2018 في العلوم

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الفن . الآثار . العمارة . الأدب . الموسيقى . الفلسفة . العلوم +...

عدد من الأحداث العلمية الهامة التي وقعت في 2018.

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أحداث

يناير

5 يناير: أشكال صخور ملفتة للانتباه (حيوية أم جيولوجية؟) عـَثر عليها على سطح المريخ الجوال كريوسيتي.[1][2]
9 يناير: انتكاسة كبرى محتملة لكريسبر، إذ تبين أنها تطلق العنان لرد فعل مناعي في العديد من البشر.
24 يناير: خلق، باستخدام نقل الدنا النووي، لأول مرة، لاستنساخين لرئيسيات (تحديداً، قرد المكاك آكل الكابوريا المماثل للقرد بالصورة).[33][34]
  • 18 يناير
    • أفادت ناسا و NOAA أن 2017 كان أدفأ عام في التاريخ المسجل على مستوى العالم بدون إل نينيو، وبين أدفأ ثلاث أعوام عموماً.[35][36]
    • نشر باحثون تقريرا عن إجراء اختبار دم (أو خزعة سائلة) يمكنه الكشف مبكراً عن ثمانية أورام سرطانية شائعة . يعتمد الاختبار الجديد على الحمض النووي المرتبط بالسرطان والبروتينات الموجودة في الدم، وحقق نجاح بنسبة 70٪ في أنواع الأورام التي تمت دراستها لدى 1005 مريض.[37][38]
    • سمك القرش ظهر أنه يتحرك ويتغذى في عرض محيطات العالم بطرق مميزة كما عرضتها دراسة عالمية للنظائر المستقرة في أنسجة القرش، بقيادة جامعة ساوثامپتون، ونُشرت في دورية Nature Ecology and Evolution.[39]
رسم افتراضي لمنصوراصورس، نشره متحف كارنيگى للتاريخ.
  • 25 يناير
    • نشر باحثون تاريخًا جديدًا للأدلة الأحفورية التي تشير إلى أن أقدم البشر غادروا إفريقيا قبل 185 ألف سنة، أي قبل 80،000 عام تقريبًا مما كان يُعتقد سابقًا. [52]
    • نشرت مجموعة علمية من شركة كاليكو المملوكة لشركة ألفابت ورقة بحثية في مجلة eLife ما يمكن تقديمه كدليل محتمل أن الفئران ذات الجلد العاري Heterocephalus glaber لا تواجه زيادة خطر الوفاة بسبب الشيخوخة.[53][54][55]


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فبراير

6 فبراير: اطلاق ناجح لـ فالكون الثقيل، أقوى صاروخ منذ برنامج مكوك الفضاء.[58]
14 فبراير: اكتشف باحثون أن إيقاف الإنزيم بيتا-سكريتاز (BACE1) في الفئران يقلل تكوّن اللويحات المسئولة عن مرض ألزايمر.[70][71]

مارس

8 مارس: أول عثور على جليد 7 طبيعي (انظر بنيته أعلى) على الأرض.[87][88]
إحدى سيارة أوبر ذاتية القيادة.


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أبريل

10 أبريل: تراكم قرون من المعادن الأرضية النادرة تُكتشف بالقرب من جزيرة مينامي-توري-شيما (بالصورة).
26 أبريل: اتفقت ناسا وإيسا على القيام بمهام لإعادة عينات من المريخ.[121][122][123]

مايو

14 مايو: نوافير ماء على أوروپا رصدها مسبار الفضاء گاليليو.[138][139][140][141]
11 مايو: ناسا توافق على الكشاف المروحي للمريخ لمهمة جوال المريخ 2020.[151][152][153]

يونيو

1 يونيو: عاصفة ترابية على سطح المريخ (before/after) detected that may affect the survivability of the Opportunity rover.[173][174]
20 يونيو: خنازير معدلة جينياً جـُعِلت مقاومة لمتلازمة الخنازير التناسلية والتنفسية، أحد أكثر الأمراض البيطرية تكلفةً في العالم.[197]

يوليو

2 يوليو: أول صورة مؤكـَّدة لكوكب حديث الولادة، الكوكب الخارجي PDS 70b، أكبر عدة مرات من كوكب المشتري.[217][218][219]
18 يوليو: بقايا الهيكل العظمي لنوع جديد من ثعبان قبل التاريخ، محفوظ في العنبر في ميانمار.[230]
25 يوليو: صورة رادار لبحيرة تحت الجليد في المريخ.
  • 18 يوليو - أعلن علماء الحفريات في جامعة ألبرتا أنهم عثروا على أول جنين ثعبان متحجر. يحفظ الجنين في الكهرمان ويعود إلى 105 مليون سنة، ويمكن أن يوفر بعض البصيرة الرئيسية فيما يتعلق بتطور الثعابين. كان الفريق المشارك في المشروع يتتبع هجرة الثعابين في كل من أستراليا والهند ومدغشقر ، فضلاً عن البلدان الآسيوية والأفريقية. يحتوي العنبر الذي يحتوي على الجنين أيضًا على حشرات ونباتات ، مما يشير إلى الثعبان الذي يعيش في بيئة الغابات. وكان العلماء يدرسون أيضا كيف تطورت الثعابين جسديا مع مرور الوقت. ولسوء الحظ، فإن حقيقة وجود حوالي 20 حفرية من ثعابين الأكوام تشكلت بشكل كامل أعاقت أبحاثهم. يأمل العلماء أن يؤدي اكتشاف جنين كامل التكوين إلى تقديم أدلة جديدة على تطور الثعابين وسد الثغرات في أبحاثهم.[230]

