قسم اداري ذاتي

هذا المقال هو عن subnational administrative divisions which enjoy some degree of autonomy under the national government. إذا كنت تريد external territories which enjoy a greater degree of autonomy from their parent state and function as de facto independent political entities، انظر Dependent territory.

An autonomous administrative division (also referred to as an autonomous area, entity, unit, region, subdivision, or territory) is a subnational administrative division or internal territory of a sovereign state that has a degree of autonomy — self-governance — under the national government. Autonomous areas are distinct from the constituent units of a federation (e.g. a state, or province) in that they possess unique powers for their given circumstances. Typically, it is either geographically distinct from the rest of the state or populated by a national minority. Decentralization of self-governing powers and functions to such divisions is a way for a national government to try to increase democratic participation or administrative efficiency or to defuse internal conflicts. States that include autonomous areas may be federacies, federations, or confederations. Autonomous areas can be divided into territorial autonomies, subregional territorial autonomies, and local autonomies.

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 List of major autonomous areas

انظر أيضاً: List of autonomous areas by country

Division	State	Notes
Northern Ireland اسكتلندا ويلز	المملكة المتحدة	Three of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, namely Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, each has an elected, devolved legislature which has the ability to legislate in devolved matters. The Parliament of the United Kingdom which retains sovereignty (the United Kingdom is a unitary state), can dissolve the devolved legislatures at any time, and legislates in matters that are not devolved, as well as having the capacity to legislate in areas that are devolved (by constitutional convention, without the agreement of the devolved legislature). Formerly, both Scotland and England were fully sovereign states.
جزر فارو گرينلاند	الدنمارك	The two autonomous countries (دنماركية: landcode: da is deprecated , Faroese: landcode: fo is deprecated , Greenlandic: nunacode: kl is deprecated ) of the realm of the Kingdom, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, each have an elected devolved legislature which has the ability to legislate in devolved matters. The Kingdom Parliament 'Folketinget' retains sovereignty (The Kingdom of Denmark is a unitary state) and legislates in matters that are not devolved, as well as having the capacity to legislate in areas that are devolved (this does not normally occur without the agreement of the devolved legislature).
Tobago	ترنيداد وتوباگو	The Tobago House of Assembly is a devolved legislature that is responsible for the island of Tobago.
Jeju	كوريا الجنوبية
ڤويڤودينا	صربيا
أولاند	فنلندا
الآزور	الپرتغال
Bangsamoro	الفلپين
قالب:Country data Bougainville	پاپوا غينيا الجديدة
هونگ كونگ مكاو	الصين
أرض البنط قالب:Country data Jubaland Hirshabelle State جلمدج أرض الصومال South West State of Somalia	الصومال	Somaliland is a self-declared state, It is internationally considered an autonomous region independent in northwestern Somalia.
ماديرا	الپرتغال
Atlántico Norte	نيكاراگوا
Atlántico Sur
قالب:Country data Rodrigues	موريشيوس
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria	سوريا
Zanzibar	تنزانيا
قالب:Country data Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Nakhchivan	أذربيجان
Adjara	جورجيا
Abkhazia / Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia	Claimed by:جورجيا Controlled by:أبخازيا	In 1999, the Republic of Abkhazia declared its independence from Georgia after the 1992–1993 war. Georgia and most of the U.N. member states have not recognized Abkhazia's independence and still has an administrative apparatus for the claimed Autonomous Republic; its independence is recognized by Russia and three other U.N. member states.
(unofficial flag) Gorno-Badakhshan	طاجيكستان
Republic of Crimea / Autonomous Republic of Crimea	Claimed by:أوكرانيا Controlled by:روسيا
Karakalpakstan	اوزبكستان
Gagauzia	مولدوڤا
ترانس‌نيستريا / Left Bank of the Dniester	Claimed by:مولدوڤا Controlled by:ترانس‌نيستريا	In 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, commonly known as Transnistria) declared its independence from the Soviet Union. While Moldova has not formally recognized Transnistria's independence and still has an administrative apparatus for the claimed Autonomous Territorial Unit, its independence is recognized by 3 other non-UN member states.
جمهورية صرب البوسنة Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina	البوسنة والهرسك
جزيرة عيد الفصح Juan Fernandez Islands	تشيلي	In 2007, the Chamber of Deputies of Chile passed a law designating both as "special territories", granting them more autonomy. Additionally, the Juan Fernandez Islands archipelago is a commune, while Easter Island is both a commune and a province.
Barbuda (1976)	أنتيگا وبربودا
قالب:Country data Rotuma	فيجي
Kurdistan Region (1992)	العراق
نڤيس (1967)	سانت كيتس ونڤيس
Autonomous Region of Príncipe (1995)	ساو تومه وپرنسيپه
كوسوڤو	Claimed by: صربيا Controlled by: كوسوڤو	Kosovo was placed under the administration of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo in 1999 as a result of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 and unilaterlly declared independence as the Republic of Kosovo in 2008. Serbia continues to claim Kosovo as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.
سڤالبارد	النرويج	Although it does not fit the definition of autonomous area (not possessing partial internal sovereignty), Svalbard has the sovereignty of Norway limited by the Spitsbergen Treaty of 1920 and therefore is considered as having special status (as it is considered fully integrated with Norway, and not a dependency, it is a sui generis case).
قالب:Country data Heligoland	ألمانيا	Heligoland, Germany: Although it is part of a German state, Schleswig-Holstein, it has been excluded of some European Union normatives, such as customs union and the Value Added Tax Area.
Büsingen am Hochrhein	ألمانيا	Despite being integral parts of their respective countries, these two enclaves of Switzerland predominantly use Swiss franc as currency and are in customs union with it.
Campione d'Italia	إيطاليا	Despite being integral parts of their respective countries, these two enclaves of Switzerland predominantly use Swiss franc as currency and are in customs union with it.

