علويو بلغاريا

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
جزء من سلسلة مقالات عن الشيعة الإثنى عشرية

الإسلام

العلوية التركية

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المعتقدات

الله • حق-علي-محمد • القرآ،
نبوءة محمد بن عبد الله
محمد-علي  • النبوءة الإسلامية
ظاهر  • باطن  • البويـْروك  • الشعر
الشريعة • الطريقة • الحقيقة • المعرفة
وحدة الوجود (الميتافيزيقا الصوفية)
البقاء • الفناء • حال • الإحسان • الكشف
النفس • الإنسان الكامل • الأبواب الأربعة
اللطيف • المنزل • النور • السلوك • اليقين
علم الكونيات • الفلسفة • علم النفس

الأئمة الإثنى عشرية

برنجي علي  • إكنجي علي  • اُجنجو علي  • دُردُنجو علي
زين العابدين  • بسنجي علي  • ألتنجي علي
يدنجي علي  • سكيزنجي علي  • دكزنجو علي
اونونجي علي  • اُنبرنجي علي  • اُنيكنجي علي

الممارسات

الصوم  • السماء  • الموسيقى
الزكاة  • الزيارة  • تقية
عاشوراء  • خضر إلياس  • النيروز
المولد  • دشقونلق ميداني

الزعامة

ددس • المرشد • پير • رهبر
بابا • درگاه • جمع • بيت الجمع

شخصيات بارزة

خديجة بنت خويلد  • فاطمة الزهراء
أويس القرني المرادي  • سلمان الفارسي
جابر بن حيان  • المصري  • البسطامي
الحلاج  • الخرقاني  • الحمداني
عبد القادر الجيلاني  • أمد يسوي
أحمد الرفاعي  • قطب الدين حيدر
ابن عربي  • مولانا جلال الدين الرومي
أخي إڤرن  • حاجي بكتاش ولي  • القونوي
الشيخ تاج الدين السنجاني  • صارى صالتق
يونس إمرئ  • صفي الدين أردبيلي
فضل الله استرآبادی  • صدر الدين موسى  • نسيمي
نعمة الله ولي
شيخ جنيد  • شيخ حيدر
عثمان بابا  • سلطان علي ميرزا الصفوي
باليم سلطان  • شاه إسماعيل  • غول بابا
پير سلطان أبدل عبد الله  • فضولي  • كول نسيمي

طرق متعلقة بالإسلام

الملامية • القلندرية
القادرية • الأخبارية • الرفاعية
العيوسية • النقشبندية النقشبندية العيوسية
المولوية • الزيدية • الصفوية
الخلواتية • البيرمية • الجلواتية
الثورة البابية • الحروفية • النقطوية
Alians • البكداشية والدين الشعبي • الچپني
البكداشية • الجلالية • نعمة الله
هراباتية • نورباكشية • گاليبي

التاريخ العلوي

الأمويون  • أبو مسلم الخراساني
العباسيون  • بابك الخرمي
غياث الدين كيخسرو الثاني  • بابا عشق
بايزيد والي  • الاضهاد العثماني
Şahkulu Rebellion  • Şahkulu Baba
معركة چلديران  • سليم الأول
تمرد أباظة  • Kuyucu Murad Paşa
The Auspicious Event  • محمود الثاني
Koçgiri Rebellion  • تمرد درسيم
سيد رضا  • مذبحة درزيم
مذبحة مراش  • مذبحة سيڤاس

جماعات مؤثرة أخرى

إسماعيلية • علويو بهرة • نزارية إسماعيلية
نصيريون • دروز • خرمية
قزلباش  • بابية • بهائية • يزدانية
يارسانية • يزيدية • يزيدية أرمنية • صابئة
صابئو حران • اللوية أساطير
Chinarism • الغنوصية • Nabataeans
Mazdaism • المزدكية • Zurvanism
Zerdust • Mandaeism • Manicheism
شامانية • Tengriism • Panentheism

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التأثير الصفوي في إيران

تحويل الصفويين إيران من
السنة إلى الشيعة

الشيعة في فارس قبل الصفويين
الشيعة في فارس بعد الصفويين

دويلات الشيعة في فارس قبل الصفويون

جستانیانيون  • علويو طبرستان  • بويهيون
حسنويون  • كاكويون  • ألموت
إلخانات  • جلائريون  • چوپانيون
إنجويون  • سربداران  • قراقويونلو

دويلات الشيعة في فارس بعد الصفويون

أفشاريون  • شاكيون  • گنجه
قرة باغ  • شيروان  • زنديون
قاجاريون  • أسرة بهلوي  • إيران

Demir Baba teke, Alian sacred place

The Alian Kızılbaşī community (in Bulgarian: алиани, in Turkish: Alevi), are a Shi`a order, similar to the Sufi Mevlevi, who live in several regions of Bulgaria. Alians revere the name "Ali" carried by their circle of 12 Imams (awliya'), which they consider an emanation of God.[1] They follow the mystical rituals of the wandering dervishes.

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نظريات الأصل

Their exact origin is not certain, since few relevant historical records have been preserved, but according to the prevailing theory they fled to Bulgaria from Central Anatolia after the 1512 victory by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I, a Sunni, over the first, part-Turcoman Safavid shah of the Persians, Ismail I.

