بروكسل

Coordinates: 50°50′48″N 04°21′09″E / 50.84667°N 4.35250°E / 50.84667; 4.35250
(تم التحويل من Brussels)
هذا المقال هو عن the Brussels-Capital Region. إذا كنت تريد the municipality within it, which is the de jure national capital، انظر City of Brussels. إذا كنت تريد other places، انظر Brussels (disambiguation).
"Bruxelles" redirects here. For the Canadian community, see Bruxelles, Manitoba.
Brussels
Region
Flower Carpet event at the Grand-Place/Grote Markt
Manneken Pis
St. Michael and St. Gudula
Atomium
Basilica of Koekelberg
Royal Palace
Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark
علم Brussels
Flag
الشعار الرسمي لـ Brussels
Brandmark
الكنية: 
Capital of Europe,[1][2] Comic City,[3] BX(L)
Brusselsموقع
Brussels is located in بلجيكا
Brussels
Brussels
Location within Belgium
Brussels is located in أوروپا
Brussels
Brussels
Location within Europe
الإحداثيات: 50°50′48″N 04°21′09″E / 50.84667°N 4.35250°E / 50.84667; 4.35250
CountryBelgium
CommunityFrench Community
Flemish Community
Settled580ح. 580
County establishedc. 870
Founded979
City charter granted10 June 1229
Region established18 June 1989
أسسهاCharles, Duke of Lower Lorraine
CapitalCity of Brussels
Municipalities
الحكومة
 • ExecutiveGovernment of the Brussels-Capital Region
 • Governing parties (2019–present)PS, DéFI, Ecolo; Open Vld, Vooruit, Groen
 • Minister-PresidentRudi Vervoort (PS)
 • LegislatureParliament of the Brussels-Capital Region
 • SpeakerBertin Mampaka Mankamba (MR)
المساحة
[4]
 • Region/City162٫42 كم² (62٫71 ميل²)
المنسوب
13 m (43 ft)
التعداد
 (1 January 2024)[5][6]
 • Region/City1٬249٬597
 • الكثافة7٬700/km2 (20٬000/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
2٬500٬000
صفة المواطن
  • Brusselian, Brusseler
  • fr Bruxellois(e)
  • nl Brusselaar/Brusselse
Demographics
 • Official languagesFrench • Dutch
 • Ethnic groups22% Belgians
78% others
• 41.8% non-European[7]
GDP
[8]
 • Region/City€103.285 billion (2023)[9]
 • Metro[10]€200.457 billion (2022)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code(s)
42 postal codes
مفتاح الهاتف02
ISO 3166 codeBE-BRU
GeoTLD.brussels
HDI (2021)0.953[11]
very high · 1st of 11
الموقع الإلكترونيbe.brussels

بروكسل (Brussels،[أ] officially the Brussels-Capital Region,[ب][12][13] هي عاصمة بلجيكا. ]].[14] تعد عاصمة غير رسمية للاتحاد الأوروبي لكثرة مقار الاتحاد فيها ، منها: اللجنة الأوروبية ومجلس الاتحاد الأوروبي (مجلس الوزراء). تبلغ مساحة بروكسل حوالي 32 كم مربع ويبلغ عدد سكانها 853, 142 نسمة (احصاءات يناير 2005). يبلغ عدد سكان مقاطعة بروكسل حوالي مليون نسمة.

بروكسل خامسة أكبر مدينة في بلجيكا، ولكنها مع ضواحيها، تمثل أكبر منطقة حضرية في البلاد. وبروكسل مركز للنشاط الاقتصادي والسياسي الدولي. اتخذت عديد من المنظمات العالمية ـ من ضمنها الاتحاد الأوروبي ومنظمة حلف شمال الأطلسي (الناتو) ـ مكاتب رئيسية في المدينة، أو قريبًا منها.

