1308
| القرون: | قرن 13 · قرن 14 · قرن 15 |
| العقود: | ع1270 ع1280 ع1290 ع1300 ع1310 ع1320 ع1330 |
| السنوات: | 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 13 – القرن 14 – القرن 15 |
| عقود: | عقد 1270 عقد 1280 عقد 1290 – عقد 1300 – عقد 1310 عقد 1320 عقد 1330 |
| سنين: | 1305 1306 1307 – 1308 – 1309 1310 1311 |
| 1308 حسب الموضوع | |
| الفنون والعلوم | |
| العمارة - الفن | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول - الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفات المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد - الوفيات | |
| تصنيفات التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات - الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1308 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1308 MCCCVIII |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2061 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 757 ԹՎ ՉԾԷ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6058 |
| التقويم البهائي | −536 – −535 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 715 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2258 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 1 Edw. 2 – 2 Edw. 2 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1852 |
| التقويم البورمي | 670 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6816–6817 |
| التقويم الصيني | 丁未年 (النار الماعز) 4004 أو 3944 — إلى — 戊申年 (التراب القرد) 4005 أو 3945 |
| التقويم القبطي | 1024–1025 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2474 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1300–1301 |
| التقويم العبري | 5068–5069 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1364–1365 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1230–1231 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4409–4410 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11308 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 308–309 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 686–687 |
| التقويم الهجري | 707–708 |
| التقويم الياباني | Tokuji 3 / Enkyō 1 (延慶元年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1308 MCCCVIII |
| التقويم الكوري | 3641 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 604 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前604年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1851 |
Year 1308 (MCCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the التقويم اليولياني.
أحداث
يناير-مارس
- January 25 – King Edward II marries the 13-year-old Isabella of France, daughter of King Philip IV of France ("Philip the Fair"). The marriage takes place at Boulogne and Edward leaves his friend and favourite, Piers Gaveston, as regent in his absence. Isabella's wardrobe indicates her wealth and style – she has dresses of silk, velvet, taffeta and cloth along with numerous furs; she has over 72 headdresses and coifs. Isabella brings with her two gold crowns, gold and silver dinnerware and 419 yards of linen. Meanwhile, Edward alienates the nobles by placing Gaveston in such a powerful position, who react by signing the Boulogne agreement on January 31.[1][2]
- February 1 – Herman I the Tall Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (and co-ruler of Brandenburg with Otto IV), dies and is succeeded as Margrave by his son John V.
- February 25 – Edward II is crowned at Westminster Abbey under the guidance of Henry Woodlock, bishop of Winchester. During the ceremony, Piers Gaveston is given the honour of carrying the crown. At the banquet that followed, Edward spends more time with Gaveston than with his wife Isabella of France. Isabella's family, who have travelled with her from France, leave to report back to Philip IV of Edward's favouritism for Gaveston over Isabella. As part of the coronation, Edward swears an oath to uphold "the rightful laws and customs which the community of the realm shall have chosen".[3][4]
- March 8 – King Denis of Portugal, "the Poet King", grants Póvoa de Varzim a charter, the Foral, giving royal lands to 54 families, who found a municipality known as Póvoa around Praça Velha.
- March 18 – Brothers Andrei Rurik and Lev II Rurik become the co-monarchs of Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine and Poland, with a capital at Lviv), upon the death of their father, King Yuri I of Galicia. The two brothers will reign until their deaths in 1323 at the Battle of Berestia against Mongol invaders.
أبريل-يونيو
- 15 أبريل - أبو حمو الأول ascends to the throne of the مملكة تلمسان after the death of his brother أبو زيان الأول.
- May 1 – King Albrecht I of Germany, ruler of the Regnum Teutonicorum and King of the Romans within the Holy Roman Empire, is assassinated at Windisch in Switzerland by his nephew, John of Swabia, the day after the two had an argument at a banquet in Winterthur.
- 20 مايو - The Genoese, besieged in Caffa by the khan of the Golden Horde Toqtaï , themselves set the town on fire and fled aboard their boats
- May 23 – Battle of Inverurie: Scottish forces led by King Robert the Bruce defeat the rival Scots under John Comyn at Oldmeldrum. During the battle, Robert repulses a surprise attack on his camp, and counter-attacks the Scots of Clan Comyn. John flees to seek refuge at the English court and is well received by Edward II, who appoints him as Lord Warden of the Marches. Meanwhile, Robert orders his forces to burn the farms, houses and strongholds associated with Clan Cumming in north-east Scotland. The Earldom of Buchan will never again rise for Clan Cumming.[5]
- 25 مايو - he count of Forez creates the fairs of Montbrison and protects the merchants who go there
- June 25 – Piers Gaveston is exiled for the second time by the Parliament, due to possible corruption and exploited personal gains. As compensation for the loss of the Earldom of Cornwall, which is another condition of his exile, Gaveston is granted land worth 3,000 marks annually in Gascony. Further to this, he is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland – so that a certain amount of honour can be maintained despite the humiliation of the exile. Gaveston is also threatened with ex-communication by Pope Clement V. Edward II accompanies him to Bristol, from where he sets sail for Ireland.[6][7]
- June 28 – After 138 members of the Knights Templar were convicted of heresy on October 19, 1307, a trial is held for 54 Templars who testify before Pope Clement V, with most confessing to at least one charge.