Alians appear to be descendants of a Sufi-dervish-like group of priests but they themselves believe about 10% are the descendants of the earliest Christians of Asia Minor who fled the Sunni invasion of Anatolia. They believe the Sunni Muhammad is a false Muhammad. Ali for them is not one single historical person but the ineffable name kept by God's Ministers (Avlioh).

It has also been suggested that they perhaps first came to the Balkans during the 15th century, in order to keep up the morale of Ottoman soldiers and to help integrate the newly conquered peoples into the empire. However, it is not likely since the Ottomans were Sunnis while the Alians are viewed as ghulat by other Muslims for their heterodox views concerning Muhammad and Ali. However, the reverse accusation is returned that their attackers are Munafiqun for abandoning the articles of Imaan especially that concerning belief in the 4 books which Alians believe and for adopting ibn Hazm's doctrine of Tahrif instead which Alians reject.


Observances and beliefs

The Alians have very similar beliefs and practices to the Alevis and along with Alevis are surviving examples of pre-Sunni Islam because the Alians are believed to be descendants of a member of the Banu Eli tribe who was called Abbas ibn Ali and Umm ul-Banin so their 12 imams (referring to 12 ministerial roles during the Alian Mass) has nothing to do with Twelver Shiism. They believe the Quran was compiled by an Alian ex-convert to Monophysitism from Zoroastrianism called Salman al-Farsi whom they hold in high esteem. Their tafsir of the Quran based on syncretic harmony between the 4 books (Quran, the Old Testament, the New Testament and Psalter) places them firmly within the Judeo-Christian tradition.

They are a closed society and zealously hide their rituals. Circumcision, reserved for the priests, is done when the boy is one week old. At the age of 13 years his pubic hair may be trimmed in a special ceremony where only male Elders are present. They are monogamous and should only marry other Alians. Marriages may be arranged years in advance by the families but the couple are only married together as young men and women because child marriages are abhorred by Alians. It is known that Alians are mysticists and believe in personal communication with God through a near-trance state during Zikr. They do not use the Sunni Islamic rituals, but the Persian calendar, an Old Rite-style breviary and use candles and wine during their Mass which they call Dzhem on Thursday nights to achieve the Haqq–Muhammad–Ali communion. They celebrate Christmas (Gaxand) and Easter (Sultan Nowruz) while revering Christian saints especially Saint Nicholas as well as Sufi saints using icons and crosses alongside tasbih. Along with other Alevis. They historically placed a great role among themselves for converting Christians in Bulgaria.[2]

A tradition is performed among Alians and other Alevis after the 3rd week of December until the first week of January where St Nicholas (Grandfather Gaxan also known more recently as Baba Noel) and his bride Fadike and a character normally known as the Arab will visit the homes in the community to perform a play and collect gifts then go on to distribute them to others in the community especially Zeyi (young women who can not afford dowries) and distribute nuts, sweets, chocolates and dried fruits to children.

Alian shrines are visited by Balkan Christians and do themselves also sometimes attend Christian Churches and frequent Balkan Christian Shrines. However, Alians have always refused to visit madrassahs in the Ottoman Empire, because orthodox Sunni Islam was taught there. As a consequence, they educated their children only within the bounds of their society, and that has led to a decline among them. The situation, along with the reticence of their esoteric culture, and the urbanization, doomed them to gradual assimilation into Orthodox Christianity or secularism. By the Second World War and the following communism in Bulgaria, many Alians fled in the European part of Turkey. In recent decades, the Muslim Brotherhood has pushed an agenda to assimilate them into Sunni Islam but have failed miserably. In fact, Alians have successfully converted thousands of Sunnis to their form of Islam since World War 2.[3]

Demir Baba teke is a sacred place to Alians and other Islamic sects because Demir Baba, a famous dervish who lived during the 16th century, is buried there in the lands of northeastern Bulgaria. The tekke of Otman Baba, located in the Haskovo-region village of Teketo, is another Alian holy site.[4]

Alians and Shia Islam


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Location

In Bulgaria, Alians inhabit predominantly the villages of Yablanovo and Malko Selo in Sliven Province; Sevar, Ostrovo, Madrevo, Sveshtari, Bisertsi, and Lavino in Razgrad Province; Preslavci, Chernik, and Bradvari in Silistra Province; and Mogilets and Bayachevo in Targovishte Province.

References

  1. ^ Based on Ayats 2:107, 3:105, 5:55, 6:14, 33:17 and 9:116 etc.
  2. ^ Tareekh e Alian – Shaikh Zakaria pages – 92–113
  3. ^ Tareekh e Alian – Shaikh Zakaria pages – 56–63
  4. ^ Bosakov, p. 282.

Notes

  • Житието на Демир Баба и създаването на ръкописи от мюсюлманите от хетеродоксните течения на исляма в Североизточна България (in البلغارية).: Demir Baba's life and the creation of manuscripts by heterodox Muslims in northeastern Bulgaria
  • Георгиева, И. (1997). Българските алиани. Сборник етнографски материали (in البلغارية). Sofia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Bulgarian Alians. A collection of ethnographic materials.