تعتبر بروكسل العاصمة وهي تستعمل لغتين رسميتين؛ هما الفرنسية والهولندية في مجالات التعليم والتفاهم، بيد أن الفرنسية تستعمل لدى غالبية الشعب، ويطلق الاسم براسل على العاصمة في اللغة الهولندية، وبروكسل في اللغة الفرنسية.

التسمية

جاء إسم بروكسل من الكلمة الهولندية القديمة Bruocsella ، والتي تعني (bruoc) الأهوار وكلمة (sella) وتعني الوطن أي الوطن في الأهوار.

التاريخ

التاريخ المبكر

Charles of Lorraine, traditionally considered the founder of what would become Brussels, 979ح. 979

The history of Brussels is closely linked to that of Western Europe. Traces of human settlement go back to the Stone Age, with vestiges and place-names related to the civilisation of megaliths, dolmens and standing stones (Plattesteen near the Grand-Place/Grote Markt and Tomberg in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, for example). During late antiquity, the region was home to Roman occupation, as attested by archaeological evidence discovered on the current site of Tour & Taxis, north-west of the Pentagon (Brussels' city centre).[15][16] Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, it was incorporated into the Frankish Empire.

According to local legend, the origin of the settlement which was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus' construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580.[17] The official founding of Brussels is usually said to be around 979, when Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, transferred the relics of the martyr Saint Gudula from Moorsel (located in today's province of East Flanders) to Saint Gaugericus' chapel. When Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, appointed the same Charles to become Duke of Lower Lotharingia in 977,[18] Charles ordered the construction of the city's first permanent fortification, doing so on that same island.

العصور الوسطى

خريطة من عام 1555 لبروكسل

Lambert I, Count of Louvain, gained the County of Brussels around 1000 by marrying Charles' daughter. Because of its location on the banks of the Senne, on an important trade route between the Flemish cities of Bruges and Ghent, and Cologne in the Kingdom of Germany, Brussels became a commercial centre specialised in the textile trade. The town grew quite rapidly and extended towards the upper town (Treurenberg, Coudenberg and Sablon/Zavel areas), where there was a reduced risk of floods. As the town grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. In 1183, the Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant. Brabant, unlike the county of Flanders, was not fief of the king of France but was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.

In the early 13th century, the first walls of Brussels were built[19] and after this, the city grew significantly. Around this time, work began on what is now the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula (1225), replacing an older Romanesque church.[20] To let the city expand, a second set of walls was erected between 1356 and 1383. Traces of these walls can still be seen; the Small Ring, a series of boulevards bounding the historical city centre, follows their former course.

عصر النهضة

منظر بروكسل، 1610ح. 1610

In the 14th century, the marriage between heiress Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, and Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, produced a new Duke of Brabant of the House of Valois, namely Anthony, their son.[21] In 1477, the Burgundian duke Charles the Bold perished in the Battle of Nancy.[22] Through the marriage of his daughter Mary of Burgundy (who was born in Brussels) to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, the Low Countries fell under Habsburg sovereignty.[23] Brabant was integrated into this composite state, and Brussels flourished as the Princely Capital of the prosperous Burgundian Netherlands, also known as the Seventeen Provinces. After the death of Mary in 1482, her son Philip the Handsome succeeded as Duke of Burgundy and Brabant.

Philip died in 1506, and he was succeeded by his son Charles V who then also became King of Spain (crowned in the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula) and even Holy Roman Emperor at the death of his grandfather Maximilian I in 1519. Charles was now the ruler of a Habsburg Empire "on which the sun never sets" with Brussels serving as one of his main capitals.[2][24] It was in the Coudenberg Palace that Charles V was declared of age in 1515, and it was there in 1555 that he abdicated all of his possessions and passed the Habsburg Netherlands to King Philip II of Spain.[25] This palace, famous all over Europe, had greatly expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant, but it was destroyed by fire in 1731.[26][27]

