حركة تحرير الهند

(تم التحويل من Quit India Movement)
Quit India Movement
Quit india Movement Collage.png
First: Gandhi discusses the movement with Nehru
Second: Procession at Bangalore by Indian National Congress
Third: Another Procession at Bangalore by Indian National Congress.
Fourth: Public lecture at Basavanagudi, Bangalore organised by Indian National Congress.
التاريخ1942–1945
المكان
South Asia
أطراف الصراع الأهلي
الشخصيات الرئيسية
Mahatma Gandhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
Abdul Ghaffar Khan		 Winston Churchill
Lord Linlithgow
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Puran Chand Joshi
الضحايا والخسائر
British estimates:
1,028 killed[1]
3125 wounded[1]
Over 100,000 arrested[2]

Congress estimates:
4,000–10,000 killed[1][3]
63 officers killed[4]
2,000 officers wounded[4]
200 officers fled or defected[4]
جزء من سلسلة مقالات عن
الشعب الهندي
Flag of India.svg          Emblem of India.svg
Motto: جاي هند
أشخاص
التاريخ
الثقافة
اللغات
الدين

حركة تحرير الهند Quit India Movement (بهارات چهودو أندولان أو حركة أغسطس (أوگوس كرانتي)) كانت حركة عصيان مدني، وإحدى آخر الحركات المنظمة التي قام بها الوطنيون الهنود لطرد البريطانيين من الهند. وسُميت الحركة باسم قرار تحرير الهند الذي أصدرته لجنة مؤتمر عموم الهند في بومباي في أغسطس عام 1942م.

Procession view at Bangalore

آراء في الحرب

Public lecture at Basavanagudi, Bangalore with Late C.F.Andrews*

وكانت المملكة المتحدة قد صارت في حاجة ماسة خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية (1939-1945م) لمساعدة الهند لها في رد الغزو الياباني. ولكن بعد مهمة لم تُكَلل بالنجاح لحسم الخلافات السياسية، قرر المؤتمر الهندي الوطني أن خير ما يعلق عليه الأمل هو طرد البريطانيين بشكل كامل من الهند.

قمع الحركة

Picketing in front of Medical School at Bangalore

وتقرر بعد إصدار قرار تحرير الهند شن حملة مقاومة سلبية ضد البريطانيين، وذلك تحت قيادة مهندس غاندي. وسارع البريطانيون إلى إلقاء القبض على غاندي وغيره من القادة الهنود. وصدم هذا التحرك الوطنيين الهنود، ودفعهم إلى شن هجمات على رموز السلطة البريطانية، مثل مراكز الشرطة ومكاتب البريد. ردت الحكومة على ذلك بصورة ضارية، حيث لجأت إلى الجَلْد وفرض الغرامات، وفي بعض الأحيان، لجأت إلى إطلاق النار على المتظاهرين، وسرعان ما تم قمع الحركة، لكنها أظهرت مدى عمق المشاعر الوطنية واتقادها.


معارضة حركة تحرير الهند

A 2017 stamp sheet dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Quit India Movement. It features the Martyr's Memorial Patna (bottom-left), Gandhi delivering his "Do or Die" speech on 8 August 1942 (3rd stamp), and a part of it: "The mantra is 'Do or Die'. We shall either free India or die in the attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery." (1st stamp).

Several political groups active during the Indian Independence Movement were opposed to the Quit India Movement. These included the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha and princely states as below:

مهاسابها الهندوسية

Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially.[5] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled Stick to your Posts, in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army... to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost. But later after requests and persuasions and realising the importance of the bigger role of Indian independence he chose to join the Indian independence movement.[5]

Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement,[5] Syama Prasad Mukherjee, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal, (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to quit India. In this letter, dated 26 July 1942 he wrote:

Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being.

