory
.is Iceland it.is, that.is, etc.
.it Italy Information technology
.kg Kyrgyzstan Keygen
.la Laos
.ly Libya words ending in -ly
.md Moldova
.me Montenegro
.ms Montserrat
.mv Maldives music video
.nu Niue
  • new
  • now
  • nude
.pe Peru Private Equity
.pn Pitcairn Phone number
.ps Palestine PostScript

Photoshop

PlayStation

.pw Palau Pwned (leet speak)
.re Réunion Reverse engineering
.rs Serbia
.sc Seychelles
.sh Saint Helena Shell
.sk Slovakia Saskatchewan
.sx Sint Maarten sex
.tf French Southern and Antarctic Lands
.tk Tokelau
.tm Turkmenistan Trademark
.to Tonga link-to
.tv Tuvalu television and broadcasts
.ws Western Samoa
  • website
  • websocket
  • world site
  • west
.yt Mayotte YouTube

Unconventional usage

المقالة الرئيسية: Vanity URL

Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names such as I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs), youtu.be of Belgium (be), del.icio.us of the United States (us), and cr.yp.to of Tonga (to). The .co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for company.[108]

Several ccTLDs allow the creation of emoji domains.

Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting. The domain cm for Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter o for sites in the com.[109]

الاستخدام التجاري

Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use. Some of them, such as .tk, are free.

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

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