2018 في علم الإحاثة

قائمة الأعوام في علم الإحاثة
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	الفن . الآثار . العمارة . الأدب . الموسيقى . الفلسفة . العلوم +...

قالب:Year in paleontology header

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النباتات

اللاسعات

أبحاث

New three dimensionally phosphatized microfossils of coronate scyphozoan Qinscyphus necopinus, including a new type of fossil embryo, are described from the Cambrian (Fortunian) Kuanchuanpu Formation (China) by Shao et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that Qinscyphus underwent direct development.^[1]
A study on the morphology of the conulariid species Carinachites spinatus based on a new specimen collected from the lower Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation (China) is published by Han et al. (2018).^[2]
Revision of stony corals from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) Oehrli Formation (Austria and Switzerland) is published by Baron-Szabo (2018), who compares this fauna with five additional Berriasian coral faunas.^[3]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Antheria fedorowskii^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Gorgij & Yao	Late Carboniferous		إيران	A rugose coral.
Antheria robusta^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Gorgij & Yao	Late Carboniferous		إيران	A rugose coral.
Astraraeatrochus^[5]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Haplaraeoidea and the family Astraraeidae. The type species is A. bachi.
Astreoidogyra^[6]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ricci, Lathuilière & Rusciadelli	Late Jurassic		إيطاليا	A member of the family Rhipidogyridae. The type species is A. giadae.
Aulocystis wendti^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Król, Zapalski & Berkowski	Devonian (Emsian)	Amerboh Group	المغرب	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Aulocystidae.
Bainbridgia bipartita^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Król, Zapalski & Berkowski	Devonian (Emsian)	Kess-Kess Formation	المغرب	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Pyrgiidae.
Cambrorhytium gracilis^[8]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chang et al.	Early Cambrian		الصين
Catenipora jingyangensis^[9]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liang, Elias & Lee	Ordovician (Katian)	Beiguoshan Formation	الصين	A tabulate coral.
Catenipora tiewadianensis^[9]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liang, Elias & Lee	Ordovician (Katian)	Beiguoshan Formation	الصين	A tabulate coral.
Catenipora tongchuanensis^[9]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liang, Elias & Lee	Ordovician (Sandbian)	Jinghe Formation	الصين	A tabulate coral.
Clausastrea eliasovae^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ricci, Lathuilière & Rusciadelli	Late Jurassic		إيطاليا	A member of the family Montlivaltiidae.
Crinopora ireneae^[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Carolastraeidae.
Crinopora thomasi^[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Carolastraeidae.
Fuchungopora huilongensis^[10]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liang et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Etoucun Formation	الصين	A syringoporoid tabulate coral.
Geroastrea^[5]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا فرنسا إيران	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Cyclolitoidea and the family Synastraeidae. The type species is G. alexi; genus also includes G. audiensis (Reig Oriol, 1992), G. haueri (Reuss, 1854) and G. parvistella (Oppenheim, 1930).
Gosaviaraea aimeae^[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا	A stony coral.
Kozaniastrea^[11]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Löser, Steuber & Löser	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		اليونان	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Felixaraeoidea and the family Lamellofungiidae. The type species is K. pachysepta.
Nefocoenia seewaldi^[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Phyllosmilioidea and the family Phyllosmiliidae.
Nefocoenia werneri^[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Phyllosmilioidea and the family Phyllosmiliidae.
Neopilophyllia^[12]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Wang in Wang et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Ningqiang Formation	الصين	A rugose coral belonging to the new family Amplexoididae. The type species is "Ningqiangophyllum" crassothecatum Cao (1975); genus also includes "Ningqiangophyllum" tenuiseptatum irregulare Cao (1975) (raised to the rank of a separate species Neopilophyllia irregularis), "Ningqiangophyllum" ephippium Cao (1975) and "Pilophyllia" alternata Chen in Wang et al. (1986).
Opolestraea^[13]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Morycowa	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Karchowice Beds	پولندا	A stony coral belonging to the family Eckastraeidae. The type species is "Coelocoenia" exporrecta Weissermel (1925).
Pachyheterocoenia^[5]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا إسپانيا	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Heterocoeniidae. The type species is P. leipnerae; genus also includes P. grandis (Reuss, 1854) and P. fuchsi (Felix, 1903).
Pachyphylliopsis^[5]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا إيران الإمارات العربية المتحدة	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Phyllosmilioidea and the family Phyllosmiliidae. The type species is P. magnum.
Paractinacis^[5]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا ألمانيا إسپانيا	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Cyclolitoidea and the family Negoporitidae. The type species is P. uliae; genus might also include P. ? elegans (Reuss, 1854).
Plesiolites^[11]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Löser, Steuber & Löser	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		اليونان	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Misistelloidea. The type species is P. winnii.
Proplesiastraea rivkae^[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Cladocoroidea and the family Columastraeidae.
Striatopora marsupia^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Król, Zapalski & Berkowski	Devonian (Emsian)	Amerboh Group	المغرب	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Pachyporidae.
Styloheterocoenia^[11]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Löser, Steuber & Löser	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		اليونان	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Heterocoeniidae. The type species is S. hellenensis; genus also includes S. brunni.
Sutherlandia jamalensis^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko et al.	Early Permian	Jamal Formation	إيران	A tabulate coral belonging to the order Favositida and the family Favositidae.
Synhydnophora^[5]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Löser & Heinrich	Late Cretaceous		النمسا	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Cyclolitoidea and the family Synastraeidae. The type species is S. wagreichi; genus also includes and S. multilamellosa (Reuss, 1854).
Wendticyathus^[15]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Berkowski	Devonian (Emsian)		المغرب	A rugose coral. Genus includes new species W. nudus.
Xystriphylloides distinctus^[16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yu	Early Devonian		الصين	A rugose coral.

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مفصليات الأرجل

ذراعيات الأرجل

أبحاث

Studies on the ontogenetic development of early acrotretoid brachiopods based on well preserved specimens of the earliest Cambrian species Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis and Eohadrotreta? zhujiahensis from the Shuijingtuo Formation (China) are published by Zhang et al. (2018).^[17]^[18]
A study on the extinction and origination of members of the order Strophomenida during the Late Ordovician mass extinction is published by Sclafani et al. (2018).^[19]
A study on the body size of several brachiopod assemblages recorded into the extinction interval prior to the Toarcian turnover, collected from representative localities around the Iberian Massif (Spain and Portugal), is published by García Joral, Baeza-Carratalá & Goy (2018).^[20]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Adygella socotrana^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gaetani in Gaetani et al.	Middle Triassic		اليمن	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Dielasmatidae.
Ahtiella famatiniana^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Benedetto	Ordovician		الأرجنتين
Ahtiella tunaensis^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Benedetto	Ordovician		الأرجنتين
Alebusirhynchia vorosi^[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baeza-Carratalá, Dulai & Sandoval	Early Jurassic		إسپانيا	A member of Rhynchonellida.
Alekseevathyris^[24]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)	Coronados Volcanics	الولايات المتحدة ( ألاسكا)	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Stringocephalidae. The type species is A. coronadosensis.
Altaethyrella tarimensis^[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sproat & Zhan	Ordovician (late Katian)	Hadabulaktag Formation	الصين
Ambocoelia yidadeensis^[26]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang & Ma	Devonian (Frasnian)	Yidade Formation	الصين
Biernatium sucoi^[27]	Sp. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Givetian)	Portilla Formation	إسپانيا	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Mystrophoridae.
Broggeria omaguaca^[28]	Sp. nov	Valid	Benedetto, Lavie & Muñoz	Ordovician (Tremadocian)		الأرجنتين
Churkinella^[24]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)	Coronados Volcanics	الولايات المتحدة ( ألاسكا)	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Stringocephalidae. The type species is C. craigensis.
Cingulodermis pustulatus^[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl	Devonian (Emsian)		المغرب
Coronadothyris^[24]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)	Coronados Volcanics	الولايات المتحدة ( ألاسكا)	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Stringocephalidae. The type species is C. mica.
Costisorthis lisae^[27]	Sp. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Givetian)	Candás Formation	إسپانيا	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Dalmanellidae.
Cyrtiorina houi^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zong & Ma	Devonian (Famennian)	Hongguleleng Formation	الصين	A brachiopod belonging to the group Spiriferida.
Dalejina aulacelliformis^[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl	Devonian (Emsian)		المغرب
Datnella^[31]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		روسيا	A member of Atrypida. The type species is D. datnensis (Baranov, 1995).
Desquamatia globosa jozefkae^[32]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Baliński in Skompski et al.	Devonian (Givetian–Frasnian boundary)	Szydłówek Beds	پولندا	A member of Atrypida belonging to the family Atrypidae.
Eressella^[33]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Halamski & Baliński	Middle Devonian		ألمانيا المغرب پولندا	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Uncinulidae. The type species is "Rhynchonella" coronata Kayser (1871).
Jagtithyris^[34]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Simon & Mottequin	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		هولندا	A relative of Leptothyrellopsis, assigned to the new family Jagtithyrididae. Genus includes "Terebratella (Morrisia?)" suessi Bosquet (1859).
Juxathyris subcircularis^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Changxing Formation	الصين	A member of Athyridida.
Kukulkanus^[36]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Torres-Martínez, Sour-Tovar & Barragán	Permian (Artinskian–Kungurian)	Paso Hondo Formation	المكسيك	A brachiopod belonging to the group Productida and the family Productidae. The type species is K. spinosus.
Leurosina katasumiensis^[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Afanasjeva, Jun-Ichi & Yukio	Permian (Kungurian)	Nabeyama Formation	اليابان	A member of Chonetida belonging to the family Rugosochonetidae.
Martinezchaconia^[38]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Torres-Martínez & Sour-Tovar	Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Moscovian)	Ixtaltepec Formation	المكسيك	A member of Productida belonging to the family Linoproductidae. The type species is M. luisae.
Misunithyris^[39]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baeza-Carratalá, Pérez-Valera & Pérez-Valera	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Siles Formation	إسپانيا	A brachiopod belonging to the group Terebratellidina and to the superfamily Zeillerioidea. The type species is M. goyi.
Musalitinispira^[31]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		روسيا	A member of Atrypida. The type species is M. dogdensis.
Neochonetes (Huangichonetes) matsukawensis^[40]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa & Araki	Permian (Wordian)	Kamiyasse Formation	اليابان	A member of the family Rugosochonetidae.
Newberria alaskensis^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)	Coronados Volcanics	الولايات المتحدة ( ألاسكا)	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Stringocephalidae.
Opsiconidion bouceki^[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl, Frýda & Kubajko	Silurian (Ludfordian)	Kopanina Formation	التشيك	A member of Acrotretoidea belonging to the family Biernatidae.
Opsiconidion parephemerus^[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl, Frýda & Kubajko	Silurian (Ludfordian)	Kopanina Formation	التشيك	A member of Acrotretoidea belonging to the family Biernatidae.
Pinguispirifer kesskess^[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl	Devonian (Emsian)		المغرب
Piridiorhynchus jafariani^[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Khoshyeilagh Formation	إيران	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Trigonirhynchiidae.
Schizambon langei^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Freeman, Miller & Dattilo	Cambrian–Ordovician boundary		الولايات المتحدة ( تكساس)	A linguliform brachiopod.
Septatrypa tumulorum^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baliński & Halamski	Devonian (Emsian)		المغرب
Spinatrypina (Spinatrypina) krivensis^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		روسيا	A member of Atrypida.
Stenorhynchia ulrici^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Halamski & Baliński	Devonian (Emsian)		المغرب
Trigonatrypa drotae^[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl	Devonian (Emsian)		المغرب
Zaigunrostrum nakhichevanense^[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pakhnevich	Devonian (Famennian)		أذربيجان	A brachiopod belonging to the group Rhynchonellida and the family Trigonirhynchiidae.
Zezinia^[45]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pakhnevich	Devonian (Frasnian)		أذربيجان	A brachiopod belonging to the group Rhynchonellida and the family Uncinulidae. The type species is Z. multicostata.

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رخويات

شوكيات الجلد

أبحاث

A study on the morphology of specimens of the blastoid species Deltoblastus batheri and Deltoblastus delta from the Permian of Timor, evaluating whether the differences indicative of niche differentiation could be detected, is published by Morgan (2018).^[46]
Fatka, Nohejlová & Lefebvre (2018) interpret enigmatic Drumian echinoderm Lapillocystites fragilis as likely junior synonym of the edrioasteroid species Stromatocystites pentangularis.^[47]
A study on the frequency of breakage and regeneration in the spines of the Middle Devonian camerate Gennaeocrinus and late Paleozoic cladids, as well as a survey of the prevalence of spinosity and infestation by platyceratid gastropods on crinoids during the Paleozoic, is published by Syverson et al. (2018).^[48]
Brachial spines of pirasocrinid cladid crinoids displaying evidence for multiple episodes of breakage and regeneration are described from the Upper Pennsylvanian Ames Member of the Glenshaw Formation (Ohio, الولايات المتحدة) by Thomka & Eddy (2018).^[49]
A study on the morphology of arms of fossil and modern crinoids spanning from the Ordovician to the recent, evaluating whether known crinoid clades had more capacity to evolve morphological variation around the time of their origin than later in their evolutionary history, is published by Pimiento et al. (2018).^[50]
A study on the changes of the body sizes of crinoids after the Late Devonian extinction is published by Brom, Salamon & Gorzelak (2018).^[51]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of disparid crinoids is published by Ausich (2018).^[52]
A study on the microstructure of the stalk of the Triassic crinoid Holocrinus is published by Gorzelak (2018), who interprets his findings as indicating that Holocrinus was likely capable of stalk autotomy.^[53]
A study on the occurrences of post-Paleozoic (Ladinian to Ypresian) crinoids from northeast Spain, on the main stratigraphic and sedimentological features of the sedimentary units that have yielded complete identifiable crinoids, and on their implications for reconstructing the environmental distribution of these crinoids, is published by Zamora et al. (2018).^[54]
37 new Antarctic and Australian occurrences of Cenozoic isocrinid crinoids, representing nine different species in three genera, are reported by Whittle et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that isocrinid migration from shallow to deep water during the Mesozoic marine revolution did not occur at the same time all over the world.^[55]
A study on the evolution of Paleozoic starfish is published by Blake (2018), who names new extinct orders Euaxosida, Hadrosida, and Kermasida, as well as new families Lacertasteridae, Permasteridae, and Illusioluididae.^[56]
A study on the evolution of the species richness and morphological diversity of sea urchins in the Jurassic (Toarcian to Tithonian stages) is published by Boivin et al. (2018).^[57]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Amphilimna intersepultosetme^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( كارولاينا الجنوبية)	A brittle star belonging to the order Amphilepidida, the superfamily Ophionereidoidea and the family Amphilimnidae.
Amphiope caronei^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stara & Marini	Miocene (late Tortonian)		إيطاليا	A sand dollar belonging to the family Astriclypeidae.
Amphioplus clementsi^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( كارولاينا الجنوبية)	A brittle star belonging to the family Amphiuridae.
Amphiura shannoni^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( كارولاينا الجنوبية)	A brittle star belonging to the family Amphiuridae, a species of Amphiura.
Anomalocrinus astrictus^[60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ausich et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte	كندا ( اونتاريو)	A disparid crinoid belonging to the family Anomalocrinidae.
Antiquaster apertisulcus^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gladwell	Silurian (Ludlow)	Leintwardine Beds	المملكة المتحدة	A stenurid brittle star.
Arabicodiadema romani^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	Smith & Jagt in Jagt et al.	Cretaceous	Dhalqut Formation	عُمان	A sea urchin.
Archaeocrinus maraensis^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		كندا ( اونتاريو)	A camerate crinoid.
Archaeocrinus sundayae^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		كندا ( اونتاريو)	A camerate crinoid.
Artichthyocrinus limani^[64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mao et al.	Permian (Asselian)	Taiyuan Formation	الصين	A crinoid.
Assericrinus^[65]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		المملكة المتحدة	A crinoid. The type species is A. portusadernensis.
Bdellacoma fortispina^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gladwell	Silurian (Ludlow)	Leintwardine Beds	المملكة المتحدة	A stenurid brittle star.
Becuaster^[66]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)		فرنسا	A starfish belonging to the family Korethrasteridae. The type species is B. fusiliformis
Betelgeusia brezinai^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Halligan & Larson	Late Cretaceous		الولايات المتحدة ( داكوتا الجنوبية)
Birgenelocrinus jagti^[68]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale, Sadorf & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( كارولاينا الشمالية)	A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida.
Brezinacantha^[69]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Thuy et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Pierre Shale	الولايات المتحدة ( داكوتا الجنوبية)	A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is B. tolis.
Camachoaster^[70]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mooi et al.	Early Miocene	Chenque Formation	الأرجنتين	A sand dollar belonging to the group Scutelliformes. The type species is C. maquedensis
Cicerocrinus gracilis^[71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Donovan in Bogolepova et al.	Silurian (Wenlock)	Uzyan Formation	روسيا ( باشكورتوستان)	A crinoid belonging to the subclass Disparida, to the order Pisocrinida and to the family Pisocrinidae.
Cleiocrinus lepidotus^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		كندا ( اونتاريو)	A camerate crinoid.
Clypeaster sarawakensis^[72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mihaljević & Rosenblatt	Miocene		ماليزيا	A species of Clypeaster.
Conulus sanzgarciai^[73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Forner Valls & Moreno Bedmar	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Forcall Formation	إسپانيا	A sea urchin.
Delicaster hotchkissi^[74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Koniecki	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Canyon Series, Graford Group	الولايات المتحدة ( تكساس)	A starfish belonging to the order Kermasida and to the family Permasteridae.
Diplocidaris bernasconii^[75]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bischof, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	St-Ursanne Formation	سويسرا فرنسا?	A sea urchin belonging to the group Cidaroida and the family Diplocidaridae.
Elgaecrinus^[76]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rozhnov	Devonian (Lochkovian)	Katnikov Beds	روسيا ( أوبلاست سڤردلوڤسك)	A cladid crinoid related to Crotalocrinites. The type species is E. uralicus
Eocenocrinus^[77]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Merle & Roux	Eocene		فرنسا إيطاليا	A stalked crinoid, possibly the oldest known member of the family Phrynocrinidae. The type species is E. hessi; genus also includes new species E. bayani, as well as "Bourgueticrinus" didymus Schauroth (1855).
Euptychocrinus? atelis^[78]	Sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		المغرب	A camerate crinoid.
Goniopygus dhalqutensis^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	Smith & Jagt in Jagt et al.	Cretaceous	Dhalqut Formation	عُمان	A sea urchin.
Hansaster^[66]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)		فرنسا ألمانيا سويسرا	A starfish belonging to the family Pterasteridae. Genus includes "Savignaster" trimbachensis Gale (2011).
Hessicrinus apertus^[65]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		المملكة المتحدة	A crinoid.
Hessicrinus cooperi^[65]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		المملكة المتحدة	A crinoid.
Heteraster guali^[79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Forner Valls	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Maestrat Basin	إسپانيا	A heart urchin.
Hypselaster strougoi^[80]	Sp. nov	Valid	Elattaar	Eocene (Lutetian)	Midawara Formation	مصر	A heart urchin.
Iocrinus ouzammoui^[78]	Sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		المغرب	A crinoid belonging to the group Disparida.
Isthloucrinus^[78]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		المغرب	A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida. Genus includes new species I. praecursor.
Kroppocrinus garamdouaraensis^[81]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waters & Klug	Devonian (Emsian)		المغرب	A crinoid.
Lazarechinus^[82]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hagdorn	Middle Triassic (late Anisian)	Calcaire à entroques	فرنسا	A stem-sea urchin belonging to the family Proterocidaridae. Genus includes new species L. mirabeti.
Lillithaster^[58]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( كارولاينا الجنوبية)	A basket star belonging to the family Asteronychidae. The type species is L. lamentatiofelium.
Linguaserra triassica^[83]	Sp. nov	Valid	Reich et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Cassian Formation	إيطاليا	A member of Ophiocistioidea belonging to the family Linguaserridae.
Longwyaster^[66]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)		فرنسا	A starfish belonging to the family Pterasteridae. Genus includes new species L. delsatei
Loriolaster fragilicalceus^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gladwell	Silurian (Ludlow)	Leintwardine Beds	المملكة المتحدة	An oegophiurid brittle star.
Lucernacrinus multispinosus^[68]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale, Sadorf & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( كارولاينا الشمالية)	A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida.
Luxaster^[84]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Müller et al.	Early Devonian		ألمانيا لوكسمبورگ	A brittle star belonging to the family Protasteridae. Genus includes new species L. martini, as well as L. schweitzeri.
Magnuscrinus cumberlandensis^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ausich, Rhenberg & Meyer	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Fort Payne Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( كنتكي)	A crinoid belonging to the family Batocrinidae.
Melusinaster^[86]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Thuy & Stöhr	Early and Middle Jurassic (Toarcian to Bajocian)		ألمانيا لوكسمبورگ	A basket star. The type species is M. alissawhitegluzae; genus also includes M. arcusinimicus.
Micraster woodi^[87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schlüter & Wiese	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		ألمانيا	A sea urchin.
Monobrachiocrinus waipapaensis^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Eagle, Hoskin & Hayward	Permian		نيوزيلندا	A cladid crinoid.
Muicrinus^[89]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lin et al.	Ordovician (latest Floian-earliest Dapingian)	Dawan Formation	الصين	A crinoid related to Iocrinus. The type species is M. dawanensis.
Neoprotencrinus anyangensis^[64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mao et al.	Permian (Asselian)	Taiyuan Formation	الصين	A crinoid.
Ophioculina^[90]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rousseau & Thuy in Rousseau, Gale & Thuy	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Agardhfjellet Formation	النرويج	A brittle star belonging to the group Ophiurina and the family Ophiopyrgidae. The type species is O. hoybergia.
Ophiotreta sadorfi^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( كارولاينا الجنوبية)	A brittle star belonging to the order Ophiacanthida and the family Ophiotomidae.
Pachycephalocrinus^[91]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cole & Toom	Ordovician (Katian)		إستونيا	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida. Genus includes new species P. jaanussoni.
Pahvanticystis^[92]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lefebvre & Lerosey-Aubril	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Weeks Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( يوتا)	A solutan echinoderm. Genus includes new species P. utahensis.
Panidiscus^[93]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sumrall & Zamora	Ordovician (Katian)		المغرب	An isorophinid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species P. tamiformis.
Peedeecrinus^[68]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale, Sadorf & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( كارولاينا الشمالية)	A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida. Genus includes new species P. sadorfi.
Petalobrissus lehugueurae^[94]	Sp. nov	Valid	Alves et al.	Late Cretaceous	Jandaíra Formation	البرازيل	A sea urchin belonging to the family Faujasiidae.
Phyllobrissus garciavivesi^[95]	Sp. nov	Valid	Forner Valls	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Margues del Forcall Formation	إسپانيا	A sea urchin.
Placatenella^[70]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Mooi et al.	Early Miocene	Pirabas Formation	البرازيل	A sand dollar belonging to the group Scutelliformes. The type species is "Abertella" complanata Brito (1981).
Pliotoxaster andinum^[96]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fouquet, Roney & Wilke	Early Cretaceous	Way Group	تشيلي	A sea urchin.
Polarasterias^[90]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rousseau & Gale in Rousseau, Gale & Thuy	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Agardhfjellet Formation	النرويج	A starfish belonging to the family Asteriidae. The type species is P. janusensis.
Priscillacrinus^[63]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		كندا ( اونتاريو)	A camerate crinoid belonging to Order Diplobathrida. Genus includes new species P. elegans.
Prokopius^[97]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Paul	Ordovician (Sandbian)		التشيك	A member of Diploporita belonging to the family Aristocystitidae; a new genus for "Aristocystites" sculptus Barrande (1887).
Propteraster^[66]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)		فرنسا	A starfish belonging to the family Pterasteridae. Genus includes new species P. amourensis
Rautangaroa^[98]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Baumiller & Fordyce	Oligocene		نيوزيلندا	A feather star. Genus includes "Cypelometra" aotearoa Eagle (2007).
Sacariacrinus amadei^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hess & Thuy	Jurassic		فرنسا	A cyrtocrinid crinoid.
Sagittacrinus alifer^[65]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		المملكة المتحدة	A crinoid.
Sagittacrinus longirostris^[65]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		المملكة المتحدة	A crinoid.
Sakucrinus^[91]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cole & Toom	Ordovician (Katian)		إستونيا	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Diplobathrida and the family Opsiocrinidae. Genus includes new species S. krossi.
Sardospatangus^[100]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Stara, Charbonnier & Borghi	Miocene		إيطاليا	A heart urchin. The type species is S. caschilii; genus also includes S. arburensis, as well as "Prospatangus" thieryi Lambert (1909).
Savignaster septemtrionalis^[90]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rousseau & Gale in Rousseau, Gale & Thuy	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Agardhfjellet Formation	النرويج	A starfish belonging to the family Pterasteridae.
Sertulaster^[74]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Koniecki	Ordovician (Katian)	Bobcaygeon Formation Verulam Formation	كندا ( اونتاريو)	A starfish belonging to the order Hadrosida and to the family Palaeasteridae. The type species is S. keslingi.
Spinadiscus^[93]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sumrall & Zamora	Ordovician (Katian)		المغرب	A pyrgocystid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species S. lefebvrei.
Stegophiura miyazakii^[101]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ishida et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Mifune Group	اليابان	A brittle star.
Superlininicrinus^[78]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		المغرب	A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida. Genus includes new species S. advorsa.
Synbathocrinus chenae^[64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mao et al.	Permian (Asselian)	Taiyuan Formation	الصين	A crinoid.
Tetracrinus solidus^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hess & Thuy	Jurassic		فرنسا	A cyrtocrinid crinoid.
Thuyaster^[66]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Jurassic (Hettangian)		بلجيكا	A starfish belonging to the family Korethrasteridae. Genus includes new species T. fontenoillensis
Trombonicrinus^[102]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Donovan, Waters & Pankowski	Devonian		المغرب	A crinoid. Genus includes new species T. (col.) hanshessi
Ulocrinus qiaoi^[64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mao et al.	Permian (Asselian)	Taiyuan Formation	الصين	A crinoid.
Weitschataster^[103]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Neumann & Girod	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)		ألمانيا	A starfish belonging to the family Goniasteridae. Genus includes new species W. intermedius.
Westerwalddiscus^[104]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Müller & Hahn	Early Devonian		ألمانيا	A member of Edrioasteroidea belonging to the family Agelacrinitidae. Genus includes new species W. poschmanni.
Yunnanechinus^[105]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Thompson et al.	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Guanling Formation	الصين	A stem-sea urchin. The type species is Y. luopingensis.

