اليونان الكلاسيكية

(تم التحويل من Classical Greece)
The Parthenon, in Athens, a temple to Athena

Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (the 5th and 4th centuries BC) in Ancient Greece,[1] marked by much of the eastern Aegean and northern regions of Greek culture (such as Ionia and Macedonia) gaining increased autonomy from the Persian Empire; the peak flourishing of democratic Athens; the First and Second Peloponnesian Wars; the Spartan and then Theban hegemonies; and the expansion of Macedonia under Philip II. Much of the early defining politics, artistic thought (architecture, sculpture), scientific thought, theatre, literature and philosophy of Western civilization derives from this period of Greek history, which had a powerful influence on the later Roman Empire. The Classical era ended after Philip II's unification of most of the Greek world against the common enemy of the Persian Empire, which was conquered within 13 years during the wars of Alexander the Great, Philip's son.

In the context of the art, architecture, and culture of Ancient Greece, the Classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries BC (the most common dates being the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC). The Classical period in this sense follows the Greek Dark Ages and Archaic period and is in turn succeeded by the Hellenistic period.

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القرن الخامس ق.م.

COA of Greece.svg

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 ع  ن  ت
Construction of the Parthenon began in the 5th century BC




Athens under Cleisthenes




The Persian wars


Map of the first phases of the Greco-Persian Wars (500–479 BC)



The Peloponnesian war

Cities at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War



Origins of the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League

Delian league

Peloponnesian (or Spartan) league

The thirty years peace



Causes of the Peloponnesian war

The Peloponnesian war: Opening stages (431–421 BC)

A soldier's helmet on black-figure pottery



The Peloponnesian war: Second phase (418–404 BC)

The Melian expedition (416 BC)

The Sicilian expedition (415–413 BC)

The Greek theater in Taormina
Artemision Bronze, thought to be either Poseidon or Zeus, c. 460 BC, National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Found by fishermen off the coast of Cape Artemisium in 1928. The figure is more than 2 m in height.




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Alcibiades in Sparta

Persia intervenes

Lysander and the end of the war

4th century BC

The fall of Sparta

Foundation of a Spartan empire

A Kylix (drinking cup) from Attica showing a goddess performing a libation, 470 BC, white ground technique pottery




The peace of Antalcidas

Spartan interventionism

Clash with Thebes

The rise of Athens

The Temple of Hephaestus at the Agora of Athens, built 449–415 BC



Financing the league

Athenian hegemony halted

Theban hegemony – tentative and with no future

Boetian art, dating from mid-5th century BC



5th century BC Boeotian confederacy (447–386 BC)

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Theban reconstruction

Confrontation between Athens and Thebes

Rise of Macedon

Thessalian cavalryman on the Alexander Sarcophagus, late 4th century BC (Istanbul Archaeological Museum)
A wall mural of a charioteer from the Macedonian royal tombs at Vergina, late 6th century BC




Legacy of Classical Greece

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

المصادر

  1. ^ The "Classical Age" is "the modern designation of the period from about 500 B.C. to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C." (Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece, Yale University Press, 1996, p. 94).


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