قائمة الملوك الإنگليز

انظر أيضاً: List of English consorts.
The Royal Arms of England, as introduced by King Richard the Lionheart in 1198, and before its later quarterings with other shields, additions of supporters and other embellishments

This is a list of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England. The first ruler in Britain to adopt the title King of the English (Rex Anglorum in Latin) was Offa of Mercia in 774, though the continuous list of English monarchs traditionally begins with Egbert of Wessex in 829. The English kingdom was not permanently unified until 927, under Athelstan. Wales was annexed in 1536, and England underwent union with Scotland in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Since that date the title King or Queen of England is incorrect, though has remained in wide usage to the present day.

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الملوك الإنگليز

بيت مرسيا

The first ruler to assume the title King of the English is sometimes said to be Offa in 774, who had been King of Mercia since 757, but this claim is based on charters forged in the 10th century.[1]

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
Offa
(+OFFA•REX+)
774-796
Penny of Offa son of Thingfrith Cynethryth
5 children
26 or 29 July 796

بيت وسكس

The continuous list traditionally starts with Egbert, King of Wessex from 802, the first King of Wessex to have overlordship over much of England.[2] He defeated the Mercians and became Bretwalda in 829. Permanent unity was not achieved until 927, under Athelstan.

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
Egbert
(Ecgberht)
829-839[3]
Egbert c.775[4]
son of Ealhmund of Kent[3]
Redburga
3 children[3]
4 February 839
aged about 64[3]
Ethelwulf
(Æþelwulf)
5 February
839-856
Ethelwulf Aachen
son of Egbert and Redburga
(1) Osburga
6 children
(2) Judith of Flanders
1 October 853
no children
13 January 858
62 or 63[5]
Ethelbald
(Æþelbald)
856-860
Aethelbald of wessex eb.jpg c.831
son of Ethelwulf and Osburga
Judith of Flanders
no children
20 December 860
aged about 29[6]
Ethelbert
(Æþelberht)
21 December
860-865
Coin of Ethelbert c.835
son of Ethelwulf and Osburga
unknown
2 children
865
aged about 30[7]
Ethelred
(Æþelræd)
865-871
Coin of Ethelred c.837
son of Ethelwulf and Osburga
Wulfrida
868
2 children
23 April 871
aged about 34[8]
Alfred the Great
(Ælfræd)
24 April
871–899[9]
Statue of Alfred the Great in Wantage c.849
Wantage
son of Ethelwulf and Osburga[10]
Ealhswith
Winchester
868
6 children[11]
26 October 899
aged about 50[9]
Edward the Elder
(Eadweard)
27 October
899–924[12]
Edward the Elder c.871-877
son of Alfred the Great and Ealhswith[13]
(1) Ecgwynn
893
3 children
(2) Aelffaed
c.902
10 children
(3) Edgiva of Kent
905
4 children[14]
17 July 924
Farndon, Cheshire
aged about 50[12]
Elfward
(Ælfweard)
18 July -
2 August 924
No image
available
c.902
son of Edward the Elder and Aelffaed
unmarried 2 August 924
aged about 22
Athelstan the Glorious
(Æþelstan)
3 August
924–939[15]
The tomb of King Athelstan in Malmesbury Abbey 895
son of Edward the Elder and Ecgwynn[16]
unmarried[15] 27 October 939
aged about 44[15]
Edmund the Magnificent
(Eadmund)
28 October
939–946[17]
Imaginary portrait of Edmund I c.921
son of Edward the Elder and Edgiva of Kent[17]
(1) Elgiva
3 children
(2) Æthelflæd of Damerham
944
no children[18]
26 May 946
Pucklechurch
aged about 25 (murdered)[17]
Edred
(Eadred)
27 May
946–955[19]
Imaginary line engraving of Edred made by un unknown engraver after an unknown artist c.923
son of Edward the Elder and Edgiva of Kent[20]
unmarried[20] 23 November 955
Frome
aged about 32[21]
Edwy the Fair
(Eadwig)
24 November
955–959[22]
Line engraving of Edwy made by an unknown engraver after an unknown artist c.940
son of Edmund the Magnificent and Elgiva[23]
Elgiva[22] 1 October 959
aged about 19[22]
Edgar the Peaceable
(Eadgar)
2 October
959–975[24]
King Edgar of England c.943
Wessex
son of Edmund the Magnificent and Elgiva[25]
(1) Ethelflaed
c.960
1 son
(2) Wulfthryh
1 daughter
(3) Ælfthryth
c.964[25]
2 sons
8 July 975
Winchester
aged about 32[26]
Saint Edward the Martyr
(Eadweard)
9 July
975–978[27]
St. Edward the Martyr c.962
son of Edgar the Peaceable and Ethelflaed[28]
unmarried 18 March 978
Corfe Castle
aged about 16 (assassinated)[27]
Ethelred the Unready
(Æþelræd Unræd)
19 March
978–1016[29]
Image of Ethelred II with an oversize sword from the illuminated manuscript "The Chronicle of Abingdon" c.968
son of Edgar the Peaceable and Ælfthryth[30]
(1) Ælflaed of Northumbria
4 children
(2) Aelgifu
991
6 children
(3) Emma of Normandy
1002
3 children[31]
23 April 1016
لندن
aged about 48[29]
Edmund Ironside
(Eadmund)
24 April -
30 November 1016[32]
Edmund Ironside c.993
son of Ethelred the Unready and Ælflaed of Northumbria[32]
Edith of East Anglia
2 children[33]
30 November 1016
Glastonbury
aged about 23[32][33]