مخروطيات الأسنان

أبحاث

A study testing the proposed models of growth of conodont elements is published by Shirley et al. (2018).^[106]
A study on the histological sections of Ordovician and Permian conodont dental elements from the Bell Canyon Formation (Texas, الولايات المتحدة), Harding Sandstone (Colorado, United States), Ali Bashi Formation (Iran) and Canadian Arctic, examining those fossils for the presence and distribution of soft tissue biomarkers, is published by Terrill, Henderson & Anderson (2018).^[107]
A study evaluating the δ¹⁸O variation within a species-rich conodont assemblage from the Ordovician (Floian) Factory Cove Member of the Shallow Bay Formation, Cow Head Group (western Newfoundland, Canada), as well as assessing the implications of these data for determining the paleothermometry of ancient oceans and conodont ecologic models, is published by Wheeley et al. (2018).^[108]^[109]^[110]
A study on the body size and diversity of Carnian conodonts from South China and their implications for inferring the biotic and environmental changes during the Carnian Pluvial Event is published by Zhang et al. (2018).^[111]
A study assessing the similarity of late Paleozoic to Triassic conodont faunas known from the Cache Creek Terrane (Canada) is published by Golding (2018).^[112]
Reconstruction of the multi-element apparatus of the Middle Triassic conodont from British Columbia (Canada) belonging to the Neogondolella regalis group within the genus Neogondolella is presented by Golding (2018).^[113]
Reconstruction of the number and arrangement of elements in the apparatus of Hindeodus parvus published by Zhang et al. (2017)^[114] is criticized by Agematsu, Golding & Orchard (2018);^[115] Purnell et al. (2018) defend their original conclusions.^[116]
A cluster of icriodontid conodonts belonging to the species Caudicriodus woschmidti, providing new information on the apparatus structure of icriodontid conodonts, is described from the Lower Devonian sediments in southern Burgenland (Austria) by Suttner, Kido & Briguglio (2018).^[117]
A study on the species belonging to the genus Neognathodus, evaluating whether previously defined morphotype groups are reliably distinct from one another, is published by Zimmerman, Johnson & Polly (2018).^[118]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Ancyrogondolella diakowi^[119]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	كندا ( كولومبيا البريطانية)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Ancyrogondolella equalis^[119]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	كندا ( كولومبيا البريطانية)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Ancyrogondolella inequalis^[119]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	كندا ( كولومبيا البريطانية)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Ancyrogondolella? praespiculata^[119]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	كندا ( كولومبيا البريطانية)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Ancyrogondolella transformis^[119]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	كندا ( كولومبيا البريطانية)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Baltoniodus cooperi^[120]	Sp. nov	Valid	Carlorosi, Sarmiento & Heredia	Ordovician (Dapingian)	Santa Gertrudis Formation	الأرجنتين
Declinognathodus intermedius^[121]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu, Qi & Nemyrovska	Carboniferous		الصين
Declinognathodus tuberculosus^[121]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu, Qi & Nemyrovska	Carboniferous		الصين
Gedikella^[122]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kılıç, Plasencia & Önder	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		تركيا	A member of the family Gondolellidae. The type species is G. quadrata.
Gnathodus mirousei^[123]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sanz-López & Blanco-Ferrera	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Alba Formation Aspe-Brousset Formation Black Rock Limestone	بلجيكا الصين أيرلندا إيطاليا إسپانيا المملكة المتحدة الولايات المتحدة ( إلينوي)
Idiognathodus abdivitus^[124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hogancamp & Barrick	Carboniferous	Atrasado Formation Eudora Shale	الولايات المتحدة ( نيومكسيكو)
Idiognathodus centralis^[124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hogancamp & Barrick	Carboniferous	Atrasado Formation Eudora Shale	الولايات المتحدة ( نيومكسيكو)
Idiognathodus sweeti^[124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hogancamp & Barrick	Carboniferous	Atrasado Formation Eudora Shale	الولايات المتحدة ( نيومكسيكو)
Idiognathoides chaagulootus^[125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Frederick & Barrick	Carboniferous (early Pennsylvanian)	Ladrones Limestone	الولايات المتحدة ( ألاسكا)
Kamuellerella rectangularis^[122]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kılıç, Plasencia & Önder	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		تركيا	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Ketinella goermueshi^[122]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kılıç, Plasencia & Önder	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		تركيا	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Magnigondolella^[126]	Gen. et 5 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Favret Formation Toad Formation	كندا ( كولومبيا البريطانية) الصين الولايات المتحدة ( نـِڤادا)	A member of the family Gondolellidae. The type species is M. salomae; genus also includes new species M. alexanderi, M. cyri, M. julii and M. nebuchadnezzari, as well as "Neogondolella" regale Mosher (1970) and "Neogondolella" dilacerata Golding & Orchard (2016).
Mesogondolella hendersoni^[127]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yuan, Zhang & Shen	Permian (Changhsingian)	Selong Group	الصين
Mockina? spinosa^[119]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic (Norian)	Pardonet Formation	كندا ( كولومبيا البريطانية)	A member of the family Gondolellidae.
Neopolygnathus fibula^[128]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hartenfels & Becker	Devonian (Famennian)		المغرب
Neospathodus arcus^[129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maekawa in Maekawa, Komatsu & Koike	Early Triassic	Taho Formation	اليابان
Novispathodus shirokawai^[129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maekawa in Maekawa, Komatsu & Koike	Early Triassic	Taho Formation	اليابان
Novispathodus tahoensis^[129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maekawa in Maekawa, Komatsu & Koike	Early Triassic	Taho Formation	اليابان
‘Ozarkodina’? chenae^[130]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Ertang Formation	الصين
‘Ozarkodina’? wuxuanensis^[130]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Ertang Formation	الصين
Polygnathus linguiformis saharicus^[131]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Narkiewicz & Königshof	Devonian (late Eifelian–middle Givetian)	Ispena Formation Si Phai Formation	المغرب إسپانيا طاجيكستان تركيا ڤيتنام
Polygnathus linguiformis vietnamicus^[131]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Narkiewicz & Königshof	Devonian (Givetian)	Plum Brook Shale Si Phai Formation	ألمانيا المغرب الولايات المتحدة ( أوهايو) ڤيتنام
Polygnathus praeinversus^[130]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Ertang Formation	الصين
Polygnathus rhenanus siphai^[131]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Narkiewicz & Königshof	Devonian (Givetian)	Candás Formation Si Phai Formation	الصين المغرب إسپانيا ڤيتنام
Polygnathus xylus bacbo^[131]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Narkiewicz & Königshof	Devonian (Givetian)	Si Phai Formation	ڤيتنام
Pseudognathodus posadachaconae^[132]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sanz-López, Blanco-Ferrera & Miller	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Prestatyn Limestone	المملكة المتحدة	A member of the family Gnathodontidae.
Pseudopolygnathus primus tafilensis^[128]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Hartenfels & Becker	Devonian (Famennian)		المغرب
Pustulognathus^[133]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard in Golding	Permian (Guadalupian to Lopingian)	Copley Limestone Horsefeed Formation	كندا ( كولومبيا البريطانية) الصين?	A member of the family Sweetognathidae. The type species is P. monticola; genus also includes P. vigilans.
Quadralella (Quadralella) postica^[134]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		الصين
Quadralella robusta^[134]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		الصين
Quadralella wignalli^[134]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		الصين
Quadralella yongningensis^[134]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		الصين
Scandodus choii^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lee	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		كوريا الجنوبية
Sweetognathus duplex^[136]	Sp. nov	Valid	Read & Nestell	Permian (Sakmarian)	Riepe Spring Limestone	الولايات المتحدة ( نـِڤادا)
Sweetognathus wardlawi^[136]	Sp. nov	Valid	Read & Nestell	Permian (Sakmarian)	Riepe Spring Limestone	الولايات المتحدة ( نـِڤادا)
"Tortodus" sparlingi^[137]	Sp. nov	Valid	Aboussalam & Becker in Brett et al.	Devonian (Givetian)		پولندا إسپانيا الولايات المتحدة ( كنتكي أوهايو)
Walliserognathus^[138]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Corradini & Corriga	Silurian (Ludlow)	Henryhouse Formation Roberts Mountains Formation	النمسا الصين المجر إيطاليا إسپانيا السويد الولايات المتحدة ( نـِڤادا اوكلاهوما)	A member of the family Spathognathodontidae; a new genus for Spathognathodus inclinatus posthamatus Walliser (1964), raised to the rank of the species Walliserognathus posthamatus.

الأسماك

البرمائيات

أبحاث

An outline of a new interpretative scenario for the origin of tetrapods, based on data from tetrapod body fossils and from putative tetrapod trace fossils from Poland and Ireland that predate earliest tetrapod body fossils, will be presented by Ahlberg (2018).^[139]
A historical review of the fossil record of Devonian tetrapods and basal tetrapodomorphs from East Gondwana (Australasia, Antarctica) will be published by Long, Clement & Choo (2018).^[140]
Evidence from multi-stable isotope data indicating that some Devonian vertebrates, including early tetrapods, were euryhaline and inhabited aquatic environments subject to rapid changes in salinity is presented by Goedert et al. (2018).^[141]
A study on the evolution of forelimb musculature from the lobe-finned fish to early tetrapods is published by Molnar et al. (2018).^[142]
A study on the macroevolutionary dynamics of shape changes in the humeri of all major grades and clades of early tetrapods and their fish-like forerunners will be published by Ruta et al. (2018).^[143]
A study on the anatomy of the palate and neurocranium of Whatcheeria deltae will be published by Bolt & Lombard (2018).^[144]
A partial jaw resembling that of Crassigyrinus is described from the Tournaisian of Scotland by Clack, Porro & Bennett (2018), potentially extending the existence of the genus by approximately 20 million years towards the base of the Carboniferous.^[145]
A study on the morphology of the postcranial skeleton of Crassigyrinus scoticus will be published by Herbst & Hutchinson (2018).^[146]
A study on the fossil record of amphibians, aiming to identify traits that influenced the extinction risk of species, and using this data to predict the extinction risk for living amphibian species, is published by Tietje & Rödel (2018).^[147]
Description of anamniote tetrapod fossils from the Late Permian Sundyr Tetrapod Assemblage (Mari El, Russia) is published by Golubev & Bulanov (2018).^[148]
A study on the relationship between taxonomic and ecological diversity of temnospondyls across the Permian–Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa is published by Tarailo (2018).^[149]
A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Neldasaurus is published by Schoch (2018).^[150]
A study on the morphological changes in the skull that have been considered related to size reduction in dissorophoids, evaluating whether these changes are consistent with the consequences of miniaturization according to the studies in extant miniature amphibians, is published by Pérez-Ben, Schoch & Báez (2018).^[151]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of dissorophoid temnospondyls, and on their relationship to modern amphibians, is published by Schoch (2018), who names new taxon Amphibamiformes.^[152]
Well-preserved postcranial skeletons of two dissorophids are described from the early Permian karst deposits near Richards Spur (Oklahoma, الولايات المتحدة) by Gee & Reisz (2018).^[153]
A revision of the fossil material assigned to Fayella chickashaensis is published by Gee, Scott & Reisz (2018), who consider this species to be a nomen dubium.^[154]
Redescription of the holotype specimen of the dissorophid species Alegeinosaurus aphthitos is published by Gee (2018), who considers Alegeinosaurus to be a junior synonym of Aspidosaurus.^[155]
New skull remains of Cacops morrisi, as well as the first known postcranial remains of the taxon, are described from the Permian of the Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, الولايات المتحدة) by Gee & Reisz (2018).^[156]
Two new dissorophid specimens referred to Anakamacops petrolicus are described from the Guadalupian Dashankou Fauna of China by Liu (2018).^[157]
A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Limnogyrinus elegans is published by Schoch & Witzmann (2018).^[158]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Parotosuchus nasutus is published by Schoch (2018).^[159]
Partial mandible of a large-bodied metoposaurid is described from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation exposures at Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, الولايات المتحدة) by Gee & Parker (2018).^[160]
A small metoposaurid specimen interpreted as a juvenile specimen of Apachesaurus gregorii is described from the Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, United States) by Rinehart & Lucas (2018).^[161]
A study on the histology of the humeri of members of the species Metoposaurus krasiejowensis, revealing the occurrence of two different growth patterns (histotypes), is published by Teschner, Sander & Konietzko-Meier (2018).^[162]
A study on the feeding mode of Metoposaurus krasiejowensis as indicated by bone microstructure and computational biomechanics is published by Konietzko-Meier et al. (2018).^[163]
Description of the ornamentation of clavicles and skull bones of Metoposaurus krasiejowensis is published by Antczak & Bodzioch (2018).^[164]
Redescription of Regalerpeton weichangensis based on eight new specimens and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by Rong (2018).^[165]
An incomplete vertebra of a member of Caudata is described from the Algerian part of the Cretaceous Kem Kem Beds by Alloul et al. (2018).^[166]
Description of bone anomalies in specimens of the cryptobranchid Eoscapherpeton asiaticum from the Upper Cretaceous Bissekty Formation (Uzbekistan) and a study on their possible origin is published by Skutschas et al. (2018).^[167]
Description of new specimens of the fossil salamandrids Taricha oligocenica and Taricha lindoei from the Oligocene of Oregon, providing new information on the morphology of these taxa, and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of these species is published by Jacisin & Hopkins (2018).^[168]
Cretaceous frog tracks are described from the Saok Island (South Korea) by Park et al. (2018), who name a new ichnotaxon Ranipes saokensis.^[169]
Fossils of members of the genus Palaeobatrachus are described from the Miocene (Turolian) localities in Adygea (Russia) by Syromyatnikova (2018).^[170]
A redescription and a study of the phylogenetic relationships of Baurubatrachus pricei is published by Báez & Gómez (2018).^[171]
A redescription and a study of the phylogenetic relationships of Eorubeta nevadensis is published by Henrici et al. (2018).^[172]
Description of new fossil material of Thaumastosaurus from three localities in Switzerland, and a revision of the stratigraphic records of the genus Thaumastosaurus and other ranoid fossils from the Eocene of Europe, is published by Vasilyan (2018).^[173]
Four new, three-dimensionally preserved specimens of Discosauriscus pulcherrimus, providing new information on the anatomy of the skull of this species, will be described from the Lower Permian lacustrine sediments of the Boskovice Basin (Czech Republic) by Klembara & Mikudíková (2018).^[174]
A study on the anatomy of regenerating tails in two specimens of the Carboniferous lepospondyl Microbrachis pelikani, comparing tail regeneration in this taxon and in extant seal salamander and Ocoee salamander, is published by van der Vos, Witzmann & Fröbisch (2018).^[175]
A study on the skull ornamentation of a large specimen of Brachydectes newberryi from Linton (Ohio, الولايات المتحدة) is published by Mann (2018).^[176]
Description of the anatomy of the skeleton of the chroniosuchian species Bystrowiella schumanni and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of chroniosuchians is published by Witzmann & Schoch (2018).^[177]
A study on the variation of digit proportions and trackway parameters in diadectomorph tracks with a relatively short pedal digit V, representing ichnogenus Ichniotherium, is published by Buchwitz & Voight (2018).^[178]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Andersonerpeton^[179]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Pardo & Mann	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Joggins Formation	كندا ( نوڤا سكوشيا)	A member of Aistopoda. The type species is "Hylerpeton" longidentatum Dawson (1876).
Electrorana^[180]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Xing et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	ميانمار	A frog of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a member of Alytoidea. The type species is E. limoae.
Kulgeriherpeton^[181]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Skutschas et al.	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian–Barremian)	Batylykh Formation	روسيا	A stem-salamander. The type species is K. ultimus.
Laosuchus^[182]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Arbez, Sidor & Steyer	Permian–Triassic boundary	Luang Prabang Basin	لاوس	A chroniosuchian. Genus includes new species L. naga.
Latonia caucasica^[183]	Sp. nov	Valid	Syromyatnikova & Roček	Late Miocene (early Turolian)		روسيا ( أديگيا)	A species of Latonia.
Mattauschia^[184]	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Milner	Late Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Kladno Formation	التشيك	A trematopid temnospondyl. Genus includes "Limnerpeton" laticeps Fritsch (1881).
Mengbatrachus^[185]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tan et al.	Early Cretaceous	Longjiang Group	الصين	An early anuran. The type species is M. moqi.
Mesanerpeton^[186]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Smithson & Clack	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Ballagan Formation	المملكة المتحدة	An early tetrapod. The type species is M. woodi.
Mioproteus gardneri^[187]	Sp. nov	Valid	Venczel & Codrea	Early Oligocene		رومانيا	A member of the family Proteidae.
Nooxobeia^[154]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gee, Scott & Reisz	Permian (Guadalupian?)		الولايات المتحدة ( اوكلاهوما)	A dissorophid temnospondyl. The type species is N. gracilis.
Shirerpeton^[188]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Matsumoto & Evans	Early Cretaceous (Barremian)	Kuwajima Formation	اليابان	A member of the family Albanerpetontidae. The type species is S. isajii.
Tantallognathus^[189]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Carboniferous (late Tournaisian or earliest Viséan)	Ballagan Formation	المملكة المتحدة	An early tetrapod of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is T. woodi.
Tutusius^[190]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gess & Ahlberg	Devonian (late Famennian)	Witpoort Formation	جنوب أفريقيا	An early tetrapod. The type species is T. umlambo.
Umzantsia^[190]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gess & Ahlberg	Devonian (late Famennian)	Witpoort Formation	جنوب أفريقيا	An early tetrapod. The type species is U. amazana.