 Other territories considered autonomous

 Crown dependencies

Division	State	Notes
گـِرنسي	المملكة المتحدة
جزيرة مان	المملكة المتحدة
جرزي	المملكة المتحدة
جبل طارق	المملكة المتحدة

المقالة الرئيسية: British Overseas Territories, Crown dependencies, and British Islands

 British Overseas Territories

Division	State	Notes
أنگويلا	المملكة المتحدة
برمودا	المملكة المتحدة
أراضي المحيط الهندي البريطانية	المملكة المتحدة
ج. العذراء البريطانية	المملكة المتحدة
جزر كايمان	المملكة المتحدة
جزر فوكلاند	المملكة المتحدة
جبل طارق	المملكة المتحدة
مونتسرات	المملكة المتحدة
جزر پيتكيرن	المملكة المتحدة
سانت هيلينا	المملكة المتحدة
جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية	المملكة المتحدة
جزر تركس وكايكوس	المملكة المتحدة

Guernsey, the Isle of Man, and Jersey are self-governing Crown dependencies which are not part of the United Kingdom; however, the UK is responsible for their defence and international affairs. Gibraltar is a self-governing overseas territory of the UK. Most of the other 13 British Overseas Territories also have autonomy in internal affairs through local legislatures.

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 Dutch constituent countries

Division	State	Notes
أروبا	هولندا
كوراساو	هولندا
سانت مارتن	هولندا

Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, each with their own parliament. In addition they enjoy autonomy in taxation matters as well as having their own currencies.

 French overseas collectivities, New Caledonia, and Corsica

Division	State	Notes
ألزاس (2021)	فرنسا	single territorial collectivity
كورسيكا (2018)	فرنسا	single territorial collectivity
گويانا الفرنسية	فرنسا
گوادلوپ	فرنسا
مارتينيك	فرنسا
مايوطة	فرنسا
ريونيون	فرنسا
جزيرة كليپرتون	فرنسا
پولينيزيا الفرنسية	فرنسا
سانت بارتليمي	فرنسا
سان مارتن	فرنسا
سان پيير وميكلون	فرنسا
والس وفوتونا	فرنسا
كاليدونيا الجديدة	فرنسا
الأراضي الجنوبية والأنتارتيكية الفرنسية	فرنسا

المقالة الرئيسية: Overseas collectivity

The French Constitution recognises three autonomous jurisdictions. Corsica, a region of France, enjoys a greater degree of autonomy on matters such as tax and education compared to mainland regions. New Caledonia, a sui generis collectivity, and French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity, are highly autonomous territories with their own government, legislature, currency and constitution. They do not, however, have legislative powers for policy areas relating to law and order, defense, border control or university education. Other smaller overseas collectivities have a lesser degree of autonomy through local legislatures. The five overseas regions, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion, are generally governed the same as mainland regions; however, they enjoy some additional powers, including certain legislative powers for devolved areas.

