ڤرمونت

هذا المقال هو عن the U.S. state. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر ڤرمونت (توضيح).

"Vermonter" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة the Amtrak train service، انظر Vermonter (train).

Vermont
ولاية
State of Vermont
Flag Seal
الكنية:  The Green Mountain State
الشعار:  Freedom and Unity and Stella quarta decima fulgeat (May the fourteenth star shine bright)
النشيد: These Green Mountains
خريطة الولايات المتحدة، موضح فيها Vermont
البلد	الولايات المتحدة
قبل الولائية	Vermont Republic
انضمت للاتحاد	4 مارس 1791 (1791-03-04 (14th)
العاصمة	Montpelier
أكبر مدينة	Burlington
أكبر منطقة عمرانية	Burlington
الحكومة
• الحاكم	Phil Scott (R)
• نائب الحاكم	David Zuckerman (P)
المجلس التشريعي	General Assembly
• المجلس العلوي	Senate
• المجلس السفلى	House of Representatives
القضاء	Vermont Supreme Court
سناتورات الولايات المتحدة	Bernie Sanders (I) Peter Welch (D)
وفد مجلس النواب	Becca Balint (D) (القائمة)
المساحة
• الإجمالي	9٬616 ميل² (24٬923 كم²)
• البر	9٬250 ميل² (23٬957 كم²)
• الماء	382 ميل² (989 كم²)  4.1%
ترتيب المساحة	45th
الأبعاد
• الطول	160 mi (260 km)
• العرض	80 mi (130 km)
المنسوب	1٬000 ft (300 m)
أعلى منسوب (Mount Mansfield)	4٬395 ft (1٬340 m)
أوطى منسوب (Lake Champlain)	95 ft (29 m)
التعداد  (2022)
• الإجمالي	647٬064
• الترتيب	49th
• الكثافة	70/sq mi (27/km2)
• ترتيب الكثافة	30th
• الدخل الأوسط للأسرة	▲ $67٬674
• ترتيب الدخل	26th
صفة المواطن	Vermonter
اللغة
• اللغة الرسمية	None
• اللغة المحكية	English: 94.4% Spanish: 1.1% Other: 4.5%
منطقة التوقيت	UTC–05:00 (Eastern)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC–04:00 (EDT)
اختصار البريد	VT
ISO 3166 code	US-VT
الاختصار التقليدي	Vt.
خط العرض	42°44′ N to 45°1′ N
خط الطول	71°28′ W to 73°26′ W
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.vermont.gov

رموز ولاية Vermont

علم Vermont
شعار Vermont
درع Vermont
رموز حية
البرمائي	Northern leopard frog Rana pipiens
الطائر	Hermit thrush Catharus guttatus
السمك	Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis Walleye Sander vitreous vitreous
الزهرة	Red clover Trifolium pratense
الحشرة	Western honey bee Apis mellifera
الثديي	Morgan horse
الزاحف	Painted turtle
الشجرة	Sugar maple Acer saccharum
رموز جامدة
المشروب	Milk
الطعام	Apple pie
الأحفورة	Woolly mammoth, beluga whale
الحجر الكريم	Grossular garnet
المعدن	Talc
الصخر	Granite, marble, slate
التربة	Tunbridge
علامة طريق ولائي
ربع دولار الولاية
طـُرِح في 2001
قوائم رموز الولايات الأمريكية

ڤـِرمونت ( Vermont ؛ /vərˈmɒnt/) هي ولاية أمريكية في منطقة نيو إنجلاند في شمال شرق الولايات المتحدة. Vermont is bordered by the states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Admitted to the Union in 1791 as the 14th state, it is the only state in New England not bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. According to the 2020 U.S. census, the state has a population of 643,503, ranking it the second least-populated in the U.S. after Wyoming. It is also the nation's sixth-smallest state in area. The state's capital Montpelier is the least-populous state capital in the U.S., while its most-populous city, Burlington, is the least-populous to be a state's largest.

For some 12,000 years, indigenous peoples have inhabited this area. The competitive tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Iroquoian-speaking Mohawk were active in the area at the time of European encounter. During the 17th century, French colonists claimed the territory as part of the Kingdom of France's colony of New France. After the Kingdom of Great Britain began to settle colonies to the south along the Atlantic coast, the two nations competed in North America in addition to Europe. After being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years' War, France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain.

Thereafter, the nearby British Thirteen Colonies, especially the provinces of New Hampshire and New York, disputed the extent of the area called the New Hampshire Grants to the west of the Connecticut River, encompassing present-day Vermont. The provincial government of New York sold land grants to settlers in the region, which conflicted with earlier grants from the government of New Hampshire. The Green Mountain Boys militia protected the interests of the established New Hampshire land grant settlers against the newly arrived settlers with land titles granted by New York. Ultimately, a group of settlers with New Hampshire land grant titles established the Vermont Republic in 1777 as an independent state during the American Revolutionary War. The Vermont Republic abolished slavery before any of the other states.

During the mid-19th century, Vermont was a strong source of abolitionist sentiment, although it was also tied to King Cotton through the development of textile mills in the region, which relied on Southern cotton. It sent a significant contingent of soldiers to participate in the American Civil War.

The geography of the state is marked by the Green Mountains, which run north–south up the middle of the state, separating Lake Champlain and other valley terrain on the west from the Connecticut River Valley that defines much of its eastern border. A majority of its terrain is forested with hardwoods and conifers, and a majority of its open land is devoted to agriculture. The state's climate is characterized by warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters.

Vermont's economic activity of $40.6 billion in اعتبارا من 2022 ranked last on the list of U.S. states and territories by GDP but 21st in GDP per capita. Known for its progressivism, the state was one of the first to recognize same-sex civil unions and marriage, the first to legalize recreational marijuana, the most self-sufficient state in renewable electricity at 99.9%, and the least religious state. اعتبارا من 2021, the state ranked 12th among U.S. states and territories on the United Nations Human Development Index.

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 أصل الاسم

In 1777, the territory then known as the New Hampshire Grants declared itself independent, as the Republic of New Connecticut. It was renamed to the Republic of Vermont six months later. The earliest known reference to the Green Mountains is in the context of the Green Mountain Boys in 1772. In fact, documents using "Green Mountains" predate those mentioning "Vermont", which appears for the first time in English publications in 1778, including a map by Bernard Romans. No French document before 1760 (including letters, journals, military reports, and maps) makes reference to any name resembling Vermont. Claude J. Sauthier's 1779 map names the Green Mountains, although his earlier maps of 1776-78, do not. Before 1780, no map based on the surveys or compilations of Thomas Jefferys, John Montresor, and others, includes Vermont or Green Mountains. Hence, the historical record indicates that the name Vermont first came into widespread use in the 1770s, initially as the Green Mountains.