In this way he managed to gain insights of the British government and effectively give information of the independence leaders.[6][7] Mukherjee reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha, would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this:

The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency. Indian have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defence and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.[7]

غيرهم

The Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah opposed the movement. Jinnah supported British war effort in the world war.[8][9]

The Communist Party of India opposed the Quit India movement and supported the British war effort after Soviet Union was under attack.[10]

While the movement had impact on princely states, some princes opposed the movement and funded the opposition.[11][12][13]

نتيجة الحركة

One of the important achievements of the movement was keeping the Congress party united through all the trials and tribulations that followed. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India-Burma border, responded by imprisoning Gandhi. All the members of the Party's Working Committee (national leadership) were imprisoned as well. Due to the arrest of major leaders, a young and until then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on 9 August and hoisted the flag; later the Congress party was banned. These actions only created sympathy for the cause among the population. Despite lack of direct leadership, large protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent in large groups and strikes were called.

The demonstrations sometimes turned violent. At some places bombs exploded, government buildings were set on fire, electricity was cut, and transport and communication lines were severed.[14]

Film footage of the days during Quit India Movement

The British swiftly responded with mass detentions. Over 100,000 arrests were made, mass fines were levied, and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging. Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army. Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by broadcasting messages over the clandestine radio stations, distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel governments. The British sense of crisis was strong enough for a battleship to be specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the Congress leaders out of India, possibly to South Africa or Yemen. However, that step was ultimately not taken out of fear of intensifying the revolt.[15] Leadership of the underground movement included names like Achyut Rao Patwardhan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kripalani, Daljit Singh and Nana Patil.

A sense that the movement could not gain prompt results had depressed many nationalists, while Jinnah and the Muslim League, as well as Congress opponents such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha sought to gain political mileage, criticising Gandhi and the Congress Party.

The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years. Gandhi's wife Kasturba Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months and Gandhi's health was failing, despite this Gandhi went on a 21-day fast and maintained his resolve to continuous resistance. Although the British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944, he kept up the resistance, demanding the release of the Congress leadership.

In 1945, when World War II had almost come to an end, the Labour Party of the United Kingdom won elections with a promise to provide independence to India.[16][17] The jailed political prisoners were released in 1945.[18]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت Kumar, Raj (2003). Essays on Indian Freedom Movement. History and culture series. Discovery Publishing House. p. 108. ISBN 978-81-7141-705-6.
  2. ^ Douglas Allen. The Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi for the Twenty-First Century. Lexington Books. p. 228.
  3. ^ Green, Jen (2013). Gandhi and the Quit India Movement. Capstone Global Library. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4062-6909-3.
  4. ^ أ ب ت Arnold, David (2014). Gandhi. Profiles In Power. Taylor & Francis. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-317-88234-3.
  5. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Bapu2013
  6. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Mookerjee2000
  7. ^ أ ب Noorani 2000, p. 56.
  8. ^ Wells, Audrey (2022). The Importance of Forgiveness and the Futility of Revenge: Case Studies in Contemporary International Politics. Contributions to International Relations. Springer International Publishing. p. 99. ISBN 978-3-030-87552-7.
  9. ^ Bhaskaran, Krishnan (1999). Quit India Movement: A People's Revolt in Maharashtra. Himalaya Publishing House. p. 138.
  10. ^ Sarkar, Tanika; Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2017). Calcutta: The Stormy Decades. Taylor & Francis. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-351-58172-1.
  11. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Wolpert1984
  12. ^ Samal, J. K. (1988). Princely States of Orissa, 1905–1947. Vohra Publishers & Distributors. p. 48. ISBN 978-81-85072-29-6. The Quit India Movement provided a large-scale opportunity for the princely state people to join enthusiastically the campaign for opposing the British under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
  13. ^ Siddiqui, A. U. (2004). Indian Freedom Movement in Princely States of Vindhya Pradesh. Northern Book Centre. p. 139. ISBN 978-81-7211-150-2.
  14. ^ Dunn, J. M. (2014). Birth of Modern India. World History. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-4205-1218-2.
  15. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة c
  16. ^ Studlar, D. T. (2018). Great Britain: Decline Or Renewal?. Taylor & Francis. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-429-96865-5. The Labour Party promised independence for India in its campaign in the general election of 1945.
  17. ^ Ram, J. (1997). V.K. Krishna Menon: A Personal Memoir. Oxford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-19-564228-5. Labour Party had promised freedom for India if they came to power
  18. ^ Naveen Sharma (1990). Right to Property in India. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 36.

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