أغسطس

8 أغسطس: Stromatoveris psygmoglena، التي سادت المحيطات قبل نصف بليون سنة، اتضح أنها تنتمي إلى مملكة الحيوان.[248]
16 أغسطس: أول خريطة كاملة لجينوم القمح.
الهيكل المتحجر لسلف السلاحف، Eorhynchochelys sinensis، بطول نحو 2 متر، عُثر عليه في جنوب غرب الصين. الفضل: شياو-تشون وو.
    • عثر العلماء على حفرية كاملة تقريبًا لسلحفاة ضخمة، بطول 2 متر، أكد أن السلاحف لم يكن لديها دائمًا قوقعة. الأحفورة، التي اِكتـُشِفت في جنوب غرب الصين، ويرجع العلماء إلى المادة 228 مليون سنة. تظهر بنية ظهر السلحفاة أنها موجودة بدون قوقعة. وأطلق الباحثون عليها اسم Eorhynchochelys sinensis. وقد كان العلماء حريصين على اكتشاف كيف تطورت قوقعات السلاحف، حيث تساعد السلاحف في العيش تحت الماء لفترة أطول، وتخزين المعادن الهامة مثل البوتاسيوم والمغنيسيوم، وتحميهم.[280]
  • 28 أغسطس - أفاد فيزيائيون رسمياً، لأول مرة، رصد اضمحلال بوزون هيگز إلى زوج من الكواركات السفلى، وهو التفاعل المسئول بشكل رئيسي عن "العرض الطبيعي" (نطاق الكتل التي يُرصد فيها الجسيم) للبوزون.[281]
  • 30 أغسطس - أفاد باحثون من جامعة هونگ كونگ الصينية طريقة جديدة للتحكم في الروبوتات النانوية، باستخدام سلوك السرب للقيام بمهام معقدة في عمليات طفيفة التوغل.[282][283]

سبتمبر

3 سبتمبر: مسدس (في 2013 و 2017) عند القطب الشمالي لكوكب زحل قد يكون تيار نفاث من غازات الغلاف الجوي التي تتحرك بسرعة 320 كم/س وعلى ارتفاع 300 كم.[284][285]
  • 3 سبتمبر - قدّم فلكيون دليلاً أن المسدس البالغ قطره 32,000 كم الواقع عند القطب الشمالي لكوكب زحل (ربما تيار نفاث من غازات الغلاف الجوي التي تتحرك بسرعة 320 كم/س) قد يكون على ارتفاع 300 كم، داخل الطبقة الجوية العليا، على الأقل أثناء الربيع والصيف الشماليين، وليس أقل ارتفاعاً في التروپوسفير كما كان يُعتقد من قبل.[284][285]
  • 6 سبتمبر - توصلت دراسة أجرتها جامعة إلينوي في إربانا-شامپين أن تركيب الألواح الشمسية على نطاق واسع وتوربينات الرياح في الصحراء الكبرى سيكون لها تأثير كبير على سقوط الأمطار والغطاء النباتي ودرجات الحرارة - مما قد يؤدي إلى تخضير المنطقة.[286][287]
  • 7 سبتمبر
  • 9 سبتمبر - أفاد فلكيون العثور على 72 تدفق راديوي سريع (FRBs) آخر، باستخدام الذكاء الإصطناعي، من FRB 121102 الذي لم يُنتَبه إليه من قبل، مما أسفر عن نحو 300 FRB إجمالي من هذا الجرم. FRB 121102 هو المصدر الراديوي السريع الوحيد المعروف المتكرر وهو أمر غير فائق الشذوذ لأن كل الـ FRBs الأخرى المعروفة حالياً (أجرام فلكية شديدة القوة وقصيرة العمر) لم يُعثر على تكرارها، بل تحدث مرة واحدة فقط.[290][291][292]
16 سبتمبر: دراسة طبية: استخدام جرعة منخفضة من الأسپرين لكبار السن المصحين قد لا تكون مفيدة، وفي بعض الحالات، قد تكون ضارة.[293][294]
  • 10 سبتمبر
  • 12 سبتمبر - أبلغ باحثون عن اكتشاف أقدم رسم معروف من قبل الإنسان العاقل، الذي يقدر عمره ب 73,000 سنة، أي أقدم بكثير من الإعتقاد السابق عن اللقى الأثرية التي يعود تاريخها إلى 43,000 سنة، إذ كان يعتقد أنها أقدم رسومات سابقا. وقد اكتشف علماء الآثار بقايا حجرية مع تسعة خطوط حمراء عليها في كهف في جنوب أفريقيا، والتي يعتقدون أنها عمرها 73،000 سنة تقريبًا - أي أقدم 30،000 سنة مما كان يُعتقد سابقًا أنه أقدم الرسومات التي صنعها الإنسان. يعتقد علماء الآثار أن هذا الرسم يمكن أن يساعدنا في معرفة المزيد عن كيفية استخدام البشر للرموز ، مما أدى في النهاية إلى اللغة والحضارة نفسها. ووجد الباحثون الرسم في كهف بلمبوس، على بعد 200 ميل شرق كيپ تاون. كذلك اكتشف العلماء الأسنان ونقاط الرمح وحبات الصدف والنقوش والأدوات المصنوعة من العظام في الكهف. العلماء ليسوا متأكدين بالضبط ما هو الغرض من الرسم الخطي ، لكنهم يشعرون أن الخطوط كانت مصنوعة عمداً.[298] 43,000 years old artifacts understood to be the earliest known modern human drawings found previously.[299]
صورة لأقدم رسم معروف للهوموسابينز
24 سبتمبر: وصف فلكيون عدداً من الأنظمة النجمية المحتمل أن تكون قد انطلق منها الجرم بين نجمي أومواموا، الذي وُجـِد عابراً خلال المجموعة الشمسية في أكتوبر 2017، في رحلته بين النجوم.[305]
25 سبتمبر: Vorombe titan (مماثل للبنفسجي أعلاه؛ الكستنائي: نعامة؛ كل الديناصورات الراجلة الأخرى غير الطائرة)، طائر الفيل المنقرض تـَقرَّر أنه أكبر طائر عاش على وجه الأرض.[316][317][318]