السحالي والثعابين

أبحاث

Triassic reptile Megachirella wachtleri is reinterpreted as the oldest known stem-squamate by Simões et al. (2018).^[191]
Simões et al. (2018) perform X-ray scans at the micron scale of the holotype specimen of Megachirella wachtleri.^[192]
Fossil trackways probably made by lizards running bipedally are described from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-early Albian) Hasandong Formation (South Korea) by Lee et al. (2018), who name a new ichnotaxon Sauripes hadongensis.^[193]
New fossil material of Dicothodon bajaensis, providing new information on the tooth replacement pattern in this species, is described from the Campanian of Mexico by Chavarría-Arellano, Simões & Montellano-Ballesteros (2018).^[194]
A study on the manus of a putative stem-gekkotan from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar is published by Fontanarrosa, Daza & Abdala (2018), who report the presence of adaptations to climbing, including adhesive structures.^[195]
A maxilla of a gekkotan of uncertain phylogenetic placement is described from the Late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation (Tanzania) by Müller et al. (2018), representing the second record of a Paleogene gekkotan from Africa and the first one from the central part of the continent.^[196]
A revision of the lizard fossils from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia and China which were originally assigned to the genus Bainguis is published by Dong et al. (2018), who transfer some of this fossil material to the stem-scincoid genus Parmeosaurus.^[197]
New specimen of the Late Jurassic lizard Ardeosaurus brevipes is described from the Solnhofen area (Germany) by Tałanda (2018), who interprets this species as a probable member of the crown group of Scincoidea.^[198]
Description of putative cordylid fossils from the Miocene of Germany, originally assigned to the taxon informally known as "Bavaricordylus", and a study on their taxonomic status is published by Villa et al. (2018), who reinterpret these fossils as more likely to represent the lacertid genus Janosikia.^[199]
Fossils of a member of the genus Timon are described from the Pleistocene of Monte Tuttavista (Sardinia, Italy) by Tschopp et al. (2018), representing the first reported fossil occurrence of this genus from Sardinia.^[200]
A dentary of an amphisbaenian belonging or related to the species Blanus strauchi is described from the middle Miocene locality of Gebeceler (إيطاليا) by Georgalis et al. (2018), representing the first fossil find of a member of the Blanus strauchi species complex and the sole confirmed fossil occurrence of the genus Blanus in the eastern Mediterranean region reported so far.^[201]
Amphisbaenian vertebral material is described from the Pliocene of northern Greece by Georgalis, Villa & Delfino (2018), representing the youngest occurrence of amphisbaenians in continental Eastern Europe reported so far.^[202]
Description of temujiniid frontals from the Aptian–Albian of the Khobur vertebrate locality (Mongolia) and a study on the placement of Temujiniidae in the phylogenetic tree of Iguanomorpha is published by Alifanov (2018).^[203]
A study aiming to predict past (late Quaternary), current, and future habitat ranges for lizards belonging to the genus Pogona is published by Rej & Joyner (2018).^[204]
A premaxilla of a member of the genus Elgaria is described from the Miocene Split Rock Formation (Wyoming, الولايات المتحدة) by Scarpetta (2018), representing the oldest known fossil of a member of this genus reported so far.^[205]
Two specimens assigned to the species Saniwa ensidens, preserving an accessory foramen in the skull indicative of the presence of fourth eye, are described from the Eocene Bridger Formation (Wyoming, الولايات المتحدة) by Smith et al. (2018).^[206]
Fossil vertebrae of varanid lizards are described from the early Miocene Loire Basin (France) by Augé & Guével (2018).^[207]
Redescription of the morphology of the type material of Varanus marathonensis from the late Miocene of Pikermi (Greece) and description of new fossils of this species from Spain is published by Villa et al. (2018), who consider the species V. amnhophilis to be likely junior synonym of V. marathonensis.^[208]
A basal mosasauroid specimen including a rib and a vertebra, representing a larger individual than the holotype of Phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans and predating P. ponpetelegans by approximately 10 million years, is reported from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) of Hokkaido (Japan) by Sato et al. (2018).^[209]
Description of two skulls of subadult specimens of Tylosaurus proriger from the Niobrara Formation (Kansas, الولايات المتحدة), and a study on the allometric changes undergone by T. proriger through life, is published by Stewart & Mallon (2018),^[210] who reject the hypothesis presented by Jiménez-Huidobro, Simões & Caldwell (2016) that Tylosaurus kansasensis is a junior synonym of Tylosaurus nepaeolicus.^[211]
The smallest-known, neonate-sized specimen of Tylosaurus is described from the Santonian portion of the Niobrara Chalk (Kansas, الولايات المتحدة) by Konishi, Jiménez-Huidobro & Caldwell (2018).^[212]
A study on the evolution of the skull shape in snakes and on its implications for inferring the ancestral ecology of snakes is published by Da Silva et al. (2018).^[213]
New method of evaluating the age of fossil snake specimens at the time of death is proposed by Petermann & Gauthier (2018), who also test whether their method can be used to identify isolated fossil remains of the Eocene snake Boavus occidentalis from the Willwood Formation (Wyoming, الولايات المتحدة) at the level of individual organisms.^[214]
Digital endocasts of the inner ears of the madtsoiid snakes Yurlunggur and Wonambi are reconstructed by Palci et al. (2018), who also study the implications of the inner ear morphology of these taxa for inferring their ecology.^[215]
A natural cast of the posterior brain, skull vessels and nerves, and the inner ear of Dinilysia patagonica is described by Triviño et al. (2018).^[216]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the Miocene snake Pseudoepicrates stanolseni is published by Onary & Hsiou (2018), who transfer this species to the boid genus Chilabothrus.^[217]
Description of snake fossils from the Pliocene/Pleistocene El Breal de Orocual locality and from the late Pleistocene Mene de Inciarte locality (Venezuela) is published by Onary, Rincón & Hsiou (2018).^[218]
Inflammatory arthritis is documented for the first time in snakes, including the aquatic Cretaceous snake Lunaophis aquaticus, by Albino et al. (2018).^[219]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Amananulam^[220]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	McCartney et al.	Paleocene		مالي	A snake belonging to the family Nigerophiidae. The type species is A. sanogoi.
Amaru^[221]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Albino	Early Eocene	Lumbrera Formation	الأرجنتين	A macrostomatan snake. Genus includes new species A. scagliai.
Anguis rarus^[222]	Sp. nov	Valid	Klembara & Rummel	Early Miocene		ألمانيا	A slow worm.
Barlochersaurus^[223]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Daza et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	ميانمار	Probable member of Anguimorpha of uncertain phylogentic placement. The type species is B. winhtini.
Bicuspidon hogreli^[224]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vullo & Rage	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Kem Kem Beds	المغرب	A polyglyphanodontid lizard
Boa blanchardensis^[225]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bochaton & Bailon	Late Pleistocene		فرنسا (Marie-Galante Island)	A species of Boa.
Callopistes rionegrensis^[226]	Sp. nov	Valid	Quadros, Chafrat & Zaher	Early Miocene	Chichinales Formation	الأرجنتين	A teiid lizard, a species of Callopistes.
Euleptes klembarai^[227]	Sp. nov	Valid	Čerňanský, Daza & Bauer	Miocene (Astaracian)		سلوڤاكيا	A relative of the European leaf-toed gecko.
Primitivus^[228]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Paparella et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian–early Maastrichtian)		إيطاليا	A member of the family Dolichosauridae. The type species is P. manduriensis.
Tylosaurus saskatchewanensis^[229]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiménez-Huidobro et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)	Bearpaw Formation	كندا ( ساسكاتشوان)	A mosasaur
Xiaophis^[230]	Gen. et sp. nov		Xing et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	ميانمار	A snake described on the basis of a fossilized embryo or neonate. The type species is X. myanmarensis.

Ichthyosauromorphs

A study aiming to identify sexual dimorphism, taxonomic variation and individual variation among the specimens of Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis is published by Motani et al. (2018).^[231]
A survey of the form and distribution of pathological structures in the skeletons of ichthyosaurs is published by Pardo-Pérez et al. (2018).^[232]
A study on the microanatomy of vertebral centra of ichthyosaurs, aiming to establish whether there is any variation between the primitive and the most derived forms, is published by Houssaye, Nakajima & Sander (2018).^[233]
Humeri of Pessopteryx nisseri and vertebrae referred to the genus Cymbospondylus are described from the Lower Triassic Vikinghøgda Formation (Spitsbergen, Norway) by Engelschiøn et al. (2018).^[234]
A large, isolated jaw fragment of a giant ichthyosaur is described from the Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) Westbury Mudstone Formation (United Kingdom) by Lomax et al. (2018), who also reinterpret some putative dinosaur limb bone shafts from the Upper Triassic of Aust Cliff as more likely to be ichthyosaur fossils.^[235]
Ichthyosaur fossils, including an incomplete skeleton of a member of the genus Leptonectes, are described from the Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Asturias (Spain) by Fernández, Piñuela & García-Ramos (2018).^[236]
Remains of ichthyosaur embryos, still situated within a fragment of the rib-cage of the parent animal, are described from the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) Whitby Mudstone Formation (United Kingdom) by Boyd & Lomax (2018).^[237]
Ichthyosaur remains from the Lower Cretaceous Agrio Formation (Neuquén Basin, Argentina) are described by Lazo et al. (2018).^[238]
New specimen of Phalarodon fraasi is described from the Middle Triassic Botneheia Formation (Svalbard, Norway) by Økland et al. (2018).^[239]
Redescription of the relocated holotype of Suevoleviathan integer is published by Maxwell (2018), who considers the species Suevoleviathan disinteger to be a junior synonym of S. integer.^[240]
A study on specimens of Temnodontosaurus from the Early Jurassic of southern Germany, aiming to document the types of pathologies observed in the skeletons of specimens assigned to this genus, is published by Pardo-Pérez et al. (2018).^[241]
Four isolated partial skulls from the Lower Jurassic of the United Kingdom, previously identified as Ichthyosaurus communis, are assigned to the species Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis and P. applebyi by Lomax & Massare (2018), providing new information on the anatomy of these taxa.^[242]
A reassessment of Ichthyosaurus communis and I. intermedius is published by Massare & Lomax (2018), who consider the latter species to be a junior synonym of the former.^[243]
A study on the cellular and molecular composition of integumental tissues in an exceptionally preserved specimen of Stenopterygius is published by Lindgren et al. (2018).^[244]
New specimen of Palvennia hoybergeti, providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from the Upper Jurassic Slottsmøya Member of the Agardhfjellet Formation (Spitsbergen, Norway) by Delsett et al. (2018).^[245]
A revision of British ichthyosaur taxa of the Late Jurassic is published by Moon & Kirton (2018).^[246]

Sauropterygians

أبحاث

A study aiming to estimate metabolic rates and bone growth rates in eosauropterygians, especially in plesiosaurs, is published by Fleischle, Wintrich & Sander (2018).^[247]
A study on the histology and life history of the Middle Triassic pachypleurosaurs: Dactylosaurus from the early Anisian of Poland and aff. Neusticosaurus pusillus from the early Ladinian of southern Germany is published by Klein & Griebeler (2018).^[248]
Periosteal reaction to a tuberculosis-like respiratory infection affecting ribs of the holotype specimen of "Proneusticosaurus" silesiacus is reported by Surmik et al. (2018).^[249]
A study on the variability of the skull morphology in Simosaurus gaillardoti is published by de Miguel Chaves, Ortega & Pérez-García (2018).^[250]
A study on the internal anatomy of the skull of Nothosaurus marchicus is published by Voeten et al. (2018).^[251]
An incomplete mandible of a large-bodied predatory plesiosaur will be described from the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) Deister Formation (Germany) by Sachs et al. (2018).^[252]
The first Jurassic plesiosaur from Antarctica is described from the Upper Jurassic Ameghino (= Nordensköld) Formation (Antarctic Peninsula) by O’Gorman et al. (2018).^[253]
Morphologically diverse pliosaurid teeth are described from the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) of the Kheta river basin (Eastern Siberia, Russia) and from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian and Valanginian) of the Volga region (European Russia) by Zverkov et al. (2018), who argue that their findings challenge the hypothesis that only one lineage of pliosaurids crossed the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary.^[254]
Complete mandible of Kronosaurus queenslandicus is described from the Albian Allaru Mudstone (Australia) by Holland (2018).^[255]
Description of the skull bones of Abyssosaurus nataliae from the Cretaceous (Hauterivian) of Chuvashia (Russia) is published by Berezin (2018), who also revises the species diagnosis.^[256]
A study on a specimen of Cryptoclidus eurymerus from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of Peterborough (United Kingdom), with the left forelimb injured by a predator causing the loss of use of this limb but which nevertheless survived for some time after that injury, is published by Rothschild, Clark & Clark (2018), who also evaluate the implications of this specimen for the various hypotheses on plesiosaur propulsion.^[257]
A study on the range of motion of the neck of an exceptionally preserved specimen of Nichollssaura borealis is published by Nagesan, Henderson & Anderson (2018).^[258]
A study on the morphology of Thililua longicollis and on the phylogenetic relationships of members of the family Polycotylidae is published by Fischer et al. (2018), who name a new clade Occultonectia.^[259]
Two new plesiosaur specimens, including a specimen of the species Libonectes morgani (otherwise known from North American fossils), are described from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) deposits of Goulmima (Morocco) by Allemand et al. (2018).^[260]
Description of a skull and partial postcranial skeleton of a juvenile elasmosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous Tahora Formation (New Zealand), referred to the species Tuarangisaurus keyesi, is published by Otero et al. (2018).^[261]
Redescription of Aristonectes quiriquinensis, providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is published by Otero, Soto-Acuña & O'keefe (2018).^[262]
Cranial material of a non-aristonectine elasmosaurid plesiosaur is described from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Cape Lamb Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation (Vega Island, Antarctica) by O'Gorman et al. (2018).^[263]
Redescription of the holotype of Styxosaurus snowii and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species will be published by Sachs, Lindgren & Kear (2018).^[264]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Arminisaurus^[265]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sachs & Kear	Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)	Amaltheenton Formation	ألمانيا	An early relative of pliosaurids. The type species is A. schuberti.
Paludidraco^[266]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	De Miguel Chaves, Ortega & Pérez‐García	Late Triassic		إسپانيا	A relative of Simosaurus. Genus includes new species P. multidentatus.
Parahenodus^[267]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	De Miguel Chaves, Ortega & Pérez‐García	Late Triassic		إسپانيا	A placodont related to Henodus. Genus includes new species P. atancensis.
Pliosaurus almanzaensis ^[268]	Sp. nov	Valid	O’Gorman, Gasparini & Spalletti	Late Jurassic (Jurassic)	Vaca Muerta	الأرجنتين

السلاحف

أبحاث

A study on the changes in diversity of South American turtles from the Late Triassic to the present, and on major extinction events of South American turtles, will be published by Vlachos et al. (2018).^[269]
A study on the Early and Middle Triassic turtle tracks and their implications for the origin of turtles is published by Lichtig et al. (2018).^[270]
Fossil turtle footprints are described from the Triassic (Carnian) localities in eastern Spain by Reolid et al. (2018), who interpret the findings as indicating a freshwater semi-aquatic habit for some early turtles during the early Late Triassic.^[271]
A revision of Late Cretaceous turtle fossils from the El Gallo Formation (Baja California, Mexico) is published by López-Conde et al. (2018).^[272]
A clutch of 15 turtle eggs, found in close association with a partial skeleton of the dinosaur Mosaiceratops azumai, is described from the Upper Cretaceous Xiaguan Formation (China) by Jackson et al. (2018), who report that the size of these eggs exceeds that of all previously reported fossil turtle eggs.^[273]
A study on the anatomy of the brain, inner ear, nasal cavity and skull nerves of Proganochelys quenstedti, and on its implications for inferring the sensory capabilities and ecology of the species and for the evolution of turtle brains is published by Lautenschlager, Ferreira & Werneburg (2018).^[274]
A study on the external variability and abnormalities observed in the carapace and plastron of Proterochersis robusta and Proterochersis porebensis is published by Szczygielski, Słowiak & Dróżdż (2018). ^[275]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Kallokibotion bajazidi based on well-preserved new fossil material is published by Pérez-García & Codrea (2018).^[276]
A study on the paleoecology of Meiolania platyceps is published by Lichtig & Lucas (2018).^[277]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil pleurodirans is published by Ferreira et al. (2018).^[278]
New fossil material of the bothremydid Algorachelus peregrinus, providing new information on the anatomy and intraspecific variability of the species, is described from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of the Arenas de Utrillas Formation (Spain) by Pérez-García (2018), who also transfers the species "Podocnemis" parva Haas (1978) and "Paiutemys" tibert Joyce, Lyson & Kirkland (2016) to the genus Algorachelus.^[279]
A revision of bothremydid fossils in the lower Eocene British record, assigned to the species "Platemys" bowerbankii Owen (1842), "Emys" laevis Bell in Owen & Bell (1849), "Emys" delabechii Bell in Owen & Bell (1849), and "Emys" conybearii Owen (1858), is published by Pérez-García (2018), who interprets all this fossil material as representing a single species Palemys bowerbankii.^[280]
A restudy of the type material of the Late Cretaceous pan-chelid Linderochelys rinconensis and a description of new fossils of the species is published by Jannello et al. (2018).^[281]
Redescription of the Eocene chelid Hydromedusa casamayorensis based on twenty‐seven new specimens recovered from lower levels of the Sarmiento Formation (Argentina) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Maniel et al. (2018).^[282]
Description of the morphology of the skull of the Eocene carettochelyid Anosteira pulchra is published by Joyce, Volpato & Rollot (2018).^[283]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the putative emydine Piramys auffenbergi is published by Ferreira, Bandyopadhyay & Joyce (2018), who reinterpret this species as a member of the family Podocnemididae.^[284]
A study on the skull innervation and circulation of Eubaena cephalica, based on data from a new specimen, is published by Rollot, Lyson & Joyce (2018).^[285]
Fragmentary trionychid specimen is described from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian to Maastrichtian) Nanaimo Group (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada) by Vavrek & Brinkman (2018), representing the first trionychid reported from Cretaceous deposits along the Pacific Coast of North America.^[286]
Taxonomic review of fossil testudinoids from South America is published by de la Fuente, Zacarías & Vlachos (2018).^[287]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships and body size evolution of extant and extinct tortoises is published by Vlachos & Rabi (2018).^[288]
Description of new specimens of the tortoise Manouria oyamai from the Pleistocene of the Okinawa Island (Japan) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Takahashi, Hirayama & Otsuka (2018).^[289]
A study on the sources of variation in the morphology of the carapaces of extant and fossil common box turtles (Terrapene carolina) is published by Vitek (2018).^[290]
Redescription of the holotype of Rhinochelys amaberti from the Cretaceous (Albian) of France and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Scavezzoni & Fischer (2018).^[291]
A study on the anatomy of the skull of the holotype specimen of Desmatochelys lowii is published by Raselli (2018).^[292]
Description of newly identified fossil material of Prionochelys from the collections at McWane Science Center and the Alabama Museum of Natural History, collected from multiple sites from the Upper Cretaceous Mooreville Chalk and Eutaw Formation (Alabama, الولايات المتحدة), and a study on the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Prionochelys is published by Gentry (2018).^[293]
An isolated costal bone of a sea turtle is described from the Oligocene Dos Bocas Formation (Ecuador) by Cadena, Abella & Gregori (2018), representing the first record of Oligocene Pancheloniidae in South America.^[294]
Remains of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) recovered from Mid to Late Holocene sites at Ra’s al-Hamra and Ra’s al-Hadd (coastal Oman) are described by Frazier et al. (2018).^[295]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Allaeochelys rouzilhacensis^[296]	Sp. nov	Valid	Godinot et al.	Eocene		فرنسا	A member of the family Carettochelyidae.
Basilemys morrinensis^[297]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mallon & Brinkman	Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian)	Horseshoe Canyon Formation	كندا ( ألبرتا)	A member of Cryptodira belonging to the family Nanhsiungchelyidae.
Chelonoidis dominicensis^[298]	Sp. nov	Valid	Albury et al.	Probably Late Quaternary		جمهورية الدومنيكان	A species of Chelonoidis.
Eochelone voltregana^[299]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lapparent de Broin et al.	Eocene (Priabonian)		إسپانيا	A member of the family Cheloniidae.
Eotaphrosphys^[300]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Pérez-García	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		فرنسا	A member of Bothremydidae; a new genus for "Tretosternum" ambiguum Gaudry (1890).
Eulalichelys^[296]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	De Lapparent de Broin in Godinot et al.	Eocene		فرنسا	A member of the family Carettochelyidae. Genus includes new species E. labarrerei.
Gilmoremys gettyspherensis^[301]	Sp. nov	Valid	Joyce, Lyson & Sertich	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)	Fruitland Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( نيومكسيكو)
Jeholochelys^[302]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shao et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Jiufotang Formation	الصين	A member of the family Sinemydidae. The type species is J. lingyuanensis.
Mauremys aristotelica^[303]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vlachos et al.	Late Miocene to Pliocene		اليونان	A species of Mauremys.
Motelomama^[300]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Pérez-García	Eocene (Ypresian)		پيرو	A member of Bothremydidae; a new genus for "Podocnemis" olssoni Schmidt (1931).
Owadowia^[304]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Szczygielski, Tyborowski & Błażejowski	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Kcynia Formation	پولندا	A member of Pancryptodira. The type species is O. borsukbialynickae.
Peritresius martini^[305]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gentry et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)	Lower Ripley Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( ألباما)	A member of Pancheloniidae.
Sinemys chabuensis^[306]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ji & Chen	Early Cretaceous	Jingchuan Formation	الصين
Trachemys haugrudi^[307]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jasinski	Late Hemphillian	Gray Fossil Site	الولايات المتحدة ( تنسي)	A species of Trachemys.
Yuraramirim^[308]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ferreira et al.	Late Cretaceous	Adamantina Formation	البرازيل	A member of Pleurodira related to Peiropemys. Genus includes new species Y. montealtensis.