Grand-Place after the 1695 bombardment by the French army

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Brussels was a centre for the lace industry. In addition, Brussels tapestry hung on the walls of castles throughout Europe.[28][29] In 1695, during the Nine Years' War, King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery. Together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels. The Grand-Place was destroyed, along with 4,000 buildings—a third of all the buildings in the city. The reconstruction of the city centre, effected during subsequent years, profoundly changed its appearance and left numerous traces still visible today.[30]

During the War of the Spanish Succession in 1708, Brussels again sustained a French attack, which it repelled. Following the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Spanish sovereignty over the Southern Netherlands was transferred to the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg. This event started the era of the Austrian Netherlands. Brussels was captured by France in 1746, during the War of the Austrian Succession,[31] but was handed back to Austria three years later. It remained with Austria until 1795, when the Southern Netherlands were captured and annexed by France, and the city became the chef-lieu of the department of the Dyle.[32][33] The French rule ended in 1815, with the defeat of Napoleon on the battlefield of Waterloo, located south of today's Brussels-Capital Region.[34] With the Congress of Vienna, the Southern Netherlands joined the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, under King William I of Orange. The former Dyle department became the province of South Brabant, with Brussels as its capital.

الثورة

مشهد من الثورة البلجيكية عام 1830، واپرز (1834)

In 1830, the Belgian Revolution began in Brussels, after a performance of Auber's opera La Muette de Portici at the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie.[35] The city became the capital and seat of government of the new nation. South Brabant was renamed simply Brabant, with Brussels as its administrative centre. On 21 July 1831, Leopold I, the first King of the Belgians, ascended the throne,[36] undertaking the destruction of the city walls and the construction of many buildings.[37]

Following independence, Brussels underwent many more changes. It became a financial centre, thanks to the dozens of companies launched by the Société Générale de Belgique. The Industrial Revolution and the opening of the Brussels–Charleroi Canal in 1832 brought prosperity to the city through commerce and manufacturing.[38][39] The Free University of Brussels was established in 1834 and Saint-Louis University in 1858. In 1835, the first passenger railway built outside England linked the municipality of Molenbeek-Saint-Jean with Mechelen.[40]

The Place Royale/Koningsplein in the late 19th century

During the 19th century, the population of Brussels grew considerably; from about 80,000 to more than 625,000 people for the city and its surroundings. The Senne had become a serious health hazard, and from 1867 to 1871, under the tenure of the city's then-mayor, Jules Anspach, its entire course through the urban area was completely covered over.[41] This allowed urban renewal and the construction of modern buildings of Haussmann-esque style along grand central boulevards, characteristic of downtown Brussels today.[42] Buildings such as the Brussels Stock Exchange (1873), the Palace of Justice (1883) and Saint Mary's Royal Church (1885) date from this period. This development continued throughout the reign of King Leopold II. The International Exposition of 1897 contributed to the promotion of the infrastructure.[43] Among other things, the Palace of the Colonies, today's Royal Museum for Central Africa, in the suburb of Tervuren, was connected to the capital by the construction of an 11 km-long (6.8 mi) grand alley.

Brussels became one of the major European cities for the development of the Art Nouveau style in the 1890s and early 1900s.[44] The architects Victor Horta, Paul Hankar, and Henry van de Velde, among others, were known for their designs, many of which survive today.[45]

التاريخ الحديث

The 1927 Solvay Conference in Brussels was the fifth world physics conference.