بيت دنمارك

England came under the rule of Danish kings following the reign of Ethelred the Unready. Some, though not all, of these were also kings of Denmark.

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
Sweyn Forkbeard
(Svend Tjugeskæg)
25 December[34]
1013–1014[35]
Sweyn Forkbeard, from an architectural element in the Swansea Guildhall, Swansea, Wales c.960
Denmark
son of Harald Bluetooth and Gyrid Olafsdotti[36]
(1) Gunhilda of Poland
c.990
7 children
(2) Sigrid the Haughty
c.1000
1 daughter[36]
3 February 1014
Gainsborough
aged about 54[36]
Canute
(Knud)
1 December
1016–1035[37]
c.995
son of Sweyn Forkbeard[37]
(1) Aelgifu of Northampton
2 children
(2) Emma of Normandy
1017[37]
12 November 1035
Shaftesbury
aged about 40[37]
Harold Harefoot
(Harald)
13 November
1035–1040[38]
Harold Harefoot.jpg c.1016/7
son of Canute and Aelgifu of Northampton[38]
Aelgifu
1 son[39]
17 March 1040
Oxford
aged about 23 or 24[38]
Harthacanute
(Hardeknud)
18 June
1040–1042[40]
1018
son of Canute and Emma of Normandy[39]
unknown 8 June 1042
Lambeth
aged about 24[39]


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بيت وسكس (اُستـُعيد)

The old West Saxon line was restored, but Edward the Confessor, who was later canonised, was more Norman than English in his sympathies.

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
Saint Edward the Confessor
(Eadweard)
9 June
1042–1066[41]
EdtheCon.jpg c.1005
Islip, Oxfordshire
son of Ethelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy[41]
Edith of Wessex
23 January 1045
no children[41]
5 January 1066
Westminster Palace
aged about 60[41]
Harold Godwinson
(Harold Godwinesson)
6 January -
14 October 1066[41]
Harold2.jpg c.1020
son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir[41]
(1) Edith Swan-neck
6 children

(2) Ealdgyth of Mercia
York
c.1064
1 son[41]

14 October 1066
Hastings
aged about 46 (died in battle)[41]
Edgar the Atheling
(Eadgar Æþeling)
15 October -
17 December 1066[42]
[1] c.1053
Hungary
son of Edward the Exile and Agatha[43]
unmarried[43] c.1125
aged about 72[42]

بيت نورماندي

It was only after the Norman Conquest of 1066 that monarchs took regnal numbers in the French fashion, though the earlier custom of distinguishing monarchs by nicknames did not die out immediately.