Archosauriformes

أبحاث عامة

A study on the diversification of archosauromorph reptiles from the middle Permian to the early Late Triassic is published by Ezcurra & Butler (2018).^[309]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of phytosaurs is published by Jones & Butler (2018).^[310]

Archosaurs

زواحف أخرى

أبحاث

The study on the phylogenetic relationships of mesosaurs and other early reptiles published by Laurin & Piñeiro (2017)^[311] is reevaluated by MacDougall et al. (2018).^[312]^[313]
An adult specimen of Stereosternum tumidum preserved next to juvenile material, providing new information on the baseline ossification sequences and growth rates in this species, is described from Lower Permian sediments of the Irati Formation (Brazil) by Bickelmann & Tsuji (2018).^[314]
A study evaluating the purported aquatic adaptations of Mesosaurus tenuidens is published by Nuñez Demarco et al. (2018).^[315]
Description of the anatomy of the lower jaw of Delorhynchus is published by Haridy, Macdougall & Reisz (2018).^[316]
Pathological sacral vertebrae of a pareiasaur belonging to the clade Velosauria are described from the Permian (Wuchiapingian) upper member of the Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Luangwa Basin, Zambia) by Turner & Sidor (2018).^[317]
Fragments of the mandible of a small reptile, possibly Ruhuhuaria reiszi, are described from the Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania by Bradley & Nesbitt et al. (2018).^[318]
A study on the effect of inclusion and exclusion of autapomorphies on the analyses of phylogenetic relationships of early eureptiles is published by Matzke & Irmis (2018).^[319]
A study on the anatomy and histology of the caudal vertebrae of Permian captorhinids from the Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, الولايات المتحدة), supporting previous hypotheses that Captorhinus and other early Permian captorhinids were capable of tail autotomy, is published by LeBlanc et al. (2018).^[320]
A study on the teeth of Opisthodontosaurus carrolli is published by Haridy, LeBlanc & Reisz (2018), who present evidence of regular tooth replacement events in the lower jaw of O. carrolli.^[321]
Jaw elements of members of an otherwise Gondwanan diapsid genus Palacrodon are described from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (Arizona, الولايات المتحدة) by Kligman, Marsh & Parker (2018).^[322]
A study evaluating the taxon richness of terrestrial lepidosaurs through time, from the Triassic to the Paleogene, is published by Cleary et al. (2018).^[323]
Description of two specimens of the rhynchocephalian species Clevosaurus hudsoni from the Upper Triassic of the Cromhall Quarry (United Kingdom), providing new information on the anatomy of the species, is published by O’Brien, Whiteside & Marshall (2018).^[324]
A study on a fossil tooth of Eilenodon robustus from the Jurassic Morrison Formation (Colorado, الولايات المتحدة), utilizing both X-ray and neutron computed tomography, is published by Jones et al. (2018).^[325]
A study on the anatomy of the skeleton of Pappochelys rosinae is published by Schoch & Sues (2018).^[326]
Probable tanystropheid neck vertebrae are described from the Lower Triassic Sanga do Cabral Formation (Brazil) by De Oliveira et al. (2018).^[327]
A study on the taphonomy of the skeletons of Tanystropheus longobardicus from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation (Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland) and its implications for inferring whether Tanystropheus was terrestrial or aquatic is published by Beardmore & Furrer (2018).^[328]
A re-analysis of the osteology of Tanystropheus, a reconstruction of the musculature of the tail, pelvic girdle and hindlimbs of the taxon and a study on the locomotion and lifestyle of the taxon is published by Renesto & Saller (2018).^[329]
Description of the maxillary tooth plate and dentary teeth of the rhynchosaur species Hyperodapedon sanjuanensis is published by Gentil & Ezcurra (2018).^[330]
Description of a new skeleton of Prolacerta broomi from the Lower Triassic (Induan) Fremouw Formation (Antarctica), constituting the most complete Antarctic specimen to date, is published by Spiekman (2018).^[331]
A study on the morphological variation of the fifth metatarsals of Early Triassic diapsid reptiles from the Czatkowice locality (Poland), assessed in functional and phylogenetic terms, is published by Borsuk-Białynicka (2018).^[332]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Clevosaurus cambrica^[333]	Sp. nov	Valid	Keeble, Whiteside & Benton	Late Triassic		المملكة المتحدة
Colobops^[334]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pritchard et al.	Late Triassic (Norian)	Newark Supergroup	الولايات المتحدة ( كنتيكت)	A reptile of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a rhynchosaur. The type species is C. noviportensis.
Elginia wuyongae^[335]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu & Bever	Late Permian	Naobaogou Formation	الصين	A pareiasaurid parareptile
Eorhynchochelys^[336]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Falang Formation	الصين	A stem-turtle. The type species is E. sinensis.
Fraserosphenodon^[337]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Herrera-Flores et al.	Late Triassic		المملكة المتحدة	A rhynchocephalian belonging to the group Opisthodontia; a new genus for "Clevosaurus" latidens Fraser (1993).
Fraxinisaura^[338]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Schoch & Sues	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)		ألمانيا	A member of Lepidosauromorpha, probably a relative of Marmoretta oxoniensis. Genus includes new species F. rozynekae.
Labidosauriscus^[339]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Modesto, Scott & Reisz	Early Permian	Richards Spur locality	الولايات المتحدة ( اوكلاهوما)	A member of the family Captorhinidae. Genus includes new species L. richardi.
Mandaphon^[340]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tsuji	Triassic	Manda Formation	تنزانيا	A member of the family Procolophonidae. The type species is M. nadra.
Wachtlerosaurus^[341]	Gen. et sp. nov		Perner	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)		إيطاليا	A small reptile of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an archosaur. The type species is W. ladinicus.

مندمجات الأقواس

مندمجات الأقواس غير الثديية

أبحاث

A description of the postcranial material referable to the caseid species Ennatosaurus tecton is published by Romano, Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2018).^[342]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Milosaurus mccordi is published by Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2018).^[343]
A skull of a juvenile specimen of Anteosaurus magnificus is described from the Permian Abrahamskraal Formation (South Africa) by Kruger, Rubidge & Abdala (2018).^[344]
A study on the evolution of the trigeminal nerve innervation in anomodonts is published by Benoit et al. (2018).^[345]
A study on the stable oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of dentine apatite in the teeth of twenty-eight specimens of Diictodon feliceps, and on their implications for inferring the potential role of climate in driving the late Capitanian mass extinction of terrestrial tetrapods, is published by Rey et al. (2018).^[346]
Description of the anatomy of six new skulls of the dicynodont Abajudon kaayai from the Permian (Guadalupian) lower Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Zambia) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by Olroyd, Sidor & Angielczyk (2018).^[347]
A study on the anatomy of the bony labyrinth of the specimens of the dicynodont genus Endothiodon collected from the Permian K5 Formation (Mozambique), comparing it with the closely related genus Niassodon, is published by Araújo et al. (2018).^[348]
Redescription of the dicynodont genus Sangusaurus and a study on its feeding system and phylogenetic relationships is published by Angielczyk, Hancox & Nabavizadeh (2018).^[349]
Partial hindlimb of a dicynodont nearing the size of Stahleckeria potens is described from the Triassic Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (Tanzania) by Kammerer, Angielczyk & Nesbitt (2018), representing the largest dicynodont postcranial element from the Manda Beds reported so far.^[350]
Description of plant remains and palynomorphs preserved in the coprolites produced by large dicynodonts from the Triassic Chañares Formation (Argentina), and a study on their implications for inferring the diet of dicynodonts, is published by Perez Loinaze et al. (2018).^[351]
Tetrapod tracks, probably produced by dicynodonts, are described from the Upper Triassic Vera Formation of the Los Menucos Group (Argentina) by Citton et al. (2018).^[352]
A study on the anatomy of the skull of Cynariops robustus is published by Bendel et al. (2018).^[353]
A study on rates of enamel development in a range of non-mammalian cynodont species, inferred from incremental markings, is published by O'Meara, Dirks & Martinelli (2018).^[354]
Description of the morphology of the skull of Cynosaurus suppostus and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by van den Brandt & Abdala (2018).^[355]
Fossils of Cynognathus crateronotus are described for the first time from the Triassic Ntawere Formation (Zambia) and Manda Beds (Tanzania) by Wynd et al. (2018).^[356]
A study on the postcranial anatomy of a specimen of Diademodon tetragonus recovered from the Upper Omingonde Formation (Namibia) is published by Gaetano, Mocke & Abdala (2018).^[357]
Partial skull and postcranial skeleton of a member of the species Cricodon metabolus is described from the Triassic Ntawere Formation (Zambia) by Sidor & Hopson (2018), who also study the phylogenetic relationships of members of the family Trirachodontidae.^[358]
A study on the musculature, posture and range of motion of the forelimb of Massetognathus pascuali is published by Lai, Biewener & Pierce (2018).^[359]
New specimen of Trucidocynodon riograndensis, almost 20% larger than the holotype specimen, is described from the Carnian of Candelária Sequence (southern Brazil) by Stefanello et al. (2018).^[360]
Right dentary with teeth of Prozostrodon brasiliensis is described from the Late Triassic of Brazil by Pacheco et al. (2018), representing the second known specimen of this species.^[361]
Description of the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Prozostrodon brasiliensis is published by Guignard, Martinelli & Soares (2018).^[362]
A study on the limb bone histology and life histories of Prozostrodon brasiliensis, Irajatherium hernandezi, Brasilodon quadrangularis and Brasilitherium riograndensis is published by Botha-Brink, Bento Soares & Martinelli (2018).^[363]
A study on the origin and relationships of ictidosaurian cynodonts, i.e. tritheledontids and therioherpetids, is published by Bonaparte & Crompton (2018).^[364]
A large (comprising at least 38 individuals) clutch of well-preserved perinates of Kayentatherium wellesi, found with a presumed maternal skeleton, is described from the Lower Jurassic sediments of the Kayenta Formation (found on lands of the Navajo Nation) by Hoffman & Rowe (2018).^[365]
Cynodont teeth (representing a brasilodontid and a Riograndia-like form) found in the Triassic locality in Brazil which also yielded the fossils of Sacisaurus agudoensis are described by Marsola et al. (2018).^[366]
A study on the evolution of the mammalian jaw is published by Lautenschlager et al. (2018), who find no evidence for a concurrent reduction in jaw-joint stress and increase in bite force in key non-mammaliaform taxa in the cynodont–mammaliaform transition.^[367]
Tetrapod burrows, likely produced by small eucynodonts, are described from the Triassic Chañares Formation (Argentina) by Fiorelli et al. (2018).^[368]
A study on the morphological diversity of vertebral regions in non-mammalian synapsids, and on its implication for elucidating the evolution of anatomically distinct regions of the mammalian spines, is published by Jones et al. (2018).^[369]
A study on teeth ontogeny in wide range of extinct synapsid lineages is published by LeBlanc et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that the ligamentous tooth attachment system is not unique to crown mammals within Synapsida.^[370]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Ascendonanus^[371]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Spindler et al.	Permian (Sakmarian-Artinskian transition)	Chemnitz petrified forest (Leukersdorf Formation)	ألمانيا	A member of the family Varanopidae. Genus includes new species A. nestleri.
Gordodon^[372]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lucas, Rinehart & Celeskey	Early Permian (early Wolfcampian)	Bursum Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( نيومكسيكو)	A member of the family Edaphosauridae. The type species is G. kraineri.
Gorynychus^[373]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer & Masyutin	Permian	Kotelnich red beds	روسيا ( اوبلاست كيروڤ)	A therocephalian. The type species is G. masyutinae.
Leucocephalus^[374]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Day et al.	Permian (early Wuchiapingian)	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone of the Main Karoo Basin	جنوب أفريقيا	A biarmosuchian belonging to the family Burnetiidae. The type species is L. wewersi.
Lisowicia^[375]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sulej & Niedźwiedzki	Late Triassic (late Norian-earliest Rhaetian)		پولندا	A gigantic dicynodont reaching an estimated body mass of 9 tons. The type species is L. bojani.
Microvaranops^[371]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Spindler et al.	Permian (Guadalupian)	Abrahamskraal Formation	جنوب أفريقيا	A member of the family Varanopidae. Genus includes new species M. parentis.
Nochnitsa^[376]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer & Masyutin	Permian	Kotelnich red beds	روسيا ( اوبلاست كيروڤ)	A gorgonopsian. The type species is N. geminidens.
Pentasaurus^[377]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer	Late Triassic	Elliot Formation	جنوب أفريقيا	A dicynodont belonging to the family Stahleckeriidae. The type species is P. goggai.
Siriusgnathus^[378]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pavanatto et al.	Late Triassic (probably Carnian)	Santa Maria Supersequence	البرازيل	A traversodontid cynodont. Genus includes new species S. niemeyerorum.