During the 20th century, the city hosted various fairs and conferences, including the Solvay Conference on Physics and on Chemistry, and three world's fairs: the Brussels International Exposition of 1910, the Brussels International Exposition of 1935 and the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58).[43] During World War I, Brussels was an occupied city. It escaped large-scale destruction,[46] although the interwar period would still see a significant amount of (re)construction.[ت][47] In November 1918, after the German Revolution had broken out, Brussels was embroiled in street battles between revolutionary soldiers who wanted to end the occupation and their imperialist counterparts; additionally, explosives left behind by retreating German troops damaged infrastructure and around 2,300 houses.[48]

During World War II, Brussels was occupied by German forces once again. While it was again spared major damage, a deadly bombing took place on 7 September 1943. It was carried out by the American airforce which had tried to aim at SABCA facilities in Haren, but accidentally struck an area in Ixelles, killing 282 civilians.[49] The city was liberated by the British Guards Armoured Division on 3 September 1944. Brussels Airport, in the suburb of Zaventem, traces its roots to a German military airport that was built in nearby Melsbroek.[50]

British tanks arrive in Brussels on 4 September 1944, ending the German occupation

After World War II, Brussels underwent extensive modernisation. The construction of the North–South connection, linking the main railway stations in the city, was completed in 1952, while the first premetro (underground tram) service was launched in 1969,[51] and the first Metro line was opened in 1976.[52] Starting from the early 1960s, Brussels became the de facto capital of what would become the European Union (EU), and many modern offices were built. Development was allowed to proceed with little regard to the aesthetics of newer buildings, and numerous architectural landmarks were demolished to make way for newer buildings that often clashed with their surroundings, giving name to the process of Brusselisation.[53][54]

المعاصر

The Brussels-Capital Region was formed on 18 June 1989, after a constitutional reform in 1988.[55] It is one of the three federal regions of Belgium, along with Flanders and Wallonia, and has bilingual status.[12][13] The yellow iris is the emblem of the region (referring to the presence of these flowers on the city's original site) and a stylised version is featured on its official flag.[56]

In the 21st century, Brussels has become an important venue for international events. In 2000, it was named European Capital of Culture alongside eight other European cities.[57] In 2013, the city was the site of the Brussels Agreement.[58] In 2014, it hosted the 40th G7 summit,[59] and in 2017, 2018 and 2021 respectively the 28th, 29th and 31st NATO Summits.[60][61][62]

On 22 March 2016, three coordinated nail bombings were detonated by ISIL in Brussels—two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem and one at Maalbeek/Maelbeek metro station—resulting in 32 victims and three suicide bombers killed, and 330 people were injured. It was the deadliest act of terrorism in Belgium.[63][64][65][66]

الجغرافيا

المناخ

متوسطات الطقس لبروكسل
شهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر
متوسط العظمى °م (°ف) 5 (41) 6 (43) 10 (50) 14 (57) 18 (64) 20 (68) 23 (73) 23 (73) 19 (66) 14 (57) 9 (48) 6 (43)
متوسط الصغرى °م (°ف) 1 (34) 2 (36) 4 (39) 6 (43) 9 (48) 12 (54) 14 (57) 14 (57) 12 (54) 8 (46) 5 (41) 3 (37)
هطول الأمطار cm (بوصة) 5.77 (2.3) 5.2 (2) 5.11 (2) 3.88 (1.5) 4.42 (1.7) 5.52 (2.2) 6.23 (2.5) 5.61 (2.2) 5.02 (2) 5.31 (2.1) 5.6 (2.2) 6.22 (2.4)
المصدر: MSN Weather [67] 2007-10-04