 التاريخ

•  مقالة مفصلة: تاريخ ڤرمونت

 Pre-Colonial

Watercolor of Abenaki couple, 1700s

The first humans to inhabit what is now Vermont arrived about 11,000 years ago, as the glaciers of the last ice age receded. Small groups of hunter-gatherers followed herds of caribou, elk, and mastodon through the grasslands of the Champlain Valley. At that time much of region was mixed tundra. The oldest human artifacts are 11,000 year old projectile points found along the eastern shore of the saltwater Champlain Sea. This time is known as the Paleo-Indian period.

By about 8,000 years ago, the Champlain Sea had become the freshwater Lake Champlain and the climate was more temperate, bringing increased diversity of flora and fauna. This was the beginning of the Archaic period. By about 4,300 years ago, the forests were as they are today. Large mammals underwent extinction or migrated north, and the human population became reliant on smaller game and plants. People developed fishing equipment and stone cookware, and practiced woodworking and food storage. They had time for travel, leisure, and performed elaborate ceremonies.

About 3,000 years ago, the Woodland period began. Food was increasingly sourced from domesticated plants, including maize, beans, and squash. Agriculture meant a more sedentary life and larger settlements. Pottery was made from local clay, and tools were made from chert found along the Winooski River. Canoes were used for fishing and travel.

The arrival of European explorers in the 1600s marked the end of the Woodland period and the beginning of the Abenaki. At that time, there were about 10,000 indigenous people in what is now Vermont, of whom an estimated 75-90% were killed by European diseases like smallpox. Survivors moved north to New France or assimilated with European settlers. Today, there are no Indian reservations in Vermont. In اعتبارا من 2021, 0.2% of live births in Vermont were to American Indian people.

Nearly all information about the Pre-Columbian era of Vermont is from found artifacts. About 750 prehistoric sites are known in Vermont, but few have been excavated by archaeologists, and those on private property benefit from no legal protection.

About 20 native toponyms survive in the state, including Lake Bomoseen, Lake Memphremagog, Missisquoi River, Monadnock Mountain, and Winooski.

 Colonial

The Old Constitution House at Windsor, where the Constitution of Vermont was adopted on July 8, 1777

A c.1775 flag used by the Green Mountain Boys

In 1609, Samuel de Champlain led the first European expedition to Lake Champlain. He named the lake after himself and made the first known map of the area. The land that is now Vermont remained part of New France until 1763.

The French had a military presence around Lake Champlain, since it was an important waterway, but they did very little colonization. In 1666, they built Fort Sainte Anne on Isle La Motte to defend Canada from the Iroquois. It was abandoned by 1670. A short-lived settlement existed at Pointe à l'Algonquin, now Windmill Point, Alburgh. A village with a church, saw mill and fifty huts existed at the present site of Swanton. Much of the eastern shore of Lake Champlain was mapped out with seigniories, but settlers were unwilling to populate the area, possibly because of continual warfare and raiding there.

The English also made unsuccessful attempts to colonize the area in the 1600s. In 1724, they built Fort Dummer near what is now Brattleboro, but it remained a small and isolated outpost, often under attack by the Abenaki.

With the 1763 Treaty of Paris, France ceded its claims east of the Mississippi River to the Kingdom of Great Britain, making the area more attractive to settlement. At the same time, New England was overcrowded; new land was needed for settlement. The territory west of the Connecticut River was the last unsettled part of New England, and both the Province of New Hampshire and the Province of New York laid claim to it.

In 1749, New Hampshire governor Benning Wentworth began to auction land in an uncolonized area between Lake Champlain and the Connecticut River. This area became known as the New Hampshire Grants. This westward expansion was started to increase New Hampshire's tax base and claim the timber there, White Pine in particular.

There were eventually 135 New Hampshire Grants. The first of Benning Wentworth's grants included a town named after himself: Bennington. A typical town, it was 6 square miles (16 km²), contained 48 lots, with land set aside for a school, a church, and a town center. Five hundred acres of the best land was kept by Wentworth for later resale.

Settlers came from across New England, and were obliged to “Plant and Cultivate Five Acres of Land” within five years. Some settlers kept to the agreement and started farms. Others, like Ethan Allen, did not. They wanted to sell the land for profit. Those who purchased New Hampshire Grants ran into disagreements with New York, which began selling off the same land as land patents.

In 1764, King George III proclaimed the territory to be under the jurisdiction of New York, which meant that the New Hampshire Grant landowners did not have legal title. Meanwhile, New York continued selling large tracts of land, many of which overlapped with those already inhabited. The dispute led to Ethan Allen forming the Green Mountain Boys, an illicit militia that attacked New York settlers and speculators through arson and mob violence. They eventually repelled the New Yorkers, and went on, with Benedict Arnold, to fight in the American Revolutionary War, where they captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British.

 Sovereignty

المقالة الرئيسية: Vermont Republic and Constitution of Vermont (1777)

The gold leaf dome of the neoclassical Vermont State House (Capitol) in Montpelier

On January 15, 1777, representatives of the New Hampshire Grants declared the independence of Vermont. For the first six months of its existence, it was called the Republic of New Connecticut.

On June 2, 1777, a second convention of 72 delegates met and adopted the name "Vermont". This was on the advice of Thomas Young, a mentor of Ethan Allen. He advised them on how to achieve admission into the newly independent United States of America as the 14th state. On July 4, they completed the drafting of the first Constitution of Vermont (in effect from 1777–86) at the Windsor Tavern, and adopted it on July 8. This was the first written constitution in North America to ban adult slavery, stating that male slaves become free at the age of 21 and females at 18. It provided for universal adult male suffrage and established a public school system.

 Revolutionary War

المقالة الرئيسية: American Revolutionary War, Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War, and Treaty of Paris (1783)

The Battle of Bennington was fought on August 16, 1777. A combined American force under General John Stark, attacked the Hessian column at Hoosick, New York, just across the border from Bennington. It killed or captured virtually the entire Hessian detachment. General John Burgoyne never recovered from this loss and eventually surrendered the remainder of the 6,000-man force at Saratoga, New York, on October 17 of that year.