الثدييات

حيوانات أخرى

أبحاث

A review and synthesis of studies on the timing and environmental context of landmark events in early animal evolution is published by Sperling & Stockey (2018).^[379]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the rangeomorphs, dickinsoniomorphs and erniettomorphs as indicated by what is known of the ontogeny of the rangeomorph Charnia masoni, dickinsoniomorph Dickinsonia costata and erniettomorph Pteridinium simplex is published by Dunn, Liu & Donoghue (2018), who consider at least the rangeomorphs and dickinsoniomorphs to be metazoans.^[380]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the rangeomorphs is published by Dececchi et al. (2018).^[381]
A study on the size distribution and morphological features of a population of juvenile specimens of Dickinsonia costata from the Crisp Gorge fossil locality in the Flinders Ranges (Australia) is published by Reid, García-Bellido & Gehling (2018).^[382]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of Dickinsonia based on data from lipid biomarkers extracted from organically preserved Ediacaran macrofossils is published by Bobrovskiy et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that Dickinsonia was an animal.^[383]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Stromatoveris, based on data from new specimens from the Chengjiang Konservat‐Lagerstätte (China), is published by Hoyal Cuthill & Han (2018), who interpret Stromatoveris as a member of early animal group Petalonamae that also included Arborea, Pambikalbae, rangeomorphs, dickinsoniomorphs and erniettomorphs.^[384]
The first reliable occurrence of abundant penetrative trace fossils, providing trace fossil evidence for Precambrian bilaterians with complex behavioural patterns, is reported from the latest Ediacaran of western Mongolia by Oji et al. (2018).^[385]
Trace fossils produced by Ediacaran animals which burrowed within sediment are described from the shallow-marine deposits of the Urusis Formation (Nama Group, Namibia) by Buatois et al. (2018), who name a new ichnotaxon Parapsammichnites pretzeliformis.^[386]
New trace fossils from the Ediacaran Shibantan Member of the upper Dengying Formation (China), including burrows and possible trackways which were probably made by millimeter-sized animals with bilateral appendages, are described by Chen et al. (2018).^[387]
An aggregation of members of the genus Parvancorina, providing evidence of two size-clusters and bimodal orientation in this taxon, is described from the Ediacara Conservation Park (Australia) by Coutts et al. (2018).^[388]
New, three-dimensional specimens of Charniodiscus arboreus (Arborea arborea), allowing for a detailed reinterpretation of its functional morphology and taxonomy, are described from the Ediacara Member, Rawnsley Quartzite of South Australia by Laflamme, Gehling & Droser (2018).^[389]
3D reconstructions of Cloudina aggregates are presented by Mehra & Maloof (2018).^[390]
A study on Namacalathus and Cloudina skeletons from the Ediacaran Omkyk Member of the Nama Group (Namibia) is published by Pruss et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that both organisms originally produced aragonitic skeletons, which later underwent diagenetic conversion to calcite.^[391]
A study on the substrate growth dynamics, mode of biomineralization and possible affinities of Namapoikia rietoogensis is published by Wood & Penny (2018).^[392]
A review of evidence for existence of swimming animals during the Neoproterozoic is published by Gold (2018).^[393]
A study on the age of the Cambrian Chengjiang biota (China) is published by Yang et al. (2018).^[394]
Description of coprolites from the Cambrian (Drumian) Rockslide Formation (Mackenzie Mountains, Canada) produced by an unknown predator, and a study on their implications for reconstructing the Cambrian food web, is published by Kimmig & Pratt (2018).^[395]
A study on the nature and biological affinity of the Cambrian taxon Archaeooides is published by Yin et al. (2018), who interpret the fossils of Archaeooides as embryonic remains of animals.^[396]
Zumberge et al. (2018) report a new fossil sterane biomarker, possessing a rare hydrocarbon skeleton that is uniquely found within extant demosponge taxa, from late Neoproterozoic–Cambrian sedimentary rocks and oils, and interpret this finding as indicating that demosponges, and hence multicellular animals, were prominent in some late Neoproterozoic marine environments at least extending back to the Cryogenian period.^[397]
Diverse, abundant sponge fossils from the Ordovician–Silurian boundary interval are reported from seven localities in South China by Botting et al. (2018), who produce a model for the distribution and preservation of the sponge fauna.^[398]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil demosponges is published by Schuster et al. (2018).^[399]
An assemblage of animal fossils, including the oldest known pterobranchs, preserved in the form of small carbonaceous fossils is described from the Cambrian Buen Formation (Greenland) by Slater et al. (2018).^[400]
Description of new morphological features of the Cambrian mobergellan Discinella micans is published by Skovsted & Topper (2018).^[401]
A study on the interrelationships between the eldonioid Pararotadiscus guizhouensis and associated fossil taxa from the Kaili Biota is published by Zhao et al. (2018).^[402]
A study on the slab with a dense aggregation of members of the species Banffia constricta recovered from the Cambrian Burgess Shale (Canada) and its implications for life habits of the animal is published by Chambers & Brandt (2018).^[403]
A study on the morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi, based on new specimens, is published by Li et al. (2018).^[404]
A study on the fossil record of early Paleozoic graptoloids and on the factors influencing rates of diversification within this group is published by Foote et al. (2018).^[405]
A study on the impact of the long-period astronomical cycles (Milankovitch “grand cycles”) associated with Earth's orbital eccentricity and obliquity on the variance in species turnover probability (extinction probability plus speciation probability) in Early Paleozoic graptoloids is published by Crampton et al. (2018).^[406]
A redescription of the species Malongitubus kuangshanensis from the Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte (China) is published by Hu et al. (2018), who interpret this taxon as a pterobranch.^[407]
A study on the morphology of the palaeoscolecid worm Palaeoscolex from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Lagerstätte (Morocco), using computed microtomography and providing new information on the internal anatomy of this animal, is published by Kouraiss et al. (2018).^[408]
The first occurrence of the tommotiid species Paterimitra pyramidalis from the Xinji Formation (China) is reported by Pan et al. (2018).^[409]
A study on the temporal distribution of lophotrochozoan skeletal species from the upper Ediacaran to the basal Miaolingian of the Siberian Platform, and on its implications for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the Cambrian explosion, is published by Zhuravlev & Wood (2018).^[410]
A study reinterpreting the putative Cambrian lobopodian Mureropodia apae as a partial isolated appendage of a member of the genus Caryosyntrips, published by Pates & Daley (2017)^[411] is criticized by Gámez Vintaned & Zhuravlev (2018);^[412] Pates, Daley & Ortega-Hernández (2018) defend their original conclusions.^[413]
A study on the early evolution of stem and crown-arthropods as indicated by Ediacaran and Cambrian body and trace fossils is published by Daley et al. (2018).^[414]
A study on the evolution of ecdysozoan vision, focusing on the evolution of arthropod multi-opsin vision, as indicated by molecular data and data from fossil record, is published by Fleming et al. (2018).^[415]
A juvenile specimen of Lyrarapax unguispinus, providing new information on the frontal appendages and feeding mode in this taxon, is described from the Cambrian Chiungchussu Formation (China) by Liu et al. (2018).^[416]
A study evaluating likely swimming efficiency and maneuverability of Anomalocaris canadensis is published by Sheppard, Rival & Caron (2018).^[417]
Cambrian animal Pahvantia hastata from the Wheeler Shale (Utah, الولايات المتحدة), originally classified as a possible arthropod,^[418] is reinterpreted as a suspension-feeding radiodont by Lerosey-Aubril & Pates (2018).^[419]
The presence of metameric midgut diverticulae is reported for the first time in the stem-arthropod Fuxianhuia protensa by Ortega-Hernández et al. (2018), who interpret their finding as indicative of a predatory or scavenging ecology of fuxianhuiids.^[420]
Liu et al. (2018) reinterpret putative remains of the nervous and cardiovascular systems in numerous articulated individuals of Fuxianhuia protensa as more likely to be microbial biofilms that developed following decomposition of the intestine, muscle and other connective tissues.^[421]
A study on the post-embryonic development of Fuxianhuia protensa is published by Fu et al. (2018).^[422]
Redescription of the fuxianhuiid Liangwangshania biloba is published by Chen et al. (2018).^[423]
New specimens of the stem-arthropod species Kerygmachela kierkegaardi, providing new information on the anatomy of this species and on the ancestral condition of the panarthropod brain, are described from the Cambrian Stage 3 of the Buen Formation (Sirius Passet, Greenland) by Park et al. (2018).^[424]
Fossils of spindle- or conotubular-shaped animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement are described from the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation (Pennsylvania, الولايات المتحدة) by Meyer et al. (2018).^[425]
Evidence of macrofauna living at depths of up to 8 metres below the seabed is reported from the Permian Fort Brown Formation (Karoo Basin, South Africa) by Cobain et al. (2018).^[426]
A study on the morphology of the hyolithid Paramicrocornus zhenbaensis from the lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation (China) is published by Zhang, Skovsted & Zhang (2018), who report that this species lacked helens, and also report the oldest known hyolith muscle scars preserved on the opercula of this species.^[427]
A study on the feeding strategies and locomotion of Cambrian hyolithids, based on specimens preserved in coprolites from the Chengjiang biota and associated with a Tuzoia carcass from the Balang Fauna (China), is published by Sun et al. (2018).^[428]
Digestive tract of a specimen of the hyolith species Circotheca johnstrupi from the Cambrian Læså Formation (Bornholm, Denmark) is described by Berg-Madsen, Valent & Ebbestad (2018).^[429]
The oldest stromatoporoid–bryozoan reefs reported so far are described from the middle Ordovician Duwibong Formation (South Korea) by Hong et al. (2018).^[430]
Small bioconstructions formed solely by microconchid tube worms, representing the stratigraphically oldest exclusively metazoan bioconstructions from the earliest Triassic (mid-Induan) strata in East Greenland, are reported by Zatoń et al. (2018).^[431]
The oldest known evidence of trematode parasitism of bivalves in the form of igloo-shaped traces found on shells of the freshwater bivalve Sphaerium is reported from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation (Montana, الولايات المتحدة) by Rogers et al. (2018).^[432]
A study on the predatory drill holes in Late Cretaceous and Paleogene molluscan and serpulid worm prey from Seymour Island (Antarctica) and their implications for inferring the effects of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event on predator-prey dynamics at this site is published by Harper, Crame & Sogot (2018).^[433]
A study on burrows from Lower–Middle Triassic successions in South China assigned to the ichnotaxon Rhizocorallium, and on their implications for inferring the course of biotic recovery following the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Feng et al. (2018).^[434]
A study evaluating how different species of fossil and extant free-living cupuladriid bryozoans responded to the environmental changes in the Southwest Caribbean over the last 6 million years is published by O’Dea et al. (2018).^[435]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Acanthodesia variegata^[436]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino & Taylor	Holocene		إندونيسيا	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Membraniporidae.
Acoscinopleura albaruthenica^[437]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova, Martha & Pakhnevich	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)		بلاروس	A bryozoan belonging to the group Flustrina and the family Coscinopleuridae.
Acoscinopleura crassa^[437]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova, Martha & Pakhnevich	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		ألمانيا	A bryozoan belonging to the group Flustrina and the family Coscinopleuridae.
Acoscinopleura dualis^[437]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova, Martha & Pakhnevich	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		ألمانيا	A bryozoan belonging to the group Flustrina and the family Coscinopleuridae.
Acoscinopleura occulta^[437]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova, Martha & Pakhnevich	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		ألمانيا	A bryozoan belonging to the group Flustrina and the family Coscinopleuridae.
‘Aechmella’ viskovae^[438]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova, Baraboshkin & Martha	Late Cretaceous		قزخستان	A bryozoan.
Aechmellina^[439]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Taylor, Martha & Gordon	Cretaceous (Cenomanian) to Paleocene (Danian).		الدنمارك فرنسا ألمانيا المملكة المتحدة الولايات المتحدة	A bryozoan belonging to the group Flustrina and the family Onychocellidae. The type species is "Aechmella" falcifera Voigt (1949); genus also includes "Homalostega" anglica Brydone (1909), "Aechmella" bassleri Voigt (1924), "Homalostega" biconvexa Brydone (1909), "Cellepora" hippocrepis Goldfuss (1826), "Aechmella" indefessa Taylor & McKinney (2006), "Aechmella" latistoma Berthelsen (1962), "Aechmella" linearis Voigt (1924), "Aechmella" parvilabris Voigt (1924), "Aechmella" pindborgi Berthelsen (1962), "Semieschara" proteus Brydone (1912), "Monoporella" seriata Levinsen (1925), "Aechmella" stenostoma Voigt (1930), "Reptescharinella" transversa d’Orbigny (1852) and "Aechmella" ventricosa Voigt (1924).
Alacaris^[440]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Hongjingshao Formation	الصين	A stem-arthropod related to Chengjiangocaris. The type species is A. mirabilis.
Allonnia nuda^[441]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cong et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Chengjiang Lagerstätte	الصين	A chancelloriid.
Allonnia tenuis^[442]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhao, Li & Selden	Early Cambrian		الصين	A chancelloriid.
Arnaopora^[443]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Suárez Andrés & Wyse Jackson	Devonian	Moniello Formation	إسپانيا	A bryozoan belonging to the group Fenestrata. Genus includes new species A. sotoi.
Aspidostoma armatum^[444]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez, López-Gappa & Griffin	Early Miocene	Monte León Formation	الأرجنتين	A cheilostome bryozoan belonging to the family Aspidostomatidae.
Aspidostoma roveretoi^[444]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez, López-Gappa & Griffin	Late Miocene	Puerto Madryn Formation	الأرجنتين	A cheilostome bryozoan belonging to the family Aspidostomatidae.
Aspidostoma tehuelche^[444]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez, López-Gappa & Griffin	Early to middle Miocene	Chenque Formation	الأرجنتين	A cheilostome bryozoan belonging to the family Aspidostomatidae.
Austroscolex sinensis^[445]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Cambrian (Paibian)		الصين	A palaeoscolecid.
Axilosoecia^[446]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Taylor & Brezina	Paleocene (Danian) to early Miocene	Roca Formation	الأرجنتين نيوزيلندا	A bryozoan belonging to the group Tubuliporina and the family Oncousoeciidae. The type species is A. giselae; genus also includes A. mediorubiensis.
Burocratina^[447]	Gen. et sp. nov		Wachtler & Ghidoni	Early-Middle Triassic		إيطاليا	A polychaete. The type species is B. kraxentrougeri.
Catenagraptus^[448]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	VandenBerg	Ordovician (late Floian)		أستراليا	A graptolite belonging to the group Sinograptina and the family Sigmagraptidae. The type species is C. communalis.
Characodoma wesselinghi^[436]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino & Taylor	Holocene		إندونيسيا	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Cleidochasmatidae.
Cheethamia aktolagayensis^[438]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova, Baraboshkin & Martha	Late Cretaceous		قزخستان	A bryozoan.
Codositubulus^[449]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gámez Vintaned et al.	Cambrian		إسپانيا	A tubicolous animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is C. grioensis.
Colospongia lenis^[450]	Sp. nov	Valid	Malysheva	Late Permian		روسيا ( كراي پريمورسكي)	A sponge.
Cornulites gondwanensis^[451]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gutiérrez-Marco & Vinn	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		المغرب	A member of Cornulitida.
Cupitheca convexa^[452]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sun et al.	Cambrian	Manto Formation	الصين	A member of Hyolitha.
Cystomeson^[453]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ernst, Krainer & Lucas	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Lake Valley Formation	الولايات المتحدة ( نيومكسيكو)	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cystoporata. Genus includes new species C. sierraensis.
Cystostroma primordia^[454]	Sp. nov	In press	Jeon et al.	Ordovician (Floian to Darriwilian)	Duwibong Formation Hunghuayuan Formation	الصين كوريا الجنوبية	A member of Stromatoporoidea.
Decoritheca? hageni^[455]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel & Willman	Cambrian Series 2	Buen Formation	گرينلاند	A member of Hyolitha.
Demirastrites campograptoides^[456]	Sp. nov	Valid	Štorch & Melchin	Silurian (Aeronian)		التشيك	A graptolite belonging to the family Monograptidae.
Dictyocyathus aranosensis^[457]	Sp. nov	Valid	Perejón et al.	Early Cambrian		ناميبيا	A member of Archaeocyatha.
Didymograptellus kremastus^[458]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vandenberg	Ordovician (Floian)		أستراليا نيوزيلندا النرويج الولايات المتحدة	A graptolite belonging to the group Dichograptina and the family Pterograptidae.
Erismacoscinus ganigobisensis^[457]	Sp. nov	Valid	Perejón et al.	Early Cambrian		ناميبيا	A member of Archaeocyatha.
‘Escharoides’ charbonnieri^[459]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Martha & Taylor	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		مدغشقر	A bryozoan.
Fehiborypora^[459]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Martha & Taylor	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		مدغشقر	A bryozoan; a new genus for "Cribilina" labiatula Canu (1922).
Gibbavasis^[460]	Gen. et sp. nov		Vaziri, Majidifard & Laflamme	Ediacaran	Kushk Series	إيران	A vase-shaped organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a poriferan-grade animal. The type species is G. kushkii.
Homoctenus katzerii^[461]	Sp. nov	Valid	Comniskey & Ghilardi	Devonian (late Pragian or late Emsian)	Ponta Grossa Formation	البرازيل	A member of Tentaculitoidea belonging to the order Homoctenida and the family Homoctenidae.
Kamilocella^[439]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Taylor, Martha & Gordon	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) to Campanian).		التشيك فرنسا ألمانيا	A bryozoan belonging to the group Flustrina and the family Onychocellidae. The type species is "Eschara" latilabris Reuss (1872); genus also includes "Eschara" acis d’Orbigny (1851), "Onychocella" barbata Martha, Niebuhr & Scholz (2017), "Eschara" cenomana d’Orbigny (1851) and "Eschara" labiata Počta (1892).
Kenocharixa^[462]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Dick, Sakamoto & Komatsu	Cretaceous to Eocene		اليابان نيوزيلندا	A cheilostome bryozoan. Genus includes new species K. kashimaensis, as well as "Charixa goshouraensis Dick, Komatsu, Takashima & Ostrovsky (2013) and "Conopeum" stamenocelloides Gordon & Taylor (2015).
Khmeria minima^[463]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wendt	Late Triassic (Carnian)		إيطاليا	An ascidian belonging to the new order Khmeriamorpha.
Khmeria stolonifera^[463]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wendt	Late Permian, possibly also Carboniferous		كمبوديا تايلند ڤيتنام	An ascidian belonging to the new order Khmeriamorpha.
Kimberella persii^[460]	Sp. nov		Vaziri, Majidifard & Laflamme	Ediacaran	Kushk Series	إيران	A stem-mollusc bilaterian.
Kootenayscolex^[464]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Nanglu & Caron	Cambrian	Burgess Shale	كندا ( كولومبيا البريطانية)	A polychaete. Genus includes new species K. barbarensis.
Laminacaris^[465]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Guo et al.	Cambrian Stage 3		الصين الولايات المتحدة?^[466]	A member of Radiodonta. Genus includes new species L. chimera.
Lenisambulatrix^[467]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ou & Mayer	Cambrian Stage 3	Heilinpu Formation	الصين	A lobopodian. The type species is L. humboldti.
Lunulites marambionis^[468]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hara et al.	Eocene	La Meseta Formation	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Lunulitidae.
Marginaria prolixa^[462]	Sp. nov	Valid	Dick, Sakamoto & Komatsu	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Himenoura Group	اليابان	A cheilostome bryozoan.
Matteolaspongia^[469]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Botting, Zhang & Muir	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Wenchang Formation	الصين	A sponge, possibly a stem-rossellid. The type species is M. hemiglobosa.
Melychocella biperforata^[444]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez, López-Gappa & Griffin	Early Miocene	Chenque Formation Monte León Formation	الأرجنتين	A cheilostome bryozoan belonging to the family Aspidostomatidae.
Micrascidites gothicus^[470]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sagular, Yümün & Meriç	Quaternary		تركيا	A didemnid ascidian.
Micropora nordenskjoeldi^[468]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hara et al.	Eocene	La Meseta Formation	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Microporidae.
Minitaspongia^[471]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Carrera et al.	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Agua de Lucho Formation	الأرجنتين	A hexactinellid sponge belonging to the family Dictyospongiidae. The type species is M. parvis.
Monniotia minutula^[470]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sagular, Yümün & Meriç	Quaternary		تركيا	A didemnid ascidian.
Nasaaraqia^[455]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Peel & Willman	Cambrian Series 2	Buen Formation	گرينلاند	Genus includes new species N. hyptiotheciformis.
Neotrematopora lyaoilensis^[472]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolokonnikova & Ponomarenko	Devonian (Frasnian)	Lyaiol Formation	روسيا	A bryozoan.
Nevadotheca boerglumensis^[455]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel & Willman	Cambrian Series 2	Buen Formation	گرينلاند	A member of Hyolitha.
Nidelric gaoloufangensis^[442]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhao, Li & Selden	Early Cambrian		الصين	An animal with single-element spines.
Nogrobs moroccensis^[473]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schlögl et al.	Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)		المغرب	A serpulid polychaete.
Onuphionella corusca^[474]	Sp. nov	In press	Muir et al.	Ordovician (Sandbian)	First Bani Group	المغرب
Otionellina antarctica^[468]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hara et al.	Eocene	La Meseta Formation	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Otionellidae.
Otionellina eocenica^[468]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hara et al.	Eocene	La Meseta Formation	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Otionellidae.
Pedunculotheca^[475]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sun, Zhao & Zhu in Sun et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Yu'anshan Formation	الصين	A member of Hyolitha belonging to the group Orthothecida. Genus includes new species P. diania.
‘Plagioecia’ antanihodiensis^[459]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Martha & Taylor	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		مدغشقر	A bryozoan.
Pleurocodonellina javanensis^[436]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino & Taylor	Early Pleistocene	Pucangan Formation	إندونيسيا	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Smittinidae.
Protohertzina compressa^[476]	Sp. nov	Valid	Slater, Harvey & Butterfield	Cambrian (Terreneuvian)	Lontova Formation Voosi Formation	إستونيا	A member of the total group of Chaetognatha.
Qinscolex^[477]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)		الصين	A cycloneuralian tentatively assigned to total‐group Scalidophora. Genus includes new species Q. spinosus.
Ramskoeldia^[478]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Cong et al.	Cambrian	Maotianshan Shales	الصين	A member of Radiodonta related to Amplectobelua. Genus includes new species R. platyacantha and R. consimilis.
Reptomultisparsa stratosa^[479]	Sp. nov	Valid	Viskova & Pakhnevich	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)		روسيا	A bryozoan.
Rhagasostoma aralense^[480]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)		اوزبكستان	A bryozoan belonging to the group Flustrina and the family Onychocellidae.
Rhagasostoma brydonei^[480]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova et al.	Late Cretaceous (Turonian and Coniacian)		المملكة المتحدة	A bryozoan belonging to the group Flustrina and the family Onychocellidae.
Rhagasostoma operculatum^[480]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)		تركمنستان	A bryozoan belonging to the group Flustrina and the family Onychocellidae.
Schistodictyon webbyi^[481]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen	Late Silurian		أستراليا	A sponge belonging to the class Stromatoporoidea, order Clathrodictyida and the family Anostylostromatidae.
Seqineqia^[482]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Holm Dal Formation	گرينلاند	A sponge. The type species is S. bottingi.
“Serpula” calannai^[483]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sanfilippo et al.	Permian		إيطاليا.	A serpulid polychaete.
“Serpula” prisca^[483]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sanfilippo et al.	Permian		إيطاليا.	A serpulid polychaete.
Shaanxiscolex^[484]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		الصين	A palaeoscolecid. The type species is S. xixiangensis.
Shanscolex^[477]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)		الصين	A cycloneuralian tentatively assigned to total‐group Scalidophora. Genus includes new species S. decorus.
Sisamatispongia^[482]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Holm Dal Formation	گرينلاند	A sponge. The type species is S. erecta.
Sonarina^[485]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Taylor & Di Martino	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian or early Maastrichtian)	Kallankurichchi Formation	الهند	A cheilostome bryozoan belonging to the family Onychocellidae. Genus includes new species S. tamilensis.
Stanleycaris^[413]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pates, Daley & Ortega-Hernández	Cambrian	Stephen Formation Wheeler Formation	كندا ( كولومبيا البريطانية) الولايات المتحدة ( يوتا)	A member of Radiodonta belonging to the group Hurdiidae. The type species is S. hirpex. The original description of the taxon appeared in an online supplement to the article published by Caron et al. (2010),^[486] making in invalid until it was validated by Pates, Daley & Ortega-Hernández (2018).^[412]^[413]
Styliolina langenii^[461]	Sp. nov	Valid	Comniskey & Ghilardi	Devonian (middle to late Emsian)	Ponta Grossa Formation	البرازيل	A member of Tentaculitoidea belonging to the order Dacryoconarida and the family Styliolinidae.
Sullulika^[455]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Peel & Willman	Cambrian Series 2	Buen Formation	گرينلاند	A selkirkiid stem-priapulid. Genus includes new species S. broenlundi.
Tallitaniqa^[482]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Holm Dal Formation	گرينلاند	A sponge. The type species is T. petalliformis.
Tarimspira artemi^[487]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian Stage 4	Henson Gletscher Formation	گرينلاند	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement described on the basis of fossil sclerites, possibly representing a stage in paraconodont evolution prior to the development of a basal cavity.
Tentaculites kozlowskii^[461]	Sp. nov	Valid	Comniskey & Ghilardi	Devonian (late Pragian or late Emsian)	Ponta Grossa Formation	البرازيل	A member of Tentaculitoidea belonging to the order Tentaculitida and the family Tentaculitidae.
Tentaculites paranaensis^[461]	Sp. nov	Valid	Comniskey & Ghilardi	Devonian (late Pragian or late Emsian)	Ponta Grossa Formation	البرازيل	A member of Tentaculitoidea belonging to the order Tentaculitida and the family Tentaculitidae.
Thanahita^[488]	Gen. et sp. nov		Siveter et al.	Silurian (Wenlock	Herefordshire Lagerstätte	المملكة المتحدة.	A relative of Hallucigenia. The type species is T. distos.
Trapezovitus malinkyi^[455]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel & Willman	Cambrian Series 2	Buen Formation	گرينلاند	A member of Hyolitha.
Turbicellepora yasuharai^[436]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino & Taylor	Holocene		إندونيسيا	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cheilostomata and the family Celleporidae.
Uniconus ciguelii^[461]	Sp. nov	Valid	Comniskey & Ghilardi	Devonian (late Pragian or late Emsian)	Ponta Grossa Formation	البرازيل	A member of Tentaculitoidea belonging to the order Tentaculitida and the family Uniconidae.
Zardinisoma^[463]	Gen. et 5 sp. nov	Valid	Wendt	Permian (Wordian) to Triassic (Carnian)	San Cassiano Formation	إيطاليا اليابان	An ascidian belonging to the new order Khmeriamorpha. The type species is Z. cassianum; genus also includes Z. japonicum, Z. pauciplacophorum, Z. pyriforme and Z. polyplacophorum.
Zhijinites tumourifomis^[489]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pan, Feng & Chang	Cambrian (Terreneuvian)	Yanjiahe Formation	الصين	A small shelly fossil.