أكتوبر

3 أكتوبر: تقديم دليل على أول قمر خارجي معروف، والذي قد يدور حول الكوكب الخارجي كپلر-1625ب.[327][328]
8 أكتوبر: اللجنة الدولية للتغير المناخي تنشر تقرير خاص حول الاحترار العالمي بمقدار 1.5‏ºس، محذرة أن "تغيرات سريعة، بعيدة المدى وغير مسبوقة في جميع مناحي المجتمع" مطلوبة للحفاظ على الاحترار العالمي دون 1.5 °س.[339][340][341]

[356][357][358][359]

24 أكتوبر: أقدم أسلحة، شرت رؤوس رماح، تعود إلى 15,500 سنة مضت، عُثر عليها في أمريكا الشمالية [ملاحظة: شبيهة، ولكن أكثر حداثة، رأس كلوڤيس المصوّرة][366][367]

نوفمبر

جبل أهونا
فوهة أوكيتر
1 نوفمبر: المركبة الفضائية دون، التي درست الكواكب الأولية، سيريس و ڤستا، تتقاعد بعد مهمة استمرت 11 عاماً – آخر صور التقطتها.[381]
  • 1 نوفمبر
  • 2 نوفمبر
    • خلـُص فريقان مستقلان من الفلكيين، بناء على أرصاد متعددة من فلكييين آخرين حول العالم، إلى أن حدث AT2018cow غير المعتاد (والمعروف أيضاً بإسم المستعر الأعظم 2018cow, SN 2018cow, و "البقرة")، هو انفجار فلكي بالغ القوة، 10 – 100 مرة أسطع من مستعر أعظم معتاد، ورُصِد في 16 يونيو 2018، كان "إما ثقب أسود حديث التشكل في خضم عملية accreting المادة، أو دوران frenetic rotation لـنجم نيوتروني."[389][390][391][392]
    • The world’s largest neuromorphic supercomputer, the million-core 'SpiNNaker' machine, is switched on by the University of Manchester, England.[393]
5 نوفمبر: ثقوب الأوزون القطبية تلتئم بمعدل أسرع مما كان يُعتقد من ذي قبل، ويُتوقـَع أن يلتئموا تماماً بحلول عام 2060.[394][395]
19 November: NASA chooses Jezero crater as the landing site of the Mars 2020 rover mission, to land on Mars in February 2021.[411]
ICC camera
IDC camera
26 نوفمبر: أول ضوء مُستقبـَل من InSight lander على كوكب المريخ.[430]

ديسمبر

3 ديسمبر: المركبة الفضائية OSIRIS-REx تصل إلى الكويكب بنـّو بعد رحلة استغرقت عامين.[454]
10 ديسمبر: ڤويدجر 2 أكـَّدت مغادرتها المجموعة الشمسية في 5 نوفمبر 2018.[455][456]
24 ديسمبر: ناسا تحتفل بمرور 50 سنة على رحلة ليلة رأس السنة 1968 للمركبة أپولو 8 حول القمر.[472][473][474]

الجوائز

وفيات

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

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