The battles of Bennington and Saratoga together are recognized as the turning point in the Revolutionary War because they were the first major defeat of a British army. The anniversary of the battle is celebrated in Vermont as a legal holiday.

The Battle of Hubbardton (July 7, 1777) was the only Revolutionary battle within the present boundaries of Vermont. Although the Continental forces suffered defeat, the British forces were damaged to the point that they did not pursue the Americans (retreating from Fort Ticonderoga) any further.

 Admission to the Union

المقالة الرئيسية: Admission to the Union and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

1791 Act of Congress admitting Vermont into the Union

Vermont continued to govern itself as a sovereign entity based in the eastern town of Windsor for 14 years. The independent state of Vermont issued its own coinage from 1785 to 1788 and operated a national postal service. Thomas Chittenden was the Governor in 1778–1789 and in 1790–1791.

Because the state of New York continued to assert that Vermont was a part of New York, Vermont could not be admitted to the Union under Article IV, Section 3 of the Constitution until the legislature of New York consented. On March 6, 1790, the legislature made its consent contingent upon a negotiated agreement on the precise boundary between the two states. When commissioners from New York and Vermont met to decide on the boundary, Vermont's negotiators insisted on also settling the property ownership disputes with New Yorkers, rather than leaving that decision to a federal court. The negotiations were successfully concluded in October 1790 with an agreement that Vermont would pay $30,000 to New York to be distributed among New Yorkers who claimed land in Vermont under New York land patents. In January 1791, a convention in Vermont voted 105–4 to petition Congress to become a state in the federal union. Congress acted on February 18, 1791, to admit Vermont to the Union as the 14th state as of March 4, 1791. Vermont became the first state to enter the Union after the original 13 states. The revised constitution of 1786, which established a greater separation of powers, continued in effect until 1793, two years after Vermont's admission to the Union.

Under the Act "To Secure Freedom to All Persons Within This State," slavery was officially outlawed by state law on November 25, 1858, less than three years before the American Civil War. Vermonters provided refuge at several sites for escaped slaves fleeing to Canada, as part of the Underground Railroad.

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 Civil War

المقالة الرئيسية: Vermont in the American Civil War

Vermont in 1827. The county boundaries have since changed.

From the mid-1850s on, some Vermonters became abolitionists, which they had previously worked to contain in the South. Abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens was born in Vermont and later represented a district in Pennsylvania in Congress. He developed as a national leader and later promoted Radical Republican goals after the American Civil War. As the Whig Party declined and the Republican Party grew, Vermont supported Republican candidates. In 1860, it voted for Abraham Lincoln, giving him the largest margin of victory of any state.

During the American Civil War, Vermont sent 33,288 troops into United States service, of which 5,224 (more than 15 percent) died.

The northernmost land action of the war was the St. Albans Raid—the robbery of three St. Albans banks, perpetrated in October 1864 by Confederate agents. A posse pursued the Confederate raiders into Canada and captured several, before having to turn them over to Canadian officials. Canada reimbursed the banks, released, and later re-arrested some of the perpetrators.

 Postbellum to present

 Demographic changes and rise of eugenics in 20th century

As English speakers came to dominate the population in Vermont, they anglicized the names of many ethnic French residents and often discriminated against them. In the mid-20th century, descendants began to reclaim their French names, especially surnames.

Beginning in the mid-19th century, Vermont industries attracted numerous Irish, Scottish, and Italian immigrants, adding to its residents of mostly English and some French Canadian ancestry. Many of the immigrants migrated to Barre, where many worked as stonecutters of granite, for which there was a national market. Vermont granite was used in major public buildings throughout the states.

In this period, many Italian and Scottish women operated boarding houses to support their families. Such facilities helped absorb new residents and taught them the new culture; European immigrants peaked in number between 1890-1900. Typically immigrants boarded with people of their own language and ethnicity, but sometimes they boarded with others.

Gradually, the new immigrants assimilated into the state. Times of tension aroused divisions. In the early 20th century, some Vermonters were alarmed about the decline of rural areas; people left farming to move to cities and others seemed unable to fit within society. In addition, there was a wave of immigration by French Canadians, and Protestant Anglo-Americans feared being overtaken by the new immigrants, who added to the Catholic population of Irish and Italians. Based on the colonial past, some Yankee residents considered the French Canadians to have intermarried too frequently with Native Americans.

In an era influenced by ideas of social Darwinism, some Vermont leaders promoted eugenics, the idea that the human gene pool could be improved by excluding people and groups judged to be inferior. The state passed a law to limit marriage by people considered unfit. In 1915, the Brandon State School opened, the beginning of a related effort to segregate and control those judged unfit to reproduce.

The state followed efforts to improve children's welfare by establishing other institutions to house the mentally ill or disabled. From 1925 to 1928, the Eugenics Survey of Vermont conducted research and recorded the histories of families it determined were degenerate or dependent. It also attempted to convince the public about why measures like voluntary sterilization were desirable. Review by historians reveals the results were socially prejudiced, as the surveys tended to target the poor and disenfranchised minorities, including French Canadians, Abenaki, and disabled people.

In 1931, Vermont was the 29th state to pass a eugenics law. Vermont, like other states, sterilized some patients in institutions and persons it had identified through surveys as degenerate or unfit. It nominally had permission from the patients or their guardians, but abuses were documented. Two-thirds of the sterilizations were done on women, and poor, unwed mothers were targeted, among others. There is disagreement about how many sterilizations were performed; most were completed between 1931–41, but such procedures were recorded as late as 1970.

 Political changes

Vermont approved women's suffrage decades before it became part of the national constitution. Women were first allowed to vote in the elections of December 18, 1880, when they were granted limited suffrage. They were first allowed to vote in town elections, and later in state legislative races.

In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Reynolds v. Sims required "one man, one vote" redistricting in all states. It had found that many state legislatures had not redistricted and were dominated by rural interests, years after the development of densely populated and industrial urban areas. In addition, it found that many states had an upper house based on geographical jurisdictions, such as counties. This gave disproportionate power to rural and lightly populated counties. The court ruled there was no basis for such a structure. Major changes in political apportionment took place in Vermont and other affected states.