مركز سياسي

عاصمة بلجيكا

The القصر الملكي في بروكسل

مدينة بروكسل

Brussels-Capital Region
Brussels-Capital Region
 
City of Brussels
City of Brussels

مركز دولي

الاتحاد الأوروبي

المقالة الرئيسية: بروكسل والإتحاد الأوروبي
اللجنة الأوروبية في مبنى البرلمان


الثقافة

المعمار

The Atomium in Heysel Park

الفنون

المعالم السياحية

گراند پلاس من العصور الوسطى

گراند پلاس أو الميدان الكبير هو أهم معلم في المدينة، حيث يقع عليه مبنى بلدية بروكسل وكنيسة القديس ميخائيل. يوجد في منطقة لاكن بناء الأتوميوم، الذي بني عام 1958 خصيصا للمعرض الدولي الاكسبو الذي أقيم في بروكسل آنذاك، كان من المفروض إزالته بعد إنتهاء مدة المعرض ولكن تم الإبقاء عليه إلى يومنا هذا وأصبح أحد معالم المدينة الرئيسية. هناك عدة مسارح ومتاحف مهمة في بروكسل، أشهرها مسرح دي لا مونيه (Théâtre de la Monnaie/Muntschouwburg)، حيث تقام فيه عروض أوبرا أيضا. تعتبر بروكسل عاصمة مجلات الرسوم المتحركة (كوميك) على المستوى الأوروبي، حيث ساهم الرسامون ودور النشر البلجيك في ابتكار شخصيات خيالية مثل لاكي لوك وتان تان وكوبيتوس وغاستون ومارسوبيلامي، التي لاقت رواجا عالميا. تشتهر المدينة أيضا بالشوكولاتة وخاصة النوع الداكن منها وأحجار الصدف (حلويات). يفتخر البلجيك بأنهم أول من أوجد أكلة البطاطس المقلية، التي ساهم بيعها في شوارع بروكسل بإنتشارها عالميا. تصنع في المدينة عدة ماركات وأنواع من الجعة، أشهرها هوغاردين (Hoegaarden) وليفه (Leffe) ودوفل (Duvel).

فن الطهي

Brussels is known for its local waffle type.

التقسيم الإداري

تنقسم مدينة بروكسل إلى سبعة مناطق إدارية:

  • بروكسل-هارينBrüssel-Haren
  • بروكسل-لاكن Brüssel-Laeken
  • بروكسل-نيدر-أوفر-هيمبيك Brüssel-Neder-Over-Heembeek
  • بروكسل-بينتاغون Brüssel-Quartier Louise
  • بروكسل-كوارتير-لواز Brüssel-Quartier Louise
  • بروكسل-اسباس-نورد Brüssel-Espace Nord
  • بروكسل-نورد-است Brüssel-Nord-Est

الإقتصاد والبنية التحتية

تعد بروكسل مركز اقتصادي مهم في أوروبا. تملك شركة صناعة السيارات فولكس فاغن مصنعا في المدينة، الذي يقوم بتشطيب موديل فولكس فاغن غولف. مقار الاتحاد الأوروبي في المدينة كانت أحد أسباب اتخاذ الكثير من الشركات العالمية من المدينة مقرا لها أيضا.

ترتبط المدينة بشبكة السكك الحديدية البلجيكة، كما أن هناك خطوط مباشرة لكل من أمستردام وباريس وكولونيا ولندن. أهم محطات القطار هي محطات بروكسل-المركزية وبروكسل-الشمالية و بروكسل-الجنوبية. هناك ثلاثة خطوط لشبكة المترو و16 خط ترام وحوالي 50 خط باص. يقع مطار بروكسل الدولي على بعد 12 كم شرق مركز المدينة.

اللغات

Languages spoken at home (Capital Region, 2006)[68]
  French only
  French & Dutch
  French w/ another non-Dutch language
  Dutch only
  Neither French nor Dutch


التعليم

Université Libre de Bruxelles

جامعات ومعاهد بروكسل العليا:

النقل

Brussels is connected with other European cities through the Eurostar high-speed rail network.

الإتصالاات

النقل العام

شبكة الطرق

Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat is one of the city's main streets

مدن شقيقة

The Sonian Forest at the outskirts of Brussels

ترتبط بروكسل بعلاقات مع 14 مدينة شقيقة:

انظر أيضا

وصلات خارجية


المصادر

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  22. ^ Kirk 1868, p. 542.
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  24. ^ Jenkins, Everett Jr. (7 May 2015). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. McFarland. ISBN 9781476608891. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2019 – via Google Books.
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  43. ^ أ ب Schroeder-Gudehus & Rasmussen 1992.
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قالب:Brussels topics


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

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