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 New Zealand overseas territories

Division	State	Notes
جزر كوك	نيوزيلندا
نيووِيْ	نيوزيلندا
توكلاو	نيوزيلندا

New Zealand maintains nominal sovereignty over three Pacific Island nations. The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing countries in free association with New Zealand that maintain some international relationships in their own name. Tokelau remains an autonomous dependency of New Zealand. The Chatham Islands—despite having the designation of Territory—is an integral part of the country, situated within the New Zealand archipelago. The territory's council is not autonomous and has broadly the same powers as other local councils, although notably it can also charge levies on goods entering or leaving the islands.

 Ethnic autonomous territories

 Ethiopian special woredas

In Ethiopia, "special woredas" are a subgroup of woredas (districts) that are organized around the traditional homelands of an ethnic minority, and are outside the usual hierarchy of a kilil, or region. These woredas have many similarities to autonomous areas in other countries.

 Areas designated for indigenous peoples

Division	State	Notes
Nisga'a Nation	كندا
قالب:Country data Nunatsiavut	كندا
قالب:Country data Tłı̨chǫ	كندا
قالب:Country data Hopi Reservation	الولايات المتحدة
قالب:Country data Cherokee Nation	الولايات المتحدة
قالب:Country data Choctaw Nation	الولايات المتحدة
Pine Ridge Indian Reservation	الولايات المتحدة
قالب:Country data Navajo Nation	الولايات المتحدة
Emberá-Wounaan	پنما
Kuna de Madugandí	پنما
Kuna de Wargandí	پنما
Kuna Yala	پنما
Ngöbe-Buglé	پنما
Naso Tjër Di Comarca	پنما

Other areas that are autonomous in nature but not in name are areas designated for indigenous peoples, such as those of the Americas:

• Aboriginal (First Nation or Native American or Indian) Indian reserve and Indian reservation, in, respectively, Canada and the United States.
• the five comarcas indígenas ("indigenous regions") of Panama.

 List of historical autonomous administrative divisions

هذه القائمة غير مكتملة؛ بإمكانك المساعدة بتنميتها.

• Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship
• Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao in the Philippines (1989–2019)
• Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus in Albania (1914).
• Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union (1922–1990)
• Subcarpathian Rus and Slovakia within Czechoslovakia (1938–1939).
• Grand Duchy of Finland of the Russian Empire.
• Magyar Autonomous Region of Socialist Republic of Romania (1952–1968)
• Southern Ireland (1921–22) and Northern Ireland (1921–72) within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

 See also

• Devolution
• List of autonomous areas by country
  • Autonomous administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China
  • Autonomous administrative divisions of India
  • Autonomous administrative divisions of Russia
  • Autonomous administrative divisions of Spain
• of autonomous regions leaders
• Personal union
• Region (administrative)

 References

 Works cited

• M. Weller and S. Wolff (eds), Autonomy, Self-governance and Conflict Resolution: Innovative Approaches to Institutional Design in Divided Societies. Abingdon, Routledge, 2005
• From Conflict to Autonomy in Nicaragua: Lessons Learnt, report by Minority Rights Group International
• P.M. Olausson, Autonomy and Islands, A Global Study of the Factors that determine Island Autonomy. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University Press, 2007.
• Thomas Benedikter (ed.), Solving Ethnic Conflict through Self-Government - A Short Guide to Autonomy in Europe and South Asia, EURAC Bozen 2009,
• Thomas Benedikter, 100 Years of Modern Territorial Autonomy - Autonomy around the World, Berlin/Zürich, LIT 2021, ISBN 978-3-643-91401-9 (pb)
• Thomas Benedikter, The World's Modern Autonomy Systems, EURAC Bozen 2010; https://www.academia.edu/44170136/The_Worlds_Modern_Autonomy_Systems