Foraminifera

أبحاث

A study on the effects of differential ocean acidification at the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition on the planktonic foraminiferal assemblages from the Farafra Oasis (Egypt) is published by Orabi et al. (2018).^[490]
A wide variety of morphological abnormalities in planktic foraminiferal tests from the earliest Danian, mainly from Tunisian sections, is described by Arenillas, Arz & Gilabert (2018).^[491]
A study on the impact of the climatic and environmental perturbation on the morphology of foraminifera living during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is published by Schmidt et al. (2018).^[492]
Taxonomic compilation and partial revision of early Eocene deep-sea benthic Foraminifera is presented by Arreguín-Rodríguez et al. (2018).^[493]
A study on the responses of two species of foraminifera (extant Truncorotalia crassaformis and extinct Globoconella puncticulata) to climate change during the late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (3.6–2.4 million years ago) is published by Brombacher et al. (2018).^[494]

أصنوفات جديدة

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Alabamina heyae^[495]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fox et al.	Oligocene		ألمانيا	A member of Rotaliida belonging to the family Alabaminidae.
Alicantina^[496]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Soldan, Petrizzo & Silva	Eocene	Dunghan Formation Langley Formation Lizard Springs Formation Navet Formation Richmond Formation Shaheed Ghat Formation Thebes Formation Universidad Formation	كوبا مصر إيطاليا جامايكا پاكستان إسپانيا سوريا ترنيداد وتوباگو تونس Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean (Kerguelen Plateau) Pacific Ocean (Caroline Abyssal Plain Shatsky Rise)	A member of the family Globigerinidae. The type species is "Globigerina" lozanoi Colom (1954); genus also includes "Globigerina" prolata Bolli (1957).
Ammobaculoides dhrumaensis^[497]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kaminski, Malik & Setoyama	Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)	Dhruma Formation	السعودية	A member of Lituolida belonging to the family Spiroplectamminidae.
Asterigerinella jonesi^[498]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rögl & Briguglio	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Quilon Formation	الهند
Brizalina keralensis^[498]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rögl & Briguglio	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Quilon Formation	الهند
Colominella piriniae^[499]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mancin & Kaminski	Pliocene		إيطاليا	A member of Textulariida.
Douglassites^[500]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Read & Nestell	Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian)	Riepe Spring Limestone	الولايات المتحدة ( نـِڤادا)	A member of Fusulinida belonging to the family Schubertellidae. Genus includes new species D. sprucensis.
Elazigina siderea^[501]	Sp. nov	Valid	Consorti & Rashidi	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Tarbur Formation	إيران عُمان تركيا	A member of the group Rotaliida belonging to the family Rotaliidae.
Globoconella pseudospinosa^[502]	Sp. nov	Valid	Crundwell	Early Pliocene		Southwest Pacific Ocean
Hemisphaerammina apta^[503]	Sp. nov	Valid	McNeil & Neville	Early Eocene		Beaufort Sea	A member of the order Astrorhizida and the suborder Hemisphaeramminineae.
Ichnusella senerae^[504]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rigaud, Schlagintweit & Bucur	Early Cretaceous (Barremian–early Aptian)		النمسا فرنسا إيطاليا رومانيا تركيا كرواتيا? صربيا? أوكرانيا?	A member of the group Spirillinida belonging to the family Spirillinidae.
Lenticulina stewarti^[495]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fox et al.	Oligocene (Rupelian)		ألمانيا	A member of the group Nodosariacea belonging to the family Vaginulinidae.
Neotrocholina theodori^[504]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rigaud, Schlagintweit & Bucur	Early Cretaceous (Barremian–early Aptian)		النمسا فرنسا إيران پولندا رومانيا تركيا	A member of the group Spirillinida belonging to the family Spirillinidae.
Nonion cepa^[495]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fox et al.	Late Oligocene to early Miocene		Central North Sea basin هولندا	A member of the group Rotaliida belonging to the family Nonionidae.
Nummulites fayumensis^[505]	Sp. nov	Valid	Al Menoufy & Boukhary	Eocene (Lutetian)		مصر	A nummulite.
Nummulites tenuissimus^[505]	Sp. nov	Valid	Al Menoufy & Boukhary	Eocene (Lutetian)		مصر	A nummulite.
Omphalocyclus macroporus ellipsoides^[506]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Al Nuaimy	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Aqra Formation	العراق
Omphalocyclus macroporus maukabensis^[506]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Al Nuaimy	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Aqra Formation	العراق
Palaeoelphidium^[507]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Consorti, Schlagintweit & Rashidi	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		إيران العراق قطر	A member of the family Elphidiellidae; a new genus for "Elphidiella" multiscissurata Smout (1955).
Paralachlanella^[498]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rögl & Briguglio	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Quilon Formation	الهند	Genus includes new species P. pilleri.
Pseudomassilina quilonensis^[498]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rögl & Briguglio	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Quilon Formation	الهند
Pseudopeneroplis^[508]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Consorti in Consorti et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Cenomanian)		پيرو	A member of the superfamily Soritoidea and the family Praerhapydioninidae. Genus includes new species P. oyonensis.
Ranikothalia daviesi^[509]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sirel & Deveciler	Early Eocene		تركيا	A member of the group Rotaliida belonging to the family Nummulitidae.
Schubertella luisorum^[510]	Sp. nov	Valid	Villa in Villa, Merino-Tomé & Martín Llaneza	Carboniferous (Moscovian)	La Nueva Limestone Meruxalín Limestone Sutu Limestone	إسپانيا	A member of Fusulinida.
Uvigerina kingi^[495]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fox et al.	Middle Miocene		هولندا Southern and central North Sea	A member of the group Rotaliida belonging to the family Uvigerinidae.

عضيات أخرى

أبحاث

A study on putative stromatolites described from the 3,700-Myr-old rocks from the Isua supracrustal belt (Greenland) by Nutman et al. (2016)^[511] is published by Allwood et al. (2018), who interpret these putative stromatolites as more likely to be structures of non-biological origin.^[512]
Carbon isotope analyses of 11 microbial fossils from the ∼3,465-million-year-old Apex chert (Australia) are published by Schopf et al. (2018), who interpret two of the five studied species as primitive photosynthesizers, one as an Archaeal methane producer, and two as methane consumers.^[513]
Carbonaceous microstructures interpreted as evidence of early life are described from the ~3,472-million-year-old Middle Marker horizon, Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa) by Hickman-Lewis et al. (2018).^[514]
Direct fossil evidence for life on land 3,220 million years ago in the form of terrestrial microbial mats is reported from the Moodies Group (South Africa) by Homann et al. (2018).^[515]
Microfossils representing 18 morphotypes are reported from the c. 2.4 billion years old Turee Creek Group (Western Australia) by Barlow & Van Kranendonk (2018).^[516]
A study on the chemical, isotopic and molecular structural characteristics of the putative multicellular eukaryote fossils from carbonaceous compressions in the 1.63 billion years old Tuanshanzi Formation (China) is published by Qu et al. (2018).^[517]
Intact porphyrins, the molecular fossils of chlorophylls, are described from 1,100-million-year-old marine black shales of the Taoudeni Basin (Mauritania) by Gueneli et al. (2018), who also study the nitrogen isotopic values of the fossil pigments, and interpret their findings as indicating that the oceans of that time were dominated by cyanobacteria, while larger planktonic algae were scarce.^[518]
A study on the evolutionary history of bacteria is published by Louca et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that most bacterial lineages ever to have inhabited Earth are extinct.^[519]
Bobrovskiy et al. (2018) report molecular fossils from organically preserved specimens of Beltanelliformis, and interpret the fossils as representing large spherical colonies of cyanobacteria.^[520]
Discoid imprints sampled from the Precambrian terranes of central Dobruja (Romania) are described and assigned to the species Beltanelliformis brunsae by Saint Martin & Saint Martin (2018).^[521]
A study on the age of the fossil red alga Bangiomorpha pubescens is published by Gibson et al. (2018).^[522]
A reassessment of the anatomy and taxonomy of Orbisiana, based on a restudy of the rediscovered original type material of O. simplex, is published by Kolesnikov et al. (2018).^[523]
A study on the positions of fossil specimens in the assemblages of Ediacaran fossils from Mistaken Point (Canada), as well as on their implications for inferring the interactions and associations between the Ediacaran organisms, is published by Mitchell & Butterfield (2018).^[524]
A study on the height of Ediacaran organisms from Mistaken Point, evaluating the link between the increase of height and resource competition or greater offspring dispersal, is published by Mitchell & Kenchington (2018).^[525]
Evidence of a radiation of the Ediacaran biota that witnessed the emergence and widespread implementation of novel, animal-style ecologies is presented by Tarhan et al. (2018), who argue that this transition was linked to the expansion of Ediacaran taxa into dynamic, shallow marine environments characterized by episodic disturbance and complex and diverse organically-bound substrates, and propose that younger, second-wave Ediacaran communities resulting from said radiation were part of an ecological and evolutionary continuum with Phanerozoic ecosystems.^[526]
Elliptical body fossils are described from the Ediacaran–Fortunian deposits of central Brittany (France) by Néraudeau et al. (2018), representing the first body fossils described from these deposits.^[527]
A study on the sandstone- and limestone-hosted occurrences of Palaeopascichnus linearis (including material from a new locality in Arctic Siberia), indicative of a greater range of taxonomic and taphonomic variation, is published by Kolesnikov et al. (2018).^[528]
A study on the organic‐walled microfossils from the Cambrian strata in the stratotype section of the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary in the Burin Peninsula (Canada) is published by Palacios et al. (2018).^[529]
Fossils interpreted as threads of filamentous cyanobacteria are described from the Cambrian (Guzhangian) Alum Shale Formation (Sweden) by Castellani et al. (2018).^[530]
Enigmatic Devonian taxon Protonympha is interpreted as a possible post-Ediacaran vendobiont by Retallack (2018).^[531]
Description of fossils of nonmarine diatoms belonging to the genus Actinocyclus from the Lower to Middle Miocene lacustrine deposits in Japan and a study on the possible causal links between the evolution of nonmarine planktonic diatoms and the climatic and environmental changes that occurred during the Miocene is published by Hayashi et al. (2018).^[532]
A study on the cell-size frequency distributions across calcareous nanoplankton communities through the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, on their population biomass and on the impact of climate change on their cellular characteristics is published by Gibbs et al. (2018).^[533]

أصنوفات جديدة

الاسم	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Alievium mangalensiense^[534]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bragina & Bragin	Late Cretaceous		قبرص	A radiolarian belonging to the family Pseudoaulophacidae.
Amsassia yushanensis^[535]	Sp. nov	In press	Lee et al.	Late Ordovician	Xiazhen Formation	الصين	A coral-like organism.
Angochitina plicata^[536]	Sp. nov	Valid	Noetinger, di Pasquo & Starck	Devonian		الأرجنتين	A chitinozoan.
Anhuithrix^[537]	Gen. et comb. nov		Pang et al.	Tonian	Liulaobei Formation	الصين	A member of Cyanobacteria; a new genus for "Omalophyma" magna Steiner (1994).
Chaenotheca succina^[538]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rikkinen & Schmidt in Rikkinen et al.	Eocene (Priabonian)	Baltic amber	روسيا ( أوبلاست كالينن‌گراد)	A fungus, a species of Chaenotheca.
Cyclotella cassandrae^[539]	Sp. nov	Valid	Paillès et al.	Pleistocene		گواتيمالا	A diatom.
Cyclotella petenensis^[539]	Sp. nov	Valid	Paillès et al.	Pleistocene		گواتيمالا	A diatom.
Doulia^[540]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lian et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Hongjingshao Formation	الصين	A possible planktonic alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species D. rara.
Eolaminaria simigladiola^[540]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lian et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Hongjingshao Formation	الصين	A macroalga of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Epistacheoides bozorgniai^[541]	Sp. nov	Valid	Falahatgar, Vachard & Sarfi	Carboniferous (Viséan)		إيران	An alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Girvanella lianiformis^[542]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Drumian)	Ekspedition Bræ Formation	گرينلاند	A member of Cyanobacteria belonging to the family Cyanophyceae.
Girvanella pituutaq^[542]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Drumian)	Ekspedition Bræ Formation	گرينلاند	A member of Cyanobacteria belonging to the family Cyanophyceae.
Gorgonisphaeridium impexus^[536]	Sp. nov	Valid	Noetinger, di Pasquo & Starck	Devonian		الأرجنتين	An acritarch.
Hylaecullulus^[543]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kenchington, Dunn & Wilby	Ediacaran		المملكة المتحدة	A rangeomorph. The type species is H. fordi.
Leiosphaeridia gorda^[544]	Sp. nov	Valid	Loron & Moczydłowska	Tonian	Visingsö Group Wynniatt Formation	كندا السويد	An unicellular microorganism of algal affinities.
Lontohystrichosphaera^[476]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Slater, Harvey & Butterfield	Cambrian (Terreneuvian)	Lontova Formation	إستونيا	A large ornamented acritarch of unresolved biological affinity, probably an ontogenetically and metabolically active eukaryotic organism rather than a dormant protistan cyst. Genus includes new species L. grandis.
Mallomonas aperturae^[545]	Sp. nov	Valid	Siver	Middle Eocene	Giraffe Pipe locality	كندا	A synurid, a species of Mallomonas.
Mallomonas bakeri^[546]	Sp. nov	Valid	Siver	Middle Eocene	Giraffe Pipe locality	كندا	A synurid, a species of Mallomonas.
Mallomonas skogstadii^[546]	Sp. nov	Valid	Siver	Middle Eocene	Giraffe Pipe locality	كندا	A synurid, a species of Mallomonas.
Mispertonia^[547]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	McLean et al.	Carboniferous (Mississippian) to Late Permian or Early Triassic		الهند المملكة المتحدة	An organic-walled microfossil of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species M. desiccata.
Orpikania^[542]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Peel	Cambrian (Drumian)	Ekspedition Bræ Formation	گرينلاند	A member of the family Epiphytaceae (a group of organisms of uncertain phylogenetic placement). Genus includes new species O. freucheni.
Pakupaku^[548]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Riedman, Porter & Calver	Tonian	Black River Dolomite	أستراليا	A vase-shaped microfossil. Genus includes new species P. kabin.
Paleoambrosia^[549]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar & Vega	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	ميانمار	An ambrosia fungus. Genus includes new species P. entomophila.
Perexiflasca^[550]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Krings, Harper & Taylor	Devonian (Pragian)	Rhynie chert	المملكة المتحدة	A small, chytrid-like organism. Genus includes new species P. tayloriana.
Phomites neogenicus^[551]	Sp. nov	In press	Vishnu, Khan & Bera in Vishnu et al.	Neogene		الهند	A fungus similar to members of the genus Phoma.
Phomites siwalicus^[551]	Sp. nov	In press	Vishnu, Khan & Bera in Vishnu et al.	Neogene		الهند	A fungus similar to members of the genus Phoma.
Phyllopsora magna^[552]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kaasalainen, Rikkinen & Schmidt in Kaasalainen et al.	Miocene	Dominican amber	جمهورية الدومنيكان	A lichenized fungus, a species of Phyllopsora.
Pierceites deccanensis^[553]	Sp. nov	Valid	Prasad et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		الهند	A dinoflagellate belonging to the family Peridiniaceae.
Pseudoalievium^[534]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Bragina & Bragin	Late Cretaceous		قبرص	A radiolarian belonging to the family Pseudoaulophacidae. Genus includes new species P. parekklisiense and P. inflatum.
Pseudoaulophacus decoratus^[534]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bragina & Bragin	Late Cretaceous		قبرص	A radiolarian belonging to the family Pseudoaulophacidae.
Retesporangicus^[554]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Strullu-Derrien in Strullu-Derrien et al.	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	المملكة المتحدة	A fungus belonging to the group Blastocladiomycota, of uncertain phylogenetic placement within the latter group. Genus includes new species R. lyonii.
Retiranus^[476]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Slater, Harvey & Butterfield	Cambrian (Terreneuvian)	Lontova Formation Voosi Formation	إستونيا لتوانيا	A sheet-like or funnel-shaped organism of unresolved biological affinity. Genus includes new species R. balticus.
Rugophyca^[540]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lian et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Hongjingshao Formation	الصين	A macroalga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species R. longa.
Saarinomorpha^[555]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kolosov & Sofroneeva	Vendian		روسيا	A tubiform organic-walled segmented microfossil, resembling Saarina juliae but smaller by one–two orders of magnitude. Genus includes new species S. infundibularis.
Singulariphyca^[540]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lian et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Hongjingshao Formation	الصين	A macroalga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species S. ramosa.
Stellarossica^[556]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Vorob'eva & Sergeev	Precambrian	Ura Formation	روسيا	A large acanthomorph acritarch. Genus includes new species S. ampla.
Synsphaeridium parahioense^[557]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yin et al.	Cambrian Series 3		الهند	An acritarch.
Tristratothallus^[558]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Edwards et al.	Silurian (Ludfordian)	Downton Castle Sandstone Formation	المملكة المتحدة	A nematophyte belonging to the family Nematothallaceae. Genus includes new species T. ludfordensis.
Vendotaenia pavimentpes^[559]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yang & Qin in Yang et al.	Ediacaran	Dengying Formation	الصين	An alga.
Vendotaenia sixiense^[559]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yang & Qin in Yang et al.	Ediacaran	Dengying Formation	الصين	An alga.
Vizellopsidites^[560]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Khan, Bera & Bera	Late Pliocene to early Pleistocene	Kimin Formation	الهند	A fossil fungus found on the surface of fossilized leaf fragments. Genus includes new species V. siwalika.
Windipila pumila^[561]	Sp. nov	Valid	Krings & Harper	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	المملكة المتحدة	A fungal reproductive unit.

علم الإحاثة العام

Research related to paleontology that either does not concern any of the groups of the organisms listed above, or concerns multiple groups.