This ruling required districts to be reassessed after every census and to be based on roughly equal population, rather than geography (such as counties). Under redistricting, residents in urban areas were to gain an equitable share of apportionment in both houses in every state. Vermont and some other northern states had long been dominated by rural districts, as were several Southern states in those years, who had not redistricted since the turn of the century. Until that time, apportionment of upper houses was often based on county jurisdictions, which had given more power to rural counties and failed to acknowledge the increased population in urban areas. This arrangement had meant that urban areas did not have proportionate political power and often suffered from underinvestment in needed infrastructure; other urban issues were also neglected by rural-dominated legislatures.

In the 21st century, Vermont increasingly became defined by its progressivism. It was the first state to introduce civil unions in 2000 and the first state to legalize same-sex marriage in 2009, unforced by court challenge or ruling. On January 22, 2018, Vermont became the first state to legalize cannabis for recreational use by legislative action, and the ninth state in the United States to legalize marijuana for medical purposes. This law was signed by Republican Governor Phil Scott.

In 2002, the State of Vermont incorrectly reported that the Abenaki people had migrated north to Quebec by the end of the 17th century; however, in 2011, the State of Vermont designated the Elnu Abenaki Tribe and the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation as state-recognized tribes; in 2012 it recognized the Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi and the Koasek Traditional Band of the Koos Abenaki Nation. In 2016, the state governor proclaimed Columbus Day as Indigenous Peoples Day. Vermont has no federally recognized tribes.

 الجغرافيا

Map of Vermont, showing cities, roads, and rivers.

Vermont has 14 counties. Only two—Lamoille and Washington—are entirely surrounded by Vermont territory.

تبلغ مساحة فيرمونت 24,900كم². وتمتد سلسلة جبال جرين ماونتين المغطاة بالأشجار بطول وسط الولاية. لُقِّبت فيرمونت بولاية الجبل الأخضر (جرين ماونتين). تجتذب الجبال آلاف المتزلجين على الجليد والسائحين. ويبلغ ارتفاع قمة مانسفيلد أعلى قمة في فيرمونت 1,339م فوق سطح البحر. وإلى جانب الجبل الأخضر، توجد في الولاية العديد من المناطق الجبلية المرتفعة.

تشكل المياه أكثر من نصف حدود الولاية؛ يحدها شرقًا نهر كونكتيكت، على حين أن بحيرة شامبلين تمتد على طول النصف الشمالي من حدها الغربي.

 المدن

Montpelier, capital of Vermont.

Burlington, Vermont's largest city.

Rutland

Barre

Cities (2003 estimated population):

• Burlington — 39,148
• Rutland — 17,103
• South Burlington — 16,285
• Barre — 9,166
• Montpelier — 7,945
• St. Albans — 7,565
• Winooski — 6,561
• Newport — 5,092
• Vergennes — 2,789

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 الطقس

فصل الصيف قصير في فيرمونت، والأيام الحارة فيه قليلة، ومتوسط درجة الحرارة في شهر يوليو 20°م. فصل الشتاء في فيرمونت طويل وبارد فمتوسط درجة الحرارة في شهر يناير 8°م.

Monthly normal and record high and low temperatures

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Rec High °F(°C)	59 (15)	63 (17)	84 (29)	91 (33)	94 (34.5)	96 (35.5)	101 (38)	98 (36.5)	95 (35)	87 (30.5)	69 (20.5)	62 (17)
Norm High °F(°C)	25 (-4)	31 (-0.5)	43 (6)	51 (10.5)	64 (18)	76 (24.5)	81 (27)	78 (25.5)	71 (22)	54 (12)	36 (2)	28 (-2)
Norm Low °F(°C)	4 (-15.5)	10 (-12)	22 (-5.5)	30 (-1)	43 (6)	55 (13)	60 (15.5)	57 (14)	50 (10)	33 (0.5)	15 (-9.5)	7 (-14)
Rec Low °F(°C)	-38 (-39)	-35 (-37)	-18 (-28)	9 (-13)	24 (-4.5)	36 (2)	41 (5)	38 (3)	21 (-6)	4 (-15.5)	-16 (-27)	-32 (-35.5)
Precip in(mm)	0.61 (15.5)	0.63 (16)	0.68 (17)	1.99 (50.5)	4.01 (102)	4.06 (103)	4.07 (103.5)	4.00 (101.5)	3.95 (100)	2.48 (63)	0.66 (17)	0.62 (16)
Source: USTravelWeather.com [1]

The agricultural growing season ranges from 120–180 days.

 Climate change

المقالة الرئيسية: Climate change in Vermont

Climate change in Vermont encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to anthropogenic increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

The state is already seeing effects of climate change that affect its ecosystems, economy and public health. According to the state government, rainfall has significantly increased in the last 50 years, storms and flooding have increased, and winters have become warmer and shorter. These changes have led to significant impacts on both the winter tourism industry, and a decline in critical agricultural and woodland industries like maple sugaring.

The state openly acknowledges and is developing programs that respond to global warming. Vermont was one of the first states in the United States to adopt greenhouse gas emissions goals in 2006.

 Geology

Silurian and Devonian stratigraphy of Vermont

للمزيد من المعلومات: Geology of New England

There are five distinct physiographic regions of Vermont. Categorized by geological and physical attributes, they are the Northeastern Highlands, the Green Mountains, the Taconic Mountains, the Champlain Lowlands, and the Vermont Piedmont.

About 500 million years ago, Vermont was part of Laurentia and located in the tropics. The central and southern Green Mountain range include the oldest rocks in Vermont, formed about one billion years ago during the first mountain building period (or orogeny). Subsequently, about 400 million years ago, the second mountain building period created Green Mountain peaks that were 15,000–20,000 feet (4,600–6,100 m) tall, three to four times their current height and comparable to the Himalayas. The geological pressures that created those peaks remain evident as the Champlain Thrust, running north–south to the west of the mountains (now the eastern shore of Lake Champlain). It is an example of geological fault thrusting where bedrock is pushed over the newer rock formation.

As a result of tectonic formation, Vermont east of the Green Mountains tends to be formed from rocks produced in the Silurian and Devonian periods, and western Vermont mainly from the older Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian material. Several large deposits within the state contain granite. The remains of the Chazy Formation can be observed in Isle La Motte. It was one of the first tropical reefs. It is the site of the limestone Fisk Quarry, which contains a collection of ancient marine fossils, such as stromatoporoids, that date to 200 million years ago. At one point, Vermont is believed to have been connected to Africa (Pangaea); the fossils found and the rock formations found on the coasts in both Africa and America are evidence affirming the Pangaea theory.