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
William I the Conqueror
(Guillaume le Conquérant
ou le Bâtard
)
25 December
1066–1087[44]
William the Conqueror depicted at the Battle of Hastings, on the Bayeux Tapestry c.1027
Falaise Castle
son of Robert II, Duke of Normandy and Herleva[44]
Matilda of Flanders
Cathedral of Notre Dame
1053
10 children[44]
9 September 1087
Priory of St. Gervais
aged about 60[44]
William II Rufus
(Guillaume le Roux)
26 September
1087–1100[44]
William Rufus depicted in the Stowe Manuscript c.1060
Normandy
son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders[44]
unmarried 2 August 1100
New Forest
aged about 40[44]
Henry I
(Henri Beauclerc)
5 August
1100–1135[45]
Henry I September 1068
Selby
son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders[45]
(1) Edith of Scotland
كنيسة وستمنستر
11 November 1100
4 children
(2) Adeliza of Louvain
Windsor Castle
29 January 1121
no children[45]
1 December 1135
Saint-Denis-le-Fermont
aged 67[45]
Stephen
(Étienne de Blois)
22 December
1135–1154[46]
Stephen c.1096
Blois
son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy[45]
Matilda of Boulogne
Westminster
1125
5 children[45]
25 October 1154
Dover Castle
aged about 58[45]
Matilda
(Mathilde ou
Maud l'Impératrice
)
7 April1 November 1141[47]
Matilda 7 February 1102
Sutton Courtenay
only legitimate daughter of Henry I and Edith of Scotland[48]
(1) Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
Mainz
6 January 1114
no children
(2) Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
Le Mans Cathedral
22 May 1128
4 children[47]
10 September 1167
Abbey of the Notre Dame des Prés
aged 65[47]

بيت Plantagenet

The early Plantagenets ruled many territories in فرنسا, and did not regard England as their primary home until after most of their French possessions were lost by King John. This long-lived dynasty is usually divided into three houses: the Angevins, the House of Lancaster, and the House of York.

Angevins

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
Henry II
(Henri Court-manteau)
19 December
1154–1189[49]
Henry II 5 March 1133
Le Mans
son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda[49]
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Bordeaux Cathedral
18 May 1152
8 children[49]
6 July 1189
Château Chinon
aged 56[49]
Henry the Young King
(coregent with his father)
14 June
1170–1183
[2] 28 February 1155

son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine

Marguerite of France
Winchester Cathedral
27 August 1172
1 child
11 June 1183
Martel, Limoges
aged 28
Richard I the Lionheart
(Richard Cœur de Lion)
3 September
1189–1199[49]
Richard the Lionheart, an illustration from a 12th century codex 8 September 1157
Beaumont Palace
son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine[49]
Berengaria of Navarre
Limassol
12 May 1191
no children[49]
6 April 1199
Chalus
aged 41[49]
John Lackland
(Jean Sans Terre)
27 May
1199–1216[50]
Tomb effigy of John 24 December 1167
Beaumont Palace
son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine[50]
(1) Isabel of Gloucester
Marlborough Castle
29 August 1189
no children

(2) Isabella of Angoulême
Bordeaux Cathedral
24 August 1200
5 children[50]

19 October 1216
Newark Castle
aged 48[50]
Henry III
28 October
1216–1272[51]
The effigy of Henry III in Westminster Abbey 1 October 1207
Winchester Castle
son of John and Isabella of Angoulême[51]
Eleanor of Provence
Canterbury Cathedral
14 January 1236
9 children[51]
16 November 1272
Westminster Palace
aged 65[51]
Edward I Longshanks
20 November
1272–1307[52]
King Edward I.jpg 17 June 1239
Westminster Palace
son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence[52]
(1) Eleanor of Castile
Abbey of Las Huelgas
18 October 1254
17 children

(2) Marguerite of France
10 September 1299
3 children[52]