A study on the geologic record of Milankovitch climate cycles, extending their analysis into the Proterozoic and aiming to reconstruct the history of solar system characteristics, is published by Meyers & Malinverno (2018).^[562]
A study testing the hypothesis that chemodenitrification, the rapid reduction of nitric oxide by ferrous iron, would have enhanced the flux of nitrous oxide from Proterozoic seas, leading to nitrous oxide becoming an important constituent of Earth's atmosphere during Proterozoic and possibly life's primary terminal electron acceptor during the transition from an anoxic to oxic surface Earth, is published by Stanton et al. (2018).^[563]
A study on the effect of different forms of primitive photosynthesis on Earth's early atmospheric chemistry and climate is published by Ozaki et al. (2018).^[564]
A study on the history of life on Earth is published by McMahon & Parnell (2018), who argue that the subsurface “deep biosphere” outweighed the surface biosphere by about one order of magnitude for at least half of the history of life.^[565]
A timescale of life on Earth, based on a reappraisal of the fossil material and new molecular clock analyses, is presented by Betts et al. (2018).^[566]
A study on the nitrogen isotope ratios, selenium abundances, and selenium isotope ratios from the ∼2.66 billion years old Jeerinah Formation (Australia), providing evidence of transient surface ocean oxygenation ∼260 million years before the Great Oxygenation Event, is published by Koehler et al. (2018).^[567]
A study on functional shifts in modern phototrophic microbial mats across redox gradients, and on its implications for inferring the metabolic transitions experienced during the Great Oxygenation Event, is published by Gutiérrez-Preciado et al. (2018).^[568]
A study on living cyanobacteria, testing the hypothesis that planktonic single-celled cyanobacteria could drive the export of organic carbon from the surface to deep ocean in the Paleoproterozoic, is published by Kamennaya et al. (2018).^[569]
A quantitative estimate of Paleoproterozoic atmospheric oxygen levels is presented by Bellefroid et al. (2018).^[570]
A study on the iron mineralogy of the 1.1-billion-year-old Paleolake Nonesuch (Nonesuch Formation), and on its implications for inferring whether the waters of this lake were oxygenated, is published by Slotznick, Swanson-Hysell & Sperling (2018).^[571]
A study on the abundance of bio-essential trace elements during the period in Earth's history known as the "Boring Billion" is published by Mukherjee et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as incidacting that key biological innovations in eukaryote evolution (the appearance of first eukaryotes, the acquisition of certain cell organelles, the origin of multicellularity and the origin of sexual reproduction) probably occurred during the period of a scarcity of trace elements, followed by a broad-scale diversification of eukaryotes during the period of a relative abundance of trace elements.^[572]
A study on the ocean chemistry at the start of the Mesoproterozoic as indicated by rare earth element, iron-speciation and inorganic carbon isotope data from the 1,600–1,550 million years old Yanliao Basin, North China Craton is published by Zhang et al. (2018), who report evidence of a progressive oxygenation event starting at ~1,570 million years ago, immediately prior to the occurrence of complex multicellular eukaryotes in shelf areas of the Yanliao Basin.^[573]
Evidence of euxinia occurring in the photic zone of the ocean in the Mesoproterozoic, based on measurements of mercury isotope compositions in late Mesoproterozoic (∼1.1 billion years old) shales from the Atar Group and the El Mreiti Group (Tauodeni Basin, Mauritania), is presented by Zheng et al. (2018).^[574]
A study on the Earth's atmosphere and the productivity of global biosphere 1.4 billion years ago, based on triple oxygen isotope measurements sedimentary sulfates from the Sibley basin (Ontario, Canada), is published by Crockford et al. (2018).^[575]
A study on the isotopically enriched chromium in Mesoproterozoic-aged shales from the Shennongjia Group (China) dating back to 1.35 billion years ago is published by Canfield et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as document elevated atmospheric oxygen levels through most of Mesoproterozoic Era, likely sufficient for early crown group animal respiration, but attained over 400 million years before they evolved.^[576]
A study on the paleomagnetism of the Precambrian Bunger Hills dykes of the Mawson Craton (East Antarctica), and on its tectonic implications, is published by Liu et al. (2018).^[577]
A study on the timing of the onset of the Sturtian glaciation, based on new stratigraphic and geochronological data from the upper Tambien Group (Ethiopia), is published by Scott MacLennan et al. (2018).^[578]
A study on abundant pyrite concretions from the topmost Nantuo Formation (China), deposited during the terminal Cryogenian Marinoan glaciation, is published by Lang et al. (2018), who interpret these concretions as evidence of a transient but widespread presence of marine euxinia in the aftermath of the Marinoan glaciation.^[579]
A study on wave ripples and tidal laminae in the Elatina Formation (Australia), interpreted as evidence of rapid sea level rise in the aftermath of the Marinoan glaciation, is published by Myrow, Lamb & Ewing (2018).^[580]
A study on the eukaryotic species richness during Tonian and Cryogenian is published by Riedman & Sadler (2018).^[581]
A study on the environments and food sources that sustained the Ediacaran biota is published by Pehr et al. (2018), who present the lipid biomarker and nitrogen and carbon isotopic data obtained from late Ediacaran (<560 million years old) strata from seven drill cores and three outcrops spanning Baltica.^[582]
A study on the Ediacaran ecosystem complexity is published by Darroch, Laflamme & Wagner (2018), who report evidence of the Ediacara biota forming complex-type communities throughout much of their stratigraphic range, and thus likely comprising species that competed for different resources and/or created niche for others.^[583]
A study on the global ocean redox conditions at a time when the Ediacaran biota began to decline, based on analysis of uranium isotopes in carbonates from the Dengying Formation (China), is published by Zhang et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicative of an episode of extensive oceanic anoxia at the end of the Ediacaran.^[584]
A study evaluating how temperature can govern oxygen supply to animals at oceanographic scales, as well as how temperature dynamically affects the absolute tolerance of partial pressure of oxygen in marine ectotherms, and re-examining bathymetric patterns within the Ediacaran fossil record in an ecophysiological context, is published by Boag et al. (2018).^[585]
A study investigating possible water column redox controls on the distribution and growth of the oldest animal communities, based on data from the Ediacaran Nama Group (Namibia), is published by Wood et al. (2018).^[586]
New uranium isotope data from upper Ediacaran to lower Cambrian marine carbonate successions, indicative of short-lived episodes of widespread marine anoxia near the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition and during Cambrian Stage 2, is presented by Wei et al. (2018), who argue that the Cambrian explosion might have been triggered by marine redox fluctuations rather than progressive oxygenation.^[587]
New δ¹⁵N data from late Ediacaran to Cambrian strata from South China is presented by Wang et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that ocean redox dynamics were closely coupled with key evolutionary events during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition.^[588]
A study on the evolution of the diversity of animal body plans, based on data from extant and Cambrian animals, is published by Deline et al. (2018).^[589]
A review of the evidence for shell crushing (durophagy), drilling and puncturing predation in the Cambrian (and possibly the Ediacaran) is published by Bicknell & Paterson (2018).^[590]
A study on the timing and process of ocean oxygenation in the early Cambrian and its impact on the diversification of early Cambrian animals, based on data from the Cambrian Niutitang Formation (China), is published by Zhao et al. (2018).^[591]
A study on the isotopic composition and surface temperatures of early Cambrian seas, based on stable oxygen isotope data from the small shelly fossils from the Comley limestones (United Kingdom), is published by Hearing et al. (2018).^[592]
Gougeon et al. (2018) report evidence from the Lower Cambrian Chapel Island Formation (Canada) indicating that a mixed layer of sediment, of similar structure to that of modern marine sediments (which results from bioturbation by epifaunal and shallow infaunal organisms), was well established in shallow marine settings by the early Cambrian.^[593]
A study on the effects of the rise of bioturbation on global elemental cycles during the Cambrian is published by van de Velde et al. (2018).^[594]
A study on the timing of the Sauk transgression in the Grand Canyon region is published by Karlstrom et al. (2018).^[595]
A study on the oxygen isotope composition of seawater throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Ryb & Eiler (2018).^[596]
A study on changes in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide throughout the Phanerozoic, as indicated by data from a product of chlorophyll – phytane from marine sediments and oils, is published by Witkowski et al. (2018).^[597]
A study on the evolution of marine animal communities over the Phanerozoic, evaluating the ecological changes caused by major radiations and mass extinctions, is published by Muscente et al. (2018).^[598]
A study on the impact of mass extinctions on the global biogeographical structure, as indicated by data on time-traceable bioregions for benthic marine species across the Phanerozoic, is published by Kocsis, Reddin & Kiessling (2018).^[599]
A study on the nektic and eunektic diversity and occurrences throughout the Paleozoic is published by Whalen & Briggs (2018).^[600]
A study on within-habitat, between-habitat, and overall diversity of benthic marine invertebrates (gastropods, bivalves, trilobites, brachiopods and echinoderms) from Phanerozoic geological formations will be published by Hofmann, Tietje & Aberhan (2018).^[601]
A study analyzing the link between net latitudinal range shifts of marine invertebrates and seawater temperature over the (post-Cambrian) Phanerozoic Eon is published by Reddin, Kocsis & Kiessling (2018).^[602]
A study evaluating the link between macroevolutionary success (evolving many species) and macroecological success (the occupation of an unusually high number of areas by a species or clade) in fossil echinoid, cephalopod, bivalve, gastropod, brachiopod and trilobite species is published by Wagner, Plotnick & Lyons (2018).^[603]
A revised model and a new high-resolution reconstruction of the oxygenation of the Paleozoic atmosphere is presented by Krause et al. (2018).^[604]
A study on the Early Ordovician climate, as indicated by new high-resolution phosphate oxygen isotope record of conodont assemblages from the Lange Ranch section of central Texas, is published by Quinton et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as consistent with very warm temperatures during the Early Ordovician.^[605]
Jin, Zhan & Wu (2018) present paleontological, sedimentological, and geochemical data to test a hypothesis that a cold surface current became established by the late Middle Ordovician in the equatorial peri-Gondwana oceans, similar to the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue today.^[606]
A review of the history of the definition of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, aiming to clarify its concept and duration, is published by Servais & Harper (2018).^[607]
A study comparing the extinction events which occurred at the end of the Ordovician and at the end of the Capitanian (middle Permian) is published by Isozaki & Servais (2018).^[608]
Evidence from uranium isotopes from Upper Ordovician–lower Silurian marine limestones of Anticosti Island (Canada), indicative of an abrupt global-ocean anoxic event coincident with the Late Ordovician mass extinction, is presented by Bartlett et al. (2018).^[609]
A study on the ocean redox conditions and climate change across a Late Ordovician to Early Silurian on the Yangtze Shelf Sea (China) and their implications for inferring the causes of the Late Ordovician mass extinction is published by Zou et al. (2018).^[610]
A study on the phytoplankton community structure and export production at the end of the Ordovician, as indicated by data from the Vinini Formation (Nevada, الولايات المتحدة), and on their impact on the global carbon cycle and possible relation to the onset of the Late Ordovician glaciation, is published by Shen et al. (2018).^[611]
Filamentous microorganisms associated with annelid tubeworms are described from the Ordovician to early Silurian Yaman Kasy volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit (Ural Mountains, Russia) by Georgieva et al. (2018).^[612]
A study on the Devonian strata in the Zachełmie Quarry (Poland) preserving tracks of early tetrapods is published by Qvarnström et al. (2018), who reinterpret the tracks as produced in non-marine environment.^[613]
Evidence of multiple mercury enrichments in the two-step late Frasnian crisis interval from paleogeographically distant successions in Morocco, Germany and northern Russia is presented by Racki et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that the Late Devonian extinction was caused by rapid climatic perturbations promoted in turn by volcanic cataclysm.^[614]
A study on the climate changes during the period of the Late Devonian extinction (and possibly causing it), inferred from a high-resolution oxygen isotope record based on conodont apatite from the Frasnian–Famennian transition in South China, is published by Huang, Joachimski & Gong (2018).^[615]
A study on the age of a bentonite layer from Bed 36 in the Frasnian–Famennian succession at the abandoned Steinbruch Schmidt Quarry (Germany), aiming to determine the precise age of the Frasnian–Famennian boundary and the precise timing of the Late Devonian extinction, is published by Percival et al. (2018).^[616]
A study on the atmospheric oxygen levels through the Phanerozoic, evaluating whether Romer's gap and the concurrent gap in the fossil record of insects were caused by low oxygen levels, is published by Schachat et al. (2018).^[617]
A study on the early tetrapod diversity and biogeography in the Carboniferous and early Permian, evaluating the impact of the Carboniferous rainforest collapse on early tetrapod communities, is published by Dunne et al. (2018).^[618]
A study on the patterns of dispersal and vicariance of tetrapods across Pangaea during the Carboniferous and Permian is published by Brocklehurst et al. (2018).^[619]
O’Connor et al. (2018) reconstruct the most likely karyotype of the diapsid common ancestor based on data from extant reptiles and birds, and argue that most features of a typical ‘avian-like’ karyotype were in place before the divergence of birds and turtles ~255 million years ago.^[620]
A study evaluating whether the fossil record supports the reality of the Permian Olson's Extinction, based on an analysis of the tetrapod species richness in the tetrapod-bearing formations of Texas preserving fossils from the time of the extinction, is published by Brocklehurst (2018).^[621]
A study on the patterns of species richness, origination rates and extinction rates of the mid-Permian tetrapods from South Africa is published by Day et al. (2018).^[622]
A study on the environmental changes and faunal turnover in the Karoo Basin (South Africa) during the late Permian is published by Viglietti, Smith & Rubidge (2018).^[623]
A study on the changes of distribution of terrestrial tetrapods from the Permian (Guadalupian) to the Middle Triassic and on the impact of the Permian–Triassic extinction event on the palaeobiogeography of terrestrial tetrapods is published by Bernardi, Petti & Benton (2018).^[624]
First tetrapod tracks from the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic (Lopingian–Induan) eolian strata of the Paraná Basin, southern Brazil, assigned to the ichnotaxa Dicynodontipus isp. and Chelichnus bucklandi, are described by Francischini et al. (2018).^[625]
A study on the halogen compositions of Siberian rocks emplaced before and after the eruption of the Siberian flood basalts during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and on its implications for inferring the source and nature of volatiles in the Siberian large igneous province, is published by Broadley et al. (2018).^[626]
A study on the impact of sulfur and carbon outgassing from the Siberian Traps flood basalt magmatism on the climate changes at the end of the Permian is published by Black et al. (2018).^[627]
Evidence of enhanced continental chemical weathering at the Permian–Triassic boundary is reported from bulk rock samples from the Meishan section in South China by Sun et al. (2018), who also evaluate the potential impact of this enhanced weathering on global climate changes when the end-Permian extinction occurred.^[628]
A study on the biogeographic patterns and severity of extinction of marine taxa during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, evaluating whether global warming and ocean oxygen loss can mechanistically account for the marine mass extinction, is published by Penn et al. (2018).^[629]
A study on the recovery of benthic invertebrates following the Permian–Triassic extinction event, based on analysis of changes in the species richness, functional richness, evenness, composition, and ecological complexity of benthic marine communities from the Lower Triassic Servino Formation (Italy), is published by Foster et al. (2018).^[630]
A study on microbial mounds from the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation (China), and their implications for inferring the course of biotic recovery after the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Duan et al. (2018).^[631]
A study on the timing and pattern of ecosystem succession during and after the Permian–Triassic extinction event for the duration of the entire Triassic, as indicated by the changing diversity among non-motile, motile and nektonic animals, is published by Song, Wignall & Dunhill (2018).^[632]
Evidence of multiple episodes of oceanic anoxia in the Early Triassic, based on U-isotope data from carbonates of the uppermost Permian to lowermost Middle Triassic Zal section (Iran), is presented by Zhang et al. (2018).^[633]
Marine faunas characterized by unusually high levels of both benthic and nektonic taxonomic richness are described from two Early Triassic sections from South China by Dai et al. (2018).^[634]
A study on the historical shifts in geographical ranges and climatic niches of terrestrial vertebrates (both endotherms and ectotherms) based on data from extant and fossil vertebrates is published by Rolland et al. (2018).^[635]
A study on the stratigraphic distribution of the marine vertebrate fossils of the Xingyi Fauna from the Middle Triassic Falang Formation (China) is published by Lu et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that the Xingyi Fauna comprises two distinct vertebrate assemblages, resulting from a major faunal change, which was probably caused by a turnover of their ecological setting from nearshore to offshore.^[636]
A study on the age of the dinosaur-bearing Triassic Santa Maria Formation and Caturrita Formation (Brazil) is published by Langer, Ramezani & Da Rosa (2018).^[637]
Paleomagnetic and geochronologic study on the Chinle Formation (Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, الولايات المتحدة) is published by Kent et al. (2018), who report evidence indicating that a 405,000-year orbital eccentricity cycle linked to gravitational interactions with Jupiter and Venus was already influencing Earth's climate in the Late Triassic.^[638]
A study on the patterns of diversity change and extinction selectivity in marine ecosystems during the Triassic–Jurassic interval, especially in relation to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, is published by Dunhill et al. (2018).^[639]
Evidence of sill intrusions which were likely cause of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event is reported from the Amazonas and Solimões Basins (Brazil) by Heimdal et al. (2018).^[640]
A study on changes in global bottom water oxygen contents over the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, based on thallium isotope records from two ocean basins, is published by Them et al. (2018), who report evidence of global marine deoxygenation of ocean water some 600,000 years before the classically defined Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event.^[641]
A study on the extinction selectivity of marine organisms through the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, evaluating whether there are any substantial differences between the hyperthermal events during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event and Toarcian turnover and the periods of normal background extinction, is published by Dunhill et al. (2018).^[642]
A study on the impact of changes in ocean chemistry beginning in the Mesozoic on the nutritional quality of planktonic algal biomass compared to earlier phytoplankton is published by Giordano et al. (2018).^[643]
A study on the morphological, ecological and behavioural traits linked to the evolution of tail weaponization in extant and fossil amniotes is published by Arbour & Zanno (2018).^[644]
A study on the factors which led to the colonization of marine environments in the evolution of amniotes is published by Vermeij & Motani (2018).^[645]
A review of marine reptile (plesiosaur, ichthyosaur and thalattosuchian) fossils from the Oxfordian sedimentary rocks in Great Britain (United Kingdom), focusing on the Corallian Group, is published by Foffa, Young & Brusatte (2018), who report evidence of a severe reduction in observed marine reptile diversity during the Oxfordian.^[646]
A study evaluating how the structure of marine reptile ecosystems and their ecologies changed over the roughly 18-million-year history of the Jurassic Sub-Boreal Seaway of the United Kingdom, as indicated by data from fossil teeth, is published by Foffa et al. (2018).^[647]
A diverse footprint assemblage dominated by small mammal tracks is described from the Lower Cretaceous Patuxent Formation (Maryland, الولايات المتحدة) by Stanford et al. (2018), who name a new mammal ichnotaxon Sederipes goddardensis.^[648]
A diverse and ecologically informative faunal assemblage is described from the Lower Cretaceous Arundel Clay facies (Maryland, United States) by Frederickson, Lipka & Cifelli (2018).^[649]
Description of an assemblage of Early Cretaceous (Barremian) coprolites from the Las Hoyas Konservat-Lagerstätte (Spain) and a study on their biological and environmental affinities is published by Barrios-de Pedro et al. (2018).^[650]
A study on the taphonomic properties of the inclusions contained in the Las Hoyas coprolites, and their implications for inferring the patterns of digestive processes of the producers of these coprolites, is published by Barrios-de Pedro & Buscalioni (2018).^[651]
A study on the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration levels in the Early Cretaceous based on data from specimens of the fossil conifer species Pseudofrenelopsis papillosa is published by Jing & Bainian (2018).^[652]
A study on the palaeoenvironmental conditions that existed during the time the Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation (Australia) was deposited is published by Fletcher, Moss & Salisbury (2018).^[653]
A study on the age of the Namba Member of the Galula Formation (Tanzania), yielding fossils of Pakasuchus, Rukwasuchus, Rukwatitan and Shingopana, is published by Widlansky et al. (2018).^[654]
A study on the taxonomic composition of the early Late Cretaceous fauna from the Cliffs of Insanity microvertebrate locality (Mussentuchit Member, Cedar Mountain Formation; Utah, United States) is published by Avrahami et al. (2018).^[655]
Fossil assemblage including plant and vertebrate remains is described from the Turonian Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale Formation (Utah, الولايات المتحدة) by Jud et al. (2018), who report turtle and crocodilian remains and an ornithopod sacrum, as well as a large silicified log assigned to the genus Paraphyllanthoxylon, representing the largest known pre-Campanian flowering plant reported so far and the earliest documented occurrence of an angiosperm tree more than 1.0 m in diameter.^[656]
A study on the rainfall seasonality and freshwater discharge on the Indian subcontinent in the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), based on data from specimens of the mollusc species Phygraea (Phygraea) vesicularis from the Kallankuruchchi Formation (India), is published by Ghosh et al. (2018).^[657]
Evidence of increased crustal production at mid-ocean ridges at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, indicative of magmatism triggered by Chicxulub impact, is presented by Byrnes & Karlstrom (2018).^[658]
A study on the terrestrial climate in northern China at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, indicating the occurrence of a warming caused by the onset of Deccan Traps volcanism and the occurrence of extinctions prior to the Chicxulub impact, is published by Zhang et al. (2018).^[659]
A study on the oxygen isotopic composition of fish debris from the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary at El Kef (Tunisia), indicative of a greenhouse warming in the aftermath of the Chicxulub impact, is published by MacLeod et al. (2018).^[660]
A study on the environmental changes during the global warming following the brief impact winter at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, based on geochemical, micropaleontological and palynological data from Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary sections in Texas, Denmark and Spain, is published by Vellekoop et al. (2018).^[661]
A record of foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton, trace fossils and elemental abundance data from within the Chicxulub crater, dated to approximately the first 200,000 years of the Paleocene, is presented by Lowery et al. (2018), who report evidence indicating that life reappeared in the basin just years after the Chicxulub impact and a high-productivity ecosystem was established within 30,000 years.^[662]
A study evaluating the utility of oxygen-isotope compositions of fossilised foraminifera tests as proxies for surface- and deep-ocean paleotemperatures, and its implications for inferring Late Cretaceous and Paleogene deep-ocean and high-latitude surface-ocean temperatures, published by Bernard et al. (2017)^[663] is criticized by Evans et al. (2018).^[664]^[665]
A study on the Paleocene intermediate- and deep-water neodymium-isotope records from the North and South Atlantic Ocean, and on their implications for inferring the impact of changes in overturning circulation caused by the opening of the Atlantic Ocean on climate changes culminating in the greenhouse conditions of the Eocene, is published by Batenburg et al. (2018).^[666]
Evidence from sulfur-isotope data indicative of a large-scale ocean deoxygenation during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is presented by Yao, Paytan & Wortmann (2018).^[667]
Nitrogen isotope data from deposits from the northeast margin of the Tethys Ocean, spanning the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is presented by Junium, Dickson & Uveges (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that dramatic change in the nitrogen cycle occurred during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.^[668]
A study on the magnetofossil concentrations preserved within sediments corresponding to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, as well as on the implications of magnetofossil abundance and morphology signatures for tracing palaeo-environmental conditions during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is published by Chang et al. (2018).^[669]
A study aiming to evaluate the global extent of surface ocean acidification during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is published by Babila et al. (2018).^[670]
A study on the impact of greenhouse gas forcing and orbital forcing on changes in the seasonal hydrological cycle during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (for regions where proxy data is available) is published by Kiehl et al. (2018).^[671]
Estimates of mean annual terrestrial temperatures in the mid-latitudes during the early Paleogene are presented by Naafs et al. (2018).^[672]
A study on the tropical sea-surface temperatures in the Eocene is published by Evans et al. (2018).^[673]
A continuous Eocene equatorial sea surface temperature record is presented by Cramwinckel et al. (2018), who also construct a 26-million-year multi-proxy, multi-site stack of Eocene tropical climate evolution.^[674]
A 25-million-year-long alkenone-based record of surface temperature change in the Paleogene from the North Atlantic Ocean is presented by Liu et al. (2018).^[675]
A study on the continental silicate weathering response to the inferred CO₂ rise and warming during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum is published by van der Ploeg et al. (2018).^[676]
A study on the early stages of development of Asian inland aridity and its underlying mechanisms, based on data from red clay sequence from the Cenozoic Xorkol Basin (Altyn-Tagh, northeastern Tibetan Plateau), is published by Li et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that enhanced Eocene Asian inland aridity was mainly driven by global palaeoclimatic changes rather than being a direct response to the plateau uplift.^[677]
A study on the relationship between the Rovno and Baltic amber deposits, based on stable carbon and hydrogen isotope analyses, is published by Mänd et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicative of distinct origin of Rovno and Baltic amber deposits.^[678]
Grimaldi et al. (2018) report biological inclusions (fungi, plants, arachnids and insects) in amber from the Paleogene Chickaloon Formation of Alaska, representing the northernmost deposit of fossiliferous amber from the Cenozoic.^[679]
A review of Neogene–Quaternary terrestrial vertebrate sites from the Middle Kura Basin (eastern Georgia and western Azerbaijan) is published by Bukhsianidze & Koiava (2018).^[680]
A study on CO₂ concentrations during the early Miocene, as indicated by stomatal characteristics of fossil leaves from a late early Miocene assemblage from Panama and a leaf gas‐exchange model, is published by Londoño et al. (2018).^[681]
A study aiming to establish an accurate and precise age model for the eruption of the Columbia River Basalt Group, and to use it to test the hypothesis that there is a temporal relationship between the eruption of the Columbia River Basalt Group and the mid-Miocene climate optimum, is published by Kasbohm & Schoene (2018).^[682]
A study on the age of the Ashfall Fossil Beds fossil site (Nebraska, الولايات المتحدة) is published by Smith et al. (2018).^[683]
A study on plant fossils spanning 14–4 million years ago from sites in Europe, Asia and East Africa, aiming to test the hypothesis of a single cohesive biome in the Miocene that extended from Mongolia to East Africa and at its peak covered much of the Old World, is published by Denk et al. (2018), who interpret data from plant fossil record as disproving the existence of a cohesive savannah biome from eastern Asia to northeast Africa, formerly inferred from mammal fossil record.^[684]
Faith (2018) evaluates the aridity index, a widely used technique for reconstructing local paleoclimate and water deficits from oxygen isotope composition of fossil mammal teeth, arguing that in some taxa altered drinking behavior (influencing oxygen isotope composition of teeth) might have been caused by dietary change rather than water deficits.^[685]^[686]^[687]
A study on the likely magnitude of the sea-level drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis, based on the analysis of the late Neogene faunas of the Balearic Islands, is published by Mas et al. (2018).^[688]
An extensive, buried sedimentary body deposited by the passage of a megaflood from the western to the eastern Mediterranean Sea in the Pliocene (Zanclean), at the end of the Messinian salinity crisis, is identified in the western Ionian Basin by Micallef et al. (2018).^[689]
A study evaluating when the island of Sulawesi (Indonesia) gained its modern shape and size, and determining the timings of diversification of the three largest endemic mammals on the island (the babirusa, the Celebes warty pig and the anoa) is published by Frantz et al. (2018).^[690]
A study on the hydrological changes in the Limpopo River catchment and in sea surface temperature in the southwestern Indian Ocean for the past 2.14 million years, and on their implications for inferring the palaeoclimatic changes in southeastern Africa in this time period and their possible impact on the evolution of early hominins, is published by Caley et al. (2018).^[691]
A study on the reptile and amphibian fossils from the early Pleistocene site of the Russel-Tiglia-Egypte pit near Tegelen (Netherlands) is published by Villa et al. (2018).^[692]
Evidence indicating that reduced nutrient upwelling in the Bering Sea and expansion of North Pacific Intermediate Water coincided with the Mid-Pleistocene Transition cooling is presented by Kender et al. (2018), who assess the potential links between cooling, sea ice expansion, closure of the Bering Strait, North Pacific Intermediate Water production, reduced high latitude CO₂ and nutrient upwelling, and development of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition.^[693]
Domínguez-Rodrigo & Baquedano (2018) evaluate the ability of successful machine learning methods to compare and distinguish various types of bone surface modifications (trampling marks, crocodile bite marks and cut marks made with stone tools) in archaeofaunal assemblages.^[694]
Description of new mammal and fish remains from the Olduvai Gorge site (Tanzania), comparing the mammal assemblage from this site to the present mammal community of Serengeti, and a study on their implications for reconstructing the paleoecology of this site at ∼1.7–1.4 million years ago, is published by Bibi et al. (2018).^[695]
A study evaluating whether changes of vegetation and diet of East African herbivorous mammals were linked to climatic fluctuations 1.7 million years ago, based on data from mammal teeth from the Olduvai Gorge site, as well as evaluating whether crocodile teeth from this site may be used as paleoclimatic indicators, is published by Ascari et al. (2018).^[696]
A study on the structure of the animal community known from the Okote Member of the Koobi Fora Formation at East Turkana (Kenya) as indicated by tracks and skeletal assemblages, and on the interactions of Homo erectus with environment and associated faunas from this site, is published by Roach et al. (2018).^[697]
Evidence for progressive aridification in East Africa since about 575,000 years before present, based on data from sediments from Lake Magadi (Kenya), is presented by Owen et al. (2018), who also evaluate the influence of the increasing Middle- to Late-Pleistocene aridification and environmental variability on the physical and cultural evolution of Homo sapiens in East Africa.^[698]
A study on the environment in the interior of the Arabian Peninsula in the Pleistocene, as indicated by data from stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of fossil mammal tooth enamel from the middle Pleistocene locality of Ti's al Ghadah (Saudi Arabia), is published by Roberts et al. (2018).^[699]
A study on the environmental dynamics before and after the onset of the early Middle Stone Age in the Olorgesailie Basin (Kenya) is published by Potts et al. (2018).^[700]
A study on the chronology of the Acheulean and early Middle Stone Age sedimentary deposits in the Olorgesailie Basin (Kenya) is published by Deino et al. (2018).^[701]
A study on the climatic changes in the Lake Tana area in the last 150,000 years and their implications for early modern human dispersal out of Africa is published by Lamb et al. (2018).^[702]
A study on the proxy evidence for environmental changes during past 116,000 years in lake sediment cores from the Chew Bahir basin, south Ethiopia (close to the key hominin site of Omo Kibish), and on its implications for inferring the environmental context for dispersal of anatomically modern humans from northeastern Africa, is published by Viehberg et al. (2018).^[703]
A study on the effects of the Toba supereruption in East Africa is published by Yost et al. (2018), who find no evidence of the erupton causing a volcanic winter in East Africa or a population bottleneck among African populations of anatomically modern humans.^[704]
A high-resolution palaeoclimate reconstruction for the Eemian from northern Finland, based on pollen and plant macrofossil record, is presented by Salonen et al. (2018).^[705]
A study on the extent and nature of millennial/centennial-scale climate instability during the Last Interglacial (129–116 thousand years ago), as indicated by data from joint pollen and ocean proxy analyses in a deep-sea core on the Portuguese Margin (Atlantic Ocean) and speleothem record from Antro del Corchia cave system (Italy), is published by Tzedakis et al. (2018).^[706]
A study on the environmental conditions in the area of present-day Basque Country (Spain) across the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition, based on stable isotope data from red deer and horse bones, is published by Jones et al. (2018).^[707]
A study on the timing and duration of periods of climate deterioration in the interior of the Iberian Peninsula in the late Pleistocene, evaluating the impact of climate on the abandonment of inner Iberian territories by Neanderthals 42,000 years ago, is published by Wolf et al. (2018).^[708]
Evidence of bird and carnivore exploitation by Neanderthals (cut-marks in golden eagle, raven, wolf and lynx remains) is reported from the Axlor site (Spain) by Gómez-Olivencia et al. (2018).^[709]
A study on the climate changes in Europe during the Middle–Upper Paleolithic transition (based on speleothem records from the Ascunsă Cave and from the Tăușoare Cave, Romania), and on their implications for the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans in Europe, is published by Fernández et al. (2018).^[710]
The first reconstructions of terrestrial temperature and hydrologic changes in the south-central margin of the Bering land bridge from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present are presented by Wooller et al. (2018).^[711]
A study on the timing of the latest Pleistocene glaciation in southeastern Alaska and its implication for inferring the route and timing of early human migration to the Americas is published by Lesnek et al. (2018).^[712]
A study on the compositions of the faunal and stone artifact assemblages at Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia), aiming to determine the last appearance dates of Stegodon, giant marabou stork, Old World vulture belonging to the genus Trigonoceps, and Komodo dragon at the Liang Bua site, and to determine what raw materials were preferred by hominins from this site ∼50,000–13,000 years ago and whether these are preferences were similar to those seen in the stone artifact assemblages attributed to Homo floresiensis or to those attributed to modern humans, is published by Sutikna et al. (2018).^[713]
A study on the fossil Sporormiella, pollen and microscopic particles of charcoal recovered from sediments of Lake Mares and Lake Olhos d’Agua (Brazil) which spanned the time of megafaunal extinction and human arrival in southeastern Brazil, and on their implications for inferring the timing of the decline of local megafauna and its ecological implications, is published by Raczka, Bush & De Oliveira (2018).^[714]
A study evaluating how mega‐herbivore animal species controlled plant community composition and nutrient cycling, relative to other factors during and after the Late Quaternary extinction event in Great Britain and Ireland, is published by Jeffers et al. (2018).^[715]
A study on the impact of the late Quaternary extinction of megafauna on the megafauna-deprived ecosystems is published by Galetti et al. (2018).^[716]
A study on the impact of major, abrupt environmental changes over the past 30,000 years on the Great Barrier Reef is published by Webster et al. (2018).^[717]
Evidence of sea level drop relative to the modern level at the shelf edge of the Great Barrier Reef between 21,900 and 20,500 years ago, followed by period of sea level rise lasting around 4,000 years, is presented by Yokoyama et al. (2018).^[718]
A study on the fossil-bound nitrogen isotope records from the Southern Ocean is published by Studer et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicative of an acceleration of nitrate supply to the Southern Ocean surface from underlying deep water during the Holocene, possibly contributing to the Holocene atmospheric CO₂ rise.^[719]
A study on the past biodiversity, population dynamics, extinction processes, and the impact of subsistence practices on the vertebrate fauna of New Zealand, based on analysis of bone fragments from archaeological and paleontological sites covering the last 20,000 years of New Zealand's past, is published by Seersholm et al. (2018).^[720]
A study on the causes of replacement of mature rainforests by a forest–savannah mosaic in Western Central Africa between 3,000 y ago and 2,000 years ago, based on a continuous record of 10,500 years of vegetation and hydrological changes from Lake Barombi Mbo (Cameroon) inferred from changes in carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of plant waxes, is published by Garcin et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that humans triggered the rainforest fragmentation 2,600 years ago.^[721]^[722]^[723]^[724]^[725]
A study on the vegetational and climatic changes since the last glacial period, based on data from 594 sites worldwide, and aiming to estimate the extent of future ecosystem changes under alternative scenarios of global warming, is published by Nolan et al. (2018).^[726]
A study on the changing ecology of woodland vegetation of southern mainland Greece during the late Pleistocene and the early-mid Holocene, and on the ecological context of the first introduction of crop domesticates in the southern Greek mainland, as indicated by data from carbonized fuel wood waste from the Franchthi Cave, is published by Asouti, Ntinou & Kabukcu (2018).^[727]
A study on changes in plant pathogen communities (fungi and oomycetes) in response to changing climate during late Quaternary, as indicated by data from solidified deposits of rodent coprolites and nesting material from the central Atacama Desert spanning the last ca. 49,000 years, is published by Wood et al. (2018).^[728]
A study on the parsimony and Bayesian-derived phylogenies of fossil tetrapods, evaluating which of them are in closer agreement with stratigraphic range data, is published by Sansom et al. (2018).^[729]
A study aiming to infer the causes of differences between estimates of speciation and extinction rates based on molecular phylogenies and those based on fossil record is published by Silvestro et al. (2018), who provide simple mathematical formulae linking the diversification rates inferred from fossils and phylogenies.^[730]
A review of extinction theory and the fossil record of terrestrial diversity crises, comparing past diversity crises of terrestrial vertebrate faunas with the ongoing Holocene extinction, is published by Padian (2018).^[731]
A new metric, which can be used to quantify the term "living fossil" and determine which organisms can be reasonably referred to as such, is proposed by Bennett, Sutton & Turvey (2018).^[732]
A novel non-invasive and label-free tomographic approach to reconstruct the three-dimensional architecture of microfossils based on stimulated Raman scattering is presented by Golreihan et al. (2018).^[733]
Mürer et al. (2018) report on the results of the use of a combination of X-ray diffraction and computed tomography to gain insight into the microstructure of fossil bones of Eusthenopteron foordi and Discosauriscus austriacus.^[734]
A study on melanosomes preserved in the integument and internal organs of extant and fossil frog specimens, evaluating their implications for inferring colours of extinct animals on the basis of melanosomes preserved in fossil specimens, is published by McNamara et al. (2018).^[735]
A study on fossil vertebrate tissues and experimentally matured modern samples, aiming to the mechanism of soft tissue preservation and the environments that favor it, is published by Wiemann et al. (2018).^[736]
A mechanistic model that simulates the history of life on the South American continent, driven by modeled climates of the past 800,000 years, is presented by Rangel et al. (2018).^[737]
A study on temporal trends in biogeography and body size evolution of Australian vertebrates is published by Brennan & Keogh (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that gradual Miocene cooling and aridification of Australia correlated with the restricted phenotypic diversification of multiple ecologically diverse vertebrate groups.^[738]
A study evaluating how faithfully stratigraphic ranges of extant Adriatic molluscs are recorded in a series of cores drilled through alluvial, coastal and shallow-marine strata of the Po Plain (Italy) is published by Nawrot et al. (2018), who also evaluate the implications of their study for interpretations of the timing, duration and ecological selectivity of mass extinction events in general.^[739]
A study on the evolution of morphological disparity (i.e. diversity of anatomical types), as indicated by data from 257 published character matrices of fossil taxa, is published by Wagner (2018).^[740]
A study on the evolution of functional and ecological innovations in temperate marine multicellular organisms inhabiting North Pacific during and after the Late Eocene is published by Vermeij (2018).^[741]
A method for dividing a paleontological dataset into bioregions is proposed by Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2018), who apply the proposed method to a study of beta diversity of Paleozoic tetrapods.^[742]
A study aiming to estimate the magnitude and potential significance of palaeontological data from specimens housed in museum collections but not described in published literature is published by Marshall et al. (2018).^[743]
A large impact crater found beneath Hiawatha Glacier (Greenland), most likely formed during the Pleistocene, is reported by Kjær et al. (2018).^[744]
A study assessing the similarity of future projected climate states to the climate during the Early Eocene, the Mid-Pliocene, the Last Interglacial (129–116 ka), the Mid-Holocene (6 ka), preindustrial (ca. 1850 CE), and the 20th century is published by Burke et al. (2018).^[745]
Sallan et al. (2018) traced the cradle of evolutionary origins and diversification of fish from the mid-Paleozoic era in nearshore environments.^[746]
Gómez-Olivencia et al. (2018) studied Kebara 2 Neanderthal thorax, aiming to understand how this ancient human species moved and breathed, based on a 3-D virtual reconstruction.^[747]
Smith et al. (2018) examined the teeth of Neanderthal children who lived 250,000 years ago in France, in order to comprehend their nursing duration, and the effect of lead exposure and severe winters on them.^[748]
Wiemann et al. (2018) studied dinosaur's egg colour evolution, in order to unravel whether modern birds inherited egg colour from their non-avian dinosaur ancestors.^[749]