In the past four centuries, Vermont has experienced a few earthquakes, rarely centered under the state. The highest ranked, in 1952, had a Richter magnitude scale 6.0 and was based in Canada.

 Fauna

The hermit thrush, the state bird of Vermont

The state contains 41 species of reptiles and amphibians (including the spring peeper), 89 species of fish, of which 12 are nonnative; 193 species of breeding birds, 58 species of mammals (including black bears, eastern chipmunks, coyotes, fishers, red and gray foxes, porcupines, and woodchucks), more than 15,000 insect species (including luna moths), and 2,000 higher plant species, plus fungi, algae, and 75 different types of natural communities. Vermont contains one species of venomous snake, the timber rattlesnake, which is confined to a few acres in western Rutland County.

Wildlife has suffered because of human development in the state. By the mid-19th century, wild turkeys were eradicated in the state through hunting and habitat destruction. Sixteen were reintroduced in 1969, and had grown to a flock estimated to number 45,000 in 2009. In 2013, hunters killed 6,968 of these. Since 1970, reduction of farmland has resulted in reduced environment for, and resulted in a decline in, numbers of various shrubland birds, including the American woodcock, brown thrasher, eastern towhee, willow flycatcher, golden-winged warbler, blue-winged warbler, field sparrow, and Baltimore oriole. Ospreys, whose eggs were previously damaged by DDT, began to reappear in 1998 and by 2010, were no longer endangered in the state.

Several species have declined or disappeared from the state, including bats, many of which have been killed by white-nose syndrome, the New England cottontail, outcompeted by the eastern cottontail rabbit, and the yellow-banded bumblebee, gone as one of 19 species of bee in decline.

Invasive species and organisms include the Asian spotted wing drosophila, a destroyer of crops, and eastern equine encephalitis virus whose antibodies were found in moose or deer in each of Vermont's counties.

 Flora

Vermont is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome. Much of the state, in particular the Green Mountains, is covered by the conifers and northern hardwoods of the New England-Acadian forests. The western border with New York and the area around Lake Champlain lies within the Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests. The southwest corner of the state and parts of the Connecticut River are covered by northeastern coastal forests of mixed oak.

Invasive wild honeysuckle has been deemed a threat to the state's forests, native species of plants, and wildlife. Many of Vermont's rivers, including the Winooski River, have been subjected to artificial barriers to prevent flooding.

Climate change appears to be affecting the maple sugar industry. Sugar maples have been subject to stress by acid rain, asian long-horned beetles, and pear thrips. In 2011, the deer herd had grown too large for the habitat, and many resorted to eating bark to survive the winter, destroying trees in the process. In addition, the sugar maples need a certain period of cold to produce sap for maple syrup. The time to tap these trees has shrunk to one week in recent years. The tree may be replaced by the more aggressive Norway maples, in effect forcing the sugar maples to "migrate" north to Canada.

 الديمغرافيا

التعداد التاريخي
التعداد	Pop.		%±
1790	85٬425		—
1800	154٬465		80٫8%
1810	217٬895		41٫1%
1820	235٬981		8٫3%
1830	280٬652		18٫9%
1840	291٬948		4�0%
1850	314٬120		7٫6%
1860	315٬098		0٫3%
1870	330٬551		4٫9%
1880	332٬286		0٫5%
1890	332٬422		0�0%
1900	343٬641		3٫4%
1910	355٬956		3٫6%
1920	352٬428		−1�0%
1930	359٬611		2�0%
1940	359٬231		−0٫1%
1950	377٬747		5٫2%
1960	389٬881		3٫2%
1970	444٬330		14�0%
1980	511٬456		15٫1%
1990	562٬758		10�0%
2000	608٬827		8٫2%
2010	625٬741		2٫8%
2020	643٬085		2٫8%
2022 (تق.)	647٬064		0٫6%
Source: 1910–2020

 السكان

Ethnic origins in Vermont

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother

Race[ت]	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
White:	5,696 (95.3%)	5,825 (95.0%)	5,554 (94.1%)	...	...	...	...	...	...
> Non-Hispanic White	5,597 (93.7%)	5,724 (93.4%)	5,370 (91.0%)	5,208 (90.5%)	5,134 (90.8%)	4,934 (90.8%)	4,856 (90.6%)	4,646 (90.5%)	4,863 (90.3%)
Black	115 (1.9%)	126 (2.1%)	149 (2.5%)	70 (1.2%)	115 (2.0%)	118 (2.2%)	133 (2.5%)	108 (2.1%)	137 (2.5%)
Asian	153 (2.6%)	163 (2.7%)	175 (3.0%)	154 (2.7%)	159 (2.8%)	152 (2.8%)	122 (2.3%)	137 (2.7%)	122 (2.3%)
American Indian	11 (0.2%)	16 (0.3%)	25 (0.4%)	11 (0.2%)	16 (0.3%)	12 (0.2%)	11 (0.2%)	15 (0.3%)	13 (0.2%)
Hispanic (of any race)	92 (1.5%)	92 (1.5%)	139 (2.3%)	136 (2.3%)	123 (2.2%)	121 (2.2%)	124 (2.3%)	132 (2.6%)	147 (2.7%)
Total Vermont	5,975 (100%)	6,130 (100%)	5,903 (100%)	5,756 (100%)	5,655 (100%)	5,432 (100%)	5,361 (100%)	5,133 (100%)	5,384 (100%)

 الدين

Religious Distribution of Vermont

Religion	Percentage
Christian	67%
Roman Catholic	38%
Protestant	29%
Congregational/United Church of Christ	6%
Methodist	6%
Episcopal	4%
Other Christian	4%
Baptist	3%
Other Protestant	2%
Assemblies of God	1%
Evangelical	1%
Seventh-day Adventist	1%
Non-Denominational	1%
Other Religions	2%
No Religion	22%
Declined to answer	8%

 الإقتصاد

تمثل الصناعة النشاط الاقتصادي الوحيد والمهم في الولاية، ويمثل إنتاج الأجهزة الإلكترونية التي تشمل الحاسوب ومكوناته أهم الأنشطة الصناعية على الإطلاق. توظف القطاعات الخدمية، التي تشمل التعليم والمالية والعناية الصحية والتجارة حوالي ثلثي عمال فيرمونت. الحليب أهم منتجات فيرمونت الزراعية، والجرانيت المنتج الصخري الرئيسي.