7 July 1307
Burgh by Sands
aged 68[52]
Edward II
7 July 1307 -
25 January 1327[53]
Modern depiction of Edward II 25 April 1284
Caernarfon Castle
son of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile[53]
Isabella of France
Boulogne Cathedral
25 January 1308
5 children[53]
21 September 1327
Berkeley Castle
aged 43 (murdered)[53]
Edward III
25 January
1327–1377[54]
The effigy of Edward III in Westminster Abbey 13 November 1312
Windsor Castle
son of Edward II and Isabella of France[54]
Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
24 January 1328
14 children[54]
21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
aged 64[54]
Richard II
21 June 1377 -
29 September 1399[55]
Richard II, by André Beauneveu, 1390s 6 January 1367
Bordeaux
son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan of Kent[55]
(1) Anne of Bohemia
14 January 1382
no children

(2) Isabella of Valois
Calais
4 November 1396
no children[55]

6 January 1400
Pontefract Castle
aged 33[55]


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بيت لانكاستر

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
هنري الرابع بولن‌بروك
30 سبتمبر
1399–1413[56]
هنري الرابع 3 أبريل 1366/7
قلعة بولن‌بروك
ابن جون من گونت و بلانش من لنكاستر[56]
(1) ماري دى بوهون
قلعة أروندل
27 يوليو 1380
7 أنجال

(2) جوانا من ناڤار
كاتدرائية ونشستر
7 فبراير 1403
بدون أطفال[56]

20 مارس 1413
كنيسة وستمنستر
عن عمر 45 أو 46[57]
هنري الخامس
20 مارس
1413–1422[56]
هنري الخامس 9 أغسطس 1387
قلعة مونموث
ابن هنري الرابع وماري دى بوهون[56]
كاترين من ڤالوا
كاتدرائية ترويس
2 يونيو 1420
ابن واحد[56]
31 أغسطس 1422
شاتو ڤانسان
عن عمر 35[56]
هنري السادس
31 أغسطس 1422
- 4 مارس 1461

30 أكتوبر 1470
- 11 أبريل 1471[58]

هنري السادس 6 ديسمبر 1421
قلعة ونزر
ابن هنري الخامس وكاترين من ڤالوا[58]
مارگرت من أنجو
أبرشية تتشفيلد
22 أبريل 1445
ابن واحد[58]
21 مايو 1471
برج لندن
عن عمر 49 (أغتيل)[58]

بيت يورك

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
Edward IV
4 March 1461 -
3 October 1470

11 April 1471–1483[59]

Edward IV 28 April 1442
Rouen
son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville[59]
Elizabeth Woodville
Grafton Regis
1 May 1464
10 children[59]
9 April 1483
Westminster Palace
aged 40[59]
Edward V
9 April25 June 1483[60]
Edward V 2 November 1470
Westminster
son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville[60]
unmarried c. 1483
لندن
aged about 12 (traditionally murdered)[61]
Richard III
26 June
1483–1485[62]
Richard III 2 October 1452
Fotheringhay Castle
son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville[63]
Anne Neville
كنيسة وستمنستر
12 July 1472
1 son[63]
22 August 1485
Bosworth Field
aged 32 (killed in battle)[63]

بيت تيودور

The Tudors were of Welsh ancestry, and in 1536 Wales was fully incorporated into the English state (having been under English control since 1284). With Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Elizabeth I's title became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
Henry VII
22 August
1485–1509[64]
Henry VII, by Michel Sittow, 1505 28 January 1457
Pembroke Castle
son of Edmund Tudor and Lady Margaret Beaufort[64]
Elizabeth of York
كنيسة وستمنستر
18 January 1486
8 children[64]
21 April 1509
Richmond Palace
aged 52[64]
Henry VIII
21 April
1509–1547[65]
Henry VIII, by Hans Holbein, c.1536 28 June 1491
Greenwich Palace
son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York[65]
(1) Catherine of Aragon
Greenwich
11 June 1509
1 daughter

(2) Anne Boleyn
Westminster Palace
25 January 1533
1 daughter (3) Jane Seymour
Whitehall Palace
30 May 1536
1 son (4) Anne of Cleves
Greenwich Palace
6 January 1540 (5) Catherine Howard
Hampton Court Palace
28 July 1540 (6) Catherine Parr
Hampton Court Palace
12 July 1543[65]