في أفريقيا

The dinosaur Ledumahadi mafube - reconstructed in this illustration.

أحداث وقعت في علم الإحاثة 2018 في أفريقيا:^[750]

عظمة الفخذ المتنازع عليها

The year started with a bang. In January Roberto Macchiarelli, a professor of human paleontology, accused his colleague Michel Brunet of totally misrepresenting an important piece of evidence in the story of human evolution. The evidence in question is a femur – a thigh bone found in northern Chad in 2001. Macchiarelli believes that the femur belonged to Toumaï (Sahelanthropus tchadensis), a species which his opponent argues is the earliest known example of a human ancestor, dating back around 7 million years.

But Macchiarelli insists the femur belonged to a quadrupedal ape, not a bipedal hominin. It’s an important distinction. Before the discovery of Toumaï, it had long been believed that humankind originated in Eastern Africa. Toumaï solidly roots the human family tree on the western side of the continent. But if it turns out not to be a hominin, evolutionary history shifts once more.

أصل الإنسان العاقل من أفريقيا

Homo sapiens originated from a single, common ancestor that lived in Africa 300 000 years ago. Then, between 100 000 and 80 000 years ago, Homo sapiens left the continent and began to spread out across the world.

Our African origins have been demonstrated countless times by genetic analyses and fossil evidence.

But what’s known as the multiregional model has persisted. Its proponents suggest that modern humans don’t have a single origin. Instead, we evolved independently of each other from different pre-human populations. Asians originated from the Asian Homo erectus, Europeans from the neanderthal man, and Africans from the African Homo heidelbergensis.

It’s a theory ripe with racist undertones and has enjoyed decreasing support in the past few decades.

Those who backed the model pointed out that modern Asian populations and Asian Homo erectus all had unique shovel-like incisors. This was considered a sign of common ancestry.

In April, the final nail was hammered into the theory’s coffin. Genetic analysis showed that this trait of the incisors was merely a side effect of adaptation to a cold environment.

The gene that controls for the shovel-like incisors also coincidentally decreases the number of sweat glands and enriches mothers’ milk with fat. These two features can be crucial for survival during an Ice Age.

Because of the genetic connection between these traits, Homo erectus and Asian modern humans would have incidentally evolved similar incisors by evolving these adaptations against cold in a parallel manner. This means the shovel-like incisors were not inherited by Asian Homo sapiens from a Homo erectus ancestor: they were acquired because of the cold environment.

It’s yet more proof that humankind’s family tree is solidly rooted in Africa.

الديناصورات العملاقة

3. A seriously big dinosaur We’ve long known that gigantic dinosaurs roamed ancient African landscapes. The Paralititan, from Egypt, weighed around 60 tons. Giraffatitan, from Tanzania, was among the tallest dinosaurs that ever lived; another Tanzanian specimen, Tornieria, was among the longest.

The meat-eating Spinosaurus, found in Niger and North Africa, was even bigger than its iconic North American cousin Tyrannosaurus rex.

But when and where did gigantism among dinosaurs first evolve? Ledumahadi mafube, from South Africa, sheds new light on this question. The 200 million year old dinosaur weighed around 12 tons, making it the earliest dinosaur to pass beyond the 10 ton threshold. Later, dinosaurs would become even bigger. But in its time, Ledumahadi mafube was a giant among dwarfs.

إعادة تخيل الزواحف

Mammals evolved from an unexpected source: reptiles, and specifically a group of “mammal-like reptiles” called the cynodonts.

One of the biggest differences between mammals and reptiles today is their reproductive biology. Most reptiles lay eggs and show little to no parental care, whereas most mammals give live birth to younglings and provide them with extensive parental care.

We haven’t known whether cynodonts were more like mammals or reptiles in this respect – until 2018. Scientists in the US studied the fossil remains of an adult cynodont dating back 190 million years, and found preserved with the skeletons of 38 babies.

That’s a huge clutch size; one that’s never encountered in mammals but is typically found among some reptiles that lay eggs. The scientists also argue that it’s unlikely that the adult mother cynodont could have produced enough milk or provided enough parental care to raise so many babies.

This suggests that cynodonts must have had a reptilian reproductive biology, and helps us to understand these important human ancestors a little better. It also means that South Africa’s extensive fossil record, which has so far been interpreted to propose that cynodonts cared for their young, might need a complete reinterpretation

الأحفورة رباعية الأرجل

في يونيو، أُعلن عن العثور على نوعين من البرمائيات الأحفورية الجديدة في جنوب أفريقيا.

The two represent the oldest evidence of four legged land-dwelling animals, called tetrapods, on the African continent: a missing link between fish, amphibians and reptiles. Historically, the search for tetrapod ancestry overlooked Africa. This puts the continent on the map when it comes to seeking evidence for how the transition of life from sea to land occurred.^[751]

الهامش

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وبينار	مصادر	صور	الأخبار	فيديو