A proportional representation of Vermont exports, 2020

In اعتبارا من 2021, Vermont had a total employment of 239,758, and the total employer establishments were 20,696. In اعتبارا من 2023, WalletHub ranked Vermont 33rd as place to start a business, citing Vermont as 23rd in access to resources and 29th in business costs. CNBC ranked Vermont 31st as a place to do business in اعتبارا من 2022, citing the workforce and access to capital as the largest impediments. While U.S. News ranked Vermont 37th for "business environment", it ranked it 18th for employment in اعتبارا من 2021. Forbes magazine regarded it as the 48th best state in which to start a business in اعتبارا من 2023, 42nd in 2015, 32nd in 2007, and 30th in 2006.

As of اعتبارا من 2022, Vermont's gross regional domestic product (GRDP) was $40.6 billion, making it the smallest among U.S. states. Its per capita GDP was $63,206, ranking it 21st among the states.

In 2008, components of GDP were:

• Government $3 billion (13.4%)
• Real estate, rental, and leasing $2.6 billion (11.6%)
• Durable goods manufacturing $2.2 billion (9.6%)
• Health care and social assistance $2.1 billion (9.4%)
• Retail trade $1.9 billion (8.4%)
• Finance and insurance $1.3 billion (5.9%)
• Construction $1.2 billion (5.5%)
• Professional and technical services $1.2 billion (5.5%)
• Wholesale trade $1.1 billion (5.1%)
• Accommodations and food services $1 billion (4.5%)
• Information $958 million (4.2%)
• Non-durable goods manufacturing $711 million (3.1%)
• Other services $563 million (2.4%)
• Utilities $553 million (2.4%)
• Educational services $478 million (2.1%)
• Transportation and warehousing $484 million (2.1%)
• Administrative and waste services $436 million (1.9%)
• Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting $375 million (1.6%)
• Arts, entertainment, and recreation $194 million (.8%)
• Mining $100 million (.4%)
• Management of companies $35 million (.2%)

اعتبارا من 2019, Canada was Vermont's largest foreign trade partner, followed by Taiwan. Quebec received 75% of the state's exports to Canada.

In اعتبارا من 2022, 7,457 new businesses were registered in Vermont. Retail sales reached $10.8 billion in اعتبارا من 2017, according to U.S. Census Bureau data.

 الدخل الشخصي

انظر أيضاً: Vermont locations by per capita income

In اعتبارا من 2021, the state had a median household income of $67,674, with approximately 10.3% of the population at or below the poverty line. The median wage in the state was $22.75 hourly or $47,320 annually in اعتبارا من 2022. In 2007, about 80% of the 68,000 Vermonters who qualify for food stamps received them. 40% of seniors 75 years or older live on annual incomes of $21,660 or less. In 2011, 15.2% of Vermonters received food stamps. This compares to 14.8% nationally.

In 2011, 91,000 seniors received an annual average of $14,000 from Social Security. This was 59% of the average senior's income. This contributed $1.7 billion to the state's economy.

 الزراعة

Fall foliage seen from Hogback Mountain, Wilmington

اعتبارا من 2022, agriculture, along with forestry and other animal industry, contributed 0.45% of the state's gross domestic product. اعتبارا من مايو 2022, about 0.16% of the state's working population was engaged in agriculture jobs.

 مزارع الألبان

المقالة الرئيسية: صناعة الألبان في ڤرمونت

Dairy farming remains a primary source of agricultural income. In the second half of the 20th century, developers had plans to build condos and houses on what was relatively inexpensive, open land. Vermont's government responded with a series of laws controlling development to prevent the decline of Vermont's dairy industry. This proved ineffective, as the number of Vermont dairy farms has declined nearly 95% from the 11,206 dairy farms operating in 1947. اعتبارا من ديسمبر 2021, the state had 568 dairy farms, a decline from 658 in 2019, 1,138 in 2006, and fewer than 1,500 in 2003. The number of dairy farms has been diminishing by roughly 10% annually. Dairy farms control 80% of open land.

In اعتبارا من 2021, 28.5% (162) of the state's dairy farms were certified organic. The number of cattle in Vermont had declined by 40%; however, milk production has doubled in the same period due to tripling the production per cow. While milk production rose, Vermont's market share declined. Within a group of states supplying the Boston and New York City markets (called "Federal order Class I"), Vermont was third in market share, with 10.6%; New York has 44.9% and Pennsylvania has 32.9%. In 2007, dairy farmers received a record $23.60 for 100 pounds (45 kg) (11.63 gallons at $2.03/gallon) of milk. This dropped in 2008 to $17 ($1.46/gallon). The average dairy farm produced 1.3 million pounds of milk annually in 2008.

The dairy barn remains characteristic of Vermont, but the 95% decrease in dairy farms between 1947 and 2021 means that preservation of dairy barns has increasingly become a matter of preserving historic legacy rather than meeting a basic need of an agricultural economy. The Vermont Barn Census, organized in 2009 by educational and nonprofit state and local historic preservation programs, has worked to record the number, condition, and features of barns throughout Vermont.

A significant amount of milk is shipped into the Boston market. Therefore, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts certifies that Vermont farms meet Massachusetts sanitary standards. Without this certification, a farmer may not sell milk for distribution into the bulk market. In 2019, two-thirds of all milk in New England was produced by Vermont dairies.

 التحريج

Forestry has always been a staple to the economy, comprising 1% of the total gross state output and 9% of total manufacturing as of 2013. In 2007, Windham County contained the largest concentration of kilns for drying lumber east of the Mississippi River. The decline of farms has resulted in a regrowth of Vermont's forests due to ecological succession. Today, most of Vermont's forests are secondary. The state and non-profit organizations are actively encouraging regrowth and careful forest management. Over 78% of the land area of the state is forested compared to only 37% in the 1880s, when sheep farming was at its peak and large amounts of acreage were cleared for grazing. Over 85% of that area is non-industrial, private forestland owned by individuals or families. In 2013, 73,054 million cubic feet (2,068.7 million cubic meters) of wood was harvested in Vermont. A large amount of Vermont forest products are exports with 21,504 million feet (6.554×10⁹ meters) being shipped overseas plus an additional 16,384 million cubic feet (463.9 million cubic meters) to Canada. Most of it was processed within the state. In this century the manufacture of wood products has fallen by almost half. The annual net growth has been estimated at 172,810 million cubic feet (4,893 million cubic meters). The USDA estimates that 8,584 billion cubic feet (243.1 billion cubic meters) remain in the state. Forest products also add to carbon sequestration since lumber and timber used in houses and furniture hold carbon for long periods of time while the trees that were removed are replaced overtime with new growing stock.