28 January 1547
Whitehall Palace
aged 55[65]
Edward VI
28 January
1547–1553[66]
Edward VI, by Hans Eworth 12 October 1537
Hampton Court Palace
son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour[66]
unmarried 6 July 1553
Greenwich Palace
aged 15[66]
Jane
("The Nine Days' Queen")
10 July19 July 1553[67]
Streathamladyjayne.jpg October 1537
Bradgate Park
daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Lady Frances Brandon[67]
Lord Guildford Dudley
The Strand
21 May 1553
no children[68]
12 February 1554
Tower of London
aged 16 (beheaded)[67]
Mary I
("Bloody Mary")
19 July
1553–1558[66]
Mary I, by Antonius Mor, 1554 18 February 1516
Greenwich Palace
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon[66]
Philip II of Spain
Winchester Cathedral
25 July 1554
no children[66]
17 November 1558
St. James's Palace
aged 42[66]
Elizabeth I
("The Virgin Queen")
17 November
1558–1603[66]
Elizabeth I, by Darnley 7 September 1533
Greenwich Palace
daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn[66]
unmarried 24 March 1603
Richmond Palace
aged 69[66]

بيت ستوارت

Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue, the Scottish king, James VI, succeeded to the English throne as James I in what became known as the Union of the Crowns. In 1604 he adopted the title King of Great Britain, although the two kingdoms remained separate.

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
James I
24 March
1603–1625[69]
James I, by Paulus van Somer 19 June 1566
Edinburgh Castle
son of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and Mary, Queen of Scots[69]
Anne of Denmark
Oslo
23 November 1589
7 children[69]
27 March 1625
Theobalds House
aged 58[69]
Charles I
("Saint Charles the Martyr")
27 March
1625–1649[70]
Charles I, by Anthony van Dyck 19 November 1600
Dunfermline Palace
son of James I and Anne of Denmark[70]
Henrietta Maria of France
St Augustine's Abbey
13 June 1625
9 children[70]
30 January 1649
Whitehall Palace
aged 48 (executed)[70]

الكومنويلث

There was no reigning monarch between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Despite this, from 1653 the following individuals held power as Lords Protector, during the period known as the Protectorate.

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
Oliver Cromwell
("Old Ironsides")
16 December
1653–1658[71]
Oliver Cromwell, an unfinished portrait miniature by Samuel Cooper 25 April 1599
Huntingdon[71]
son of Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Stewart[72]
Elizabeth Bourchier
St Giles[73]
22 August 1620
9 children[71]
3 September 1658
Whitehall
aged 59[71]
Richard Cromwell
("Tumbledown Dick")
3 September 1658
- 7 May 1659[74]
Richard Cromwell, c.1650 4 October 1626
Huntingdon
son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier[74]
Dorothy Maijor
May 1649
0 children[74]
12 July 1712
Cheshunt
aged 85[75]

بيت ستوارت (اُستـُعيد)

Although the monarchy was restored in 1660, no stable settlement proved possible until the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when parliament finally asserted the right to choose whomsoever it pleased as monarch.

العاهل صورة الميلاد الزيجات الوفاة
Charles II
8 May
1660–1685[76]
Charles II of England in Coronation robes.jpg 29 May 1630
St. James's Palace
son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France[76]
Catherine of Braganza
Portsmouth
21 May 1662
3 children (none survived infancy)[76]
6 February 1685
Whitehall Palace
aged 54[76]
James II
6 February 1685 -
23 December 1688[77]
James II of England.jpg 14 October 1633
St. James's Palace
son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France[77]
(1) Anne Hyde
The Strand
3 September 1660
8 children

(2) Mary of Modena
Dover
21 November 1673
7 children[77]

16 September 1701
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
aged 67[77]
William III
(Willem Hendrik,
Prins van Oranje)

13 February
1689–1702[78]
Portrait of William III, (1650-1702).jpg 4 November 1650
The Hague
son of William II, Prince of Orange and Mary Stuart[79]
St James's Palace
4 November 1677
3 children (none survived infancy)[78]
8 March 1702
Kensington Palace
aged 51[78]
Mary II
13 February
1689–1694[77]
Queen Mary II.jpg 30 April 1662
St James's Palace
daughter of James II and Anne Hyde[77]
28 December 1694
Kensington Palace
aged 32[77]
Anne
8 March
1702-1707[80]
Great Britain
1 May 1707-1714
Anniex.jpg 6 February 1665
St James's Palace
daughter of James II and Anne Hyde[81]
George of Denmark
St James's Palace
28 July 1683
17 children[81]
1 August 1714
Kensington Palace
aged 49[81]

England and Scotland entered into legislative and governmental union on 1 May 1707 under the Acts of Union 1707, though retained separate legal systems and other attributes thereafter. For the continuation of this list, therefore, go to List of British monarchs.