In 2017, the price of wood products had either plummeted or remained the same when compared to previous decades, which meant there was cause for concern with jobs in the industry. For example, in 1994, the price of a thousand board feet was $300, the same as it was in 2017. The price of wood chips has halved in the same time frame. In 1980, the price for a cord of wood was $50; in 2017, $25. For lack of demand, Vermont's forests are growing twice as fast as they are being cut.

 غيرهم

اعتبارا من 2022, Vermont was the leading producer of maple syrup in the United States at 2,550,000 US gallons (9,700,000 L), representing 50.7% of the nation's total production. In اعتبارا من 2021, its production value totaled $56.0 million at $32.00/gallon. There were about 2,000 maple products producers in 2010. The wine industry in Vermont started in 1985. As of 2007, there were 14 wineries.

اعتبارا من 2020, apple growing is the third largest contributor to the state's agricultural economy, after dairy and maple syrup. Vermont orchards primarily grow McIntosh apples, and the industry has seen a steady decline as consumer preferences have shifted to newer apple varieties. The number of acres devoted to apple growing decreased from approximately 3,700 in 1997 to just 1,700 in 2017, and many of the orchards now focus on growing apples for cider production and providing Pick-Your-Own orchards to appeal to the state's agritourism market. In 1999, apples and apple pie were named the official state fruit and state pie, respectively. Around 23% of Vermont's vegetable farms are organic.

 التصنيع

As of 2015, GlobalFoundries was the largest private employer in the state and provided jobs to 3,000 employees at its plant in the village of Essex Junction within Chittenden County.

A growing part of Vermont's economy is the manufacture and sale of artisan foods, fancy foods, and novelty items trading in part upon the Vermont "brand," which the state manages and defends. Examples of these specialty exports include Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream, Burton Snowboards, Cabot Cheese, Fine Paints of Europe, King Arthur Flour, the Vermont Teddy Bear Company, Vermont Creamery, several microbreweries, and ginseng growers.

In 2010, a University of Connecticut study reported that Vermont, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire tied as the most costly states in the U.S. for manufacturers.

 الطاقة

انظر أيضاً: List of power stations in Vermont

Vermont has no fossil fuel reserves, however its forest products industry provides fuel for electricity generation and home heating. Electricity consumption per capita ranks it among the lowest 20% of states, and total electricity consumption was the lowest in the United States. Vermont consumed three times more electricity than it generated in-state in 2019, and imported its largest share of electricity from Canada. Vermont's 99.9% share of in-state electricity generation from renewable sources was the highest among all 50 states.

 الصحة

انظر أيضاً: ڤرمونت § الصحة العامة

An increasingly aging population is expected to increase demand for aging-related services and healthcare. The University of Vermont Medical Center, with more than 8,800 employees, is the largest employer in the state.

In 2010, all of Vermont's hospitals billed patients $3.76 billion, and collected $2 billion. 92,000 people are enrolled in Medicare. In 2011, Medicare spent $740 million on health care in the state.

 العمال

In 2009, the state attained a high of 361,290 workers.

As of 2006, there were 305,000 workers in Vermont. Eleven percent of these are unionized. Out of a workforce of 299,200 workers, 52,000 were government jobs, federal, state, and local.

A modern high unemployment rate of 9% was reached in June 1976. A modern low of 2.4% was measured in February 2000. As of October 2019, the unemployment rate was 2.2%.

Employment grew 7.5% from 2000 to 2006. From 1980 to 2000, employment grew by 3.4%; nationally it was up 4.6%. Real wages were $33,385 in 2006 constant dollars and remained there in 2010; the nation, $36,871.

As of 2014, the Pew Research Center estimated that farms in the state employed fewer than 5,000 illegal immigrants. In 2017, Vermont Governor Phil Scott announced that the state was "exploring a legal challenge" to the executive order signed by President Donald Trump for Vermont law enforcement authorities to cooperate with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and "perform the functions of immigration officers in relation to the investigation, apprehension, or detention of aliens".

 التأمين

Captive insurance plays an increasingly large role in Vermont's economy. With this form of alternative insurance, large corporations or industry associations form standalone insurance companies to insure their own risks, thereby substantially reducing their insurance premiums and gaining a significant measure of control over types of risks to be covered. There are also significant tax advantages to be gained from the formation and operation of captive insurance companies. According to the Insurance Information Institute, Vermont in 2009 was the world's third-largest domicile for captive insurance companies, following Bermuda and the Cayman Islands.

In 2009, there were 560 such companies.

In 2010, the state had 900 such companies.

 الترفيه

بحيرة شامبلين

Summer camps such as Camp Abenaki, Camp Billings, Camp Dudley, and Camp Hochelaga contribute to Vermont's tourist economy.

In 2005, visitors made an estimated 13.4 million trips to the state, spending $1.57 billion.

In 2012, fall accounted for $460 million of income, about one-quarter of all tourism.

In 2011, the state government earned $274 million in taxes and fees from tourism. 89% of the money came from out-of-state visitors. Tourism supported over 26,000 jobs, 7.2% of total employment.

According to the 2000 census, almost 15% of all housing units in Vermont were vacant and classified "for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use". This was the second highest percentage nationwide, after Maine. In some Vermont cities, vacation homes owned by wealthy residents of New England and New York constitute the bulk of all housing stock. According to one estimate, as of 2009, 84% of all houses in Ludlow were owned by out-of-state residents. Other notable vacation-home resorts include Manchester and Stowe.

 الصيد البري

الخريف في فرمونت

Hunting is controlled for black bear, wild turkeys, deer, and moose. There are 5,500 bears in the state. The goal is to keep the numbers between 4,500 and 6,000.

In 2010, there were about 141,000 deer in the state, which is in range of government goals. However, these are distributed unevenly and when in excess of 10–15 per square mile (4–6/km²), negatively impact timber growth.