الألقاب

The standard title for all monarchs from Alfred the Great until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum ("King of the English"). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:

  • Alfred the Great: Rex Angulsaxonum and Rex Anglorum et Saxonum
  • Athelstan: Rex Anglorum per omnipatrantis dexteram totius Bryttaniæ regni solio sublimatus
  • Edmund the Magnificent: Rex Britanniae and Rex Anglorum caeterarumque gentium gobernator et rector
  • Edred: Regis qui regimina regnorum Angulsaxna, Norþhymbra, Paganorum, Brettonumque
  • Edwy the Fair: Rex nutu Dei Angulsæxna et Northanhumbrorum imperator paganorum gubernator Breotonumque propugnator
  • Edgar the Peaceable: Totius Albionis finitimorumque regum basileus
  • Canute: Rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector and Brytannie totius Anglorum monarchus

In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with occasional use of Rex Anglie ("King of England"). Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum ("Lady of the English"). From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex Anglie, or Regina Anglie ("Queen of England") if female. In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne (who was of course Queen of Great Britain rather than king).[82]

هامش

  1. ^ Keynes, Simon (1999), "Offa", in Lapidge, Michael, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford, pp. 301-341, ISBN 0-631-22492-0  "The notion that Offa claimed to be 'king of the English', or 'king of the whole country of England', has been shown to depend, however, on charters forged in the tenth century. In his own day he was 'king of the Mercians', and proud enough to be so." (p. 341) Wormald, Patrick (1982), "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in Campbell, James, The Anglo-Saxons, London: Phaidon, pp. 101-128, ISBN 0-14-0143950-5  "Charlemagne, moreover, saw England as if it were ruled by two kings only; Aethelred ruling Northumbria, and Offa everything to the south." (p. 101)
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  12. ^ أ ب EADWEARD (Edward the Elder) @ Archontology.org. URL last accessed on 15 March 2007.
  13. ^ There are various references listing Edward the Elder's birth as sometime in the 870s, being the second child of a marriage of 868. There are no sources listing his birth as after 877. Anglo-Saxons.net : Edward the Elder. URL last accessed on 15 March 2007.
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  24. ^ EADGAR (Edgar the Peacemaker) @ Archontology.org. URL last accessed 17 March 2007.
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  29. ^ أ ب Ethelred the Unready was forced to go into exile in the summer of 1013, following Danish attacks, but was invited back following Sweyn Forkbeard's death. AETHELRED (the Unready) @ Archontology.org. URL last accessed 17 March 2007
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  55. ^ أ ب ت ث Richard II was deposed, and became a prisoner of Henry Bolingbroke, who usurped the throne from the prior claims of the issue of his father John of Gaunt. "thePeerage.com - Person Page 10206". Retrieved 2007-10-25.
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  58. ^ أ ب ت ث إدوارد الرابع اغتصب العرش في 1461 بعد سنوات من الحرب الأهلية. هنري السادس أعيد للحكم لخمسة أشهر في 1470 قبل خلعه مرة أخرى نهائياً. "thePeerage.com - Person Page 10186". Retrieved 2007-10-25.
  59. ^ أ ب ت ث Edward was briefly deposed during his reign by Henry VI. "thePeerage.com - Person Page 10164". Retrieved 2007-10-25.
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  82. ^ After the personal union of the three crowns, James was the first to style himself King of Great Britain, but the title was rejected by the English Parliament and had no basis in law. The Parliament of Scotland also opposed it. Croft, p67; Wilson, pp249-252. See also the early history of the Union Flag.

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