In 2012, hunting of migratory birds was limited to October 13 to December 16. Waterfowl hunting is also controlled by federal law.

 التزلج ودراجات الجليد

Stowe Resort Village

Some of the largest ski areas in New England are located in Vermont. Skiers and snowboarders visit Burke Mountain Ski Area, Bolton Valley, Smugglers' Notch, Killington Ski Resort, Mad River Glen, Stowe Mountain Resort, Cochrans Ski Area, Sugarbush, Stratton, Jay Peak, Okemo, Saskadena Six, Mount Snow, Bromley, Brattleboro Ski Hill, and Magic Mountain Ski Area. Summer visitors tour resort towns like Stowe, Manchester, Quechee, Wilmington, Woodstock, Mount Snow, and. The effects of global warming have been predicted to shorten the length of the ski season across Vermont, which would continue the contraction and consolidation of the ski industry in Vermont and threaten individual ski businesses and communities that rely on ski tourism.

In winter, Nordic and backcountry skiers visit to travel the length of the state on the Catamount Trail. Several horse shows are annual events. Vermont's state parks, historic sites, museums, golf courses, and new boutique hotels with spas were designed to attract tourists.

In 2000–2001, there were 4,579,719 skier and snowboarder visits to the state. There were 4,125,082 visits in 2009–2010, a rise from recent years.

In 2008, there were 35,000 members of 138 snowmobiling clubs in Vermont. The combined association of clubs maintains 6,000 miles (9,700 km) of trail often over private lands. The industry is said to generate "hundreds of millions of dollars worth of business."

 المحاجر

The towns of Rutland and Barre are the traditional centers of marble and granite quarrying and carving in the U.S. For many years Vermont was also the headquarters of the smallest union in the U.S., the Journeymen Stonecutters' Association of North America, of about 500 members. The first marble quarry in America was on Mount Aeolus overlooking East Dorset. The granite industry attracted numerous skilled stonecutters in the late 19th century from Italy, Scotland, and Ireland. Barre is the location of the Rock of Ages quarry, the largest dimension stone granite quarry in the United States. Vermont is the largest producer of slate in the country. The highest quarrying revenues result from the production of dimension stone. The Rock of Ages quarry in Barre is one of the leading exporters of granite in the country. The work of the sculptors of this corporation can be seen 3 miles (4.8 km) down the road at the Hope Cemetery, where there are gravestones and mausoleums.

 غير الربحية والتطوعية

There were 2,682 nonprofit organizations in Vermont in 2008, with $2.8 billion in revenue. The state ranked ninth in the country for volunteerism for the period 2005–08. 35.6% of the population volunteered during this period. The national average was 26.4%.

 رموز الولاية

المقالة الرئيسية: رموز ولاية ڤرمونت

The hermit thrush is Vermont's state bird.

State symbols include:

• State song - "These Green Mountains,"
• Unofficial favorite state song - Moonlight in Vermont
• Beverage - milk
• Pie - apple pie
• State flower - red clover
• State mammal - Morgan horse
• State rock - granite, marble, and slate
• State tree - sugar maple

 المقيمون

المقالة الرئيسية: List of people from Vermont

The following were either born in Vermont or resided there for a substantial period during their lives and whose names are widely known.

• Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States
• Pearl S. Buck, author
• Jake Burton Carpenter, inventor of the snowboard
• Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States
• John Deere, founder of Deere & Company
• George Dewey, the only Admiral of the Navy in U.S. history
• John Dewey, philosopher, psychologist, and educator
• Stephen Douglas, 19th-century politician
• Carlton Fisk, Baseball Hall of Fame catcher
• James Fisk, financier
• Robert Frost, poet
• Richard Morris Hunt, architect
• Rudyard Kipling, author
• Bill McKibben, environmentalist
• Samuel Morey, inventor of the steam-powered paddle wheel boat
• Norman Rockwell, painter, author, and illustrator
• Bernie Sanders, politician and legislator
• Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement
• Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Russian author and Soviet dissident
• Rudy Vallée, singer and actor
• Brigham Young, 2nd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

 في الخيال

• Vermont was also the home of Dick Loudon, Bob Newhart's character on the 1980s sitcom Newhart. All action supposedly took place in Vermont.
• Vermont was the home of Pollyanna and her Aunt Polly in the novel Pollyanna, later made into the 1960 Disney film starring Hayley Mills and Jane Wyman.
• In H. P. Lovecraft's The Whisperer in Darkness, Vermont is the home of folklorist Henry Akeley (and the uninhabited hills of Vermont serve as one of the earth bases of the extraterrestrial Mi-Go).
• Donna Tartt's novel The Secret History is a story set mostly in a fictitious town of Hampden, Vermont, and college of the same name, where several students conspire to murder a classmate.
• Sinclair Lewis' 1935 anti-fascist novel It Can't Happen Here is largely set in Vermont, as local newspaper editor Doremus Jessup opposes a newly elected dictatorial government.

• Annie Baker's Circle Mirror Transformation, Body Awareness, and The Aliens all take place in the fictional town of Shirley, Vermont.

 انظر أيضاً

• Outline of Vermont
• Index of Vermont-related articles
• French language in the United States

 ببليوجرافيا

 المصادر

• الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة

 وصلات خارجية

• Vermont at Curlie

 الحكومة

• Official website
• Energy Data and Statistics for Vermont
• Vermont Agriculture
• Vermont League of Cities and Towns
• USDA Vermont State Facts
• Roads compared to other states

 جيولوجيا

• Rodinia to Pangea: The Lithotectonic Record of the Appalachian Region
• Laurentia-Gondwana connections before Pangea
• Bedrock Geologic Map of Vermont United States Geological Survey

 خرائط وديمغرافيا

• Earthquake History of Vermont
• USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Vermont
• Geographic data related to ڤرمونت at OpenStreetMap

 السياحة والترفيه

• Vermont Department of Tourism and Marketing

 الأعمال

• Vermont Chamber of Commerce

 الثقافة والتاريخ

• Vermont: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress
• Conservation Corps
• Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries
• Central Vermont: Explore History in the Heart of the Green Mountains, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
• Vermont Arts Council
• Vermont Historical Society.
• Vermont International Film Foundation
• Vermont Native American Museum & Cultural Center

سبقه Rhode Island

List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Admitted on March 4, 1791 (14th)

تبعه Kentucky