July – September
- July 2 – Alauddin Khalji, Sultan of Delhi sets off from the Indian city of Delhi toward the Fort of Siwana (now in the Rajasthan state) to begin the siege of Siwana, which is completed in September.[8]
- July 28 – Abu Thabit 'Amir dies and is succeeded by his brother Abu al-Rabi Sulayman as ruler of the Marinid Sultanate.
- July 30 – Chungseon of Goryeo becomes the King of Korea for the second time, after the death of his father, King Chungnyeol of Korea. Chungseon had ruled for a few months in 1298 during the illness of his father.
- August 11 – Pope Clement V grants the Knights Hospitaller permission to begin the Crusade of the Poor.
- August 12 – Pope Clement V publishes the papal bull Faciens Misericordiam ("The granting of forgiveness"), absolving the Knights Templar from charges of heresy and declaring that the Roman Catholic Church, rather than any individual nation, will be in charge of future charges against the Knights.[9] On the same day, he issues the bull Regnans in coelis, summoning what will become the Council of Vienne in 1311.
- August 14 – King Ananta Malla of Nepal dies after a reign of 34 years, leaving the Himalayan Mountains kingdom without a monarch for five years.[10]
- August 15 – The Knights Hospitaller complete the conquest of the Greek island of Rhodes after four years.[11]
- August 20 – The Chinon Parchment is written by French Cardinal Berengar Fredol the Elder, summarizing the results of the investigations of Fredol and the two other Cardinals of their disposition of the Knights Templar charges. The parchment is then put in the Vatican Apostolic Archive and will remain undiscovered for almost seven centuries before being rediscovered by Barbara Frale.[9]
- August 31 – (Tokuji 3, 15th day of the 8th month of Tokuji 3) Prince Morikuni becomes the ninth, and last, shogun of the Kamakura bakufu.
- September 10 – (Tokuji 3, 25th day of the 8th month) At the age of 11, Hanazono becomes the 95th Emperor of Japan upon the death of his cousin, the Emperor Go-Nijō. Emperor Hanazono will rule until 1348.
- September – Siege of Siwana: Delhi forces under Alauddin Khalji capture the Siwana fortress after a two-month siege. During the siege, Alauddin defiles the main water tank of Siwana (by a traitor) with cows' blood.[12]
October – December
- October 5 – Guy II de la Roche, Duchy of Athens, dies at the age of 28, bringing an end to the de la Roche dynasty. He is succeeded by his cousin, Walter V, Count of Brienne.[13]
- October 20 – The English Parliament begins its fourth session of the reign of King Edward II and meets at Westminster.[14]
- November 10 – After the fall of the fortress of Siwana in India, Prince Sital Deva is ambushed while trying to flee to safety at Jalor. The soldiers decapitate Sital and present his head as a trophy to the Delhi Sultan, Alauddin.[8]
- November 13 – The Teutonic Knights capture Gdańsk by treachery – while a Brandenburger force of 100 knights and 200 followers led by Heinrich von Plötzke and Günther von Schwarzburg lay siege to the city. The garrison of Gdańsk castle is too weak to defend itself against the Brandenburgers. Meanwhile, the Polish ruler of Gdańsk Pomerania, Władysław I Łokietek ("Wladyslaw the Elbow-High"), is unable to send reinforcements. The citizens call upon the Teutonic Knights for military help and offer to pay their costs. The arrival of the knights, lead the Brandenburgers to beat a hasty retreat. In an act of supreme treachery, the Teutonic Knights attack the city they have come to save. The houses of both Polish and German are burnt and destroyed. Many people are slaughtered without mercy, including women and children who have sought sanctuary in churches. Within a year, the German Crusaders occupy the whole of Eastern Pomerania and consolidate their power at the Baltic Sea.[15]
- November 22 – The coronation of the Emperor Hanazono of Japan takes place at Edo.
- 27 نوفمبر -
- Henry VII, King of Germany، يُنتخَب امبراطوراً على الامبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة. The election comes with the support of his brother Baldwin, Archbishop of Trier, who wins over most of the electors, in exchange for some substantial concessions. The only elector who does not support Henry of Luxemburg is Henry of Bohemia.[16]
- On the same day, Hungarian nobles formally elect the 20-year-old Charles Robert of Salerno as King of Hungary and Croatia in the Hungarian city of Pest (now part of Budapest). He becomes Charles I, but his rule remains nominal in most parts of the realm after he is crowned.[17]
- December 16 – Tran Anh Tong becomes the new Emperor of Dai Viet (corresponding to northern Vietnam) upon the death of his father, Tran Nhan Tong.
- December 19 – Treaty of Alcalá de Henares: King Ferdinand IV of Castile and King James II of Aragon sign an alliance in the Monastery of Santa María de Huerta. Ferdinand agrees to join James in making war by sea and by land against Granada. He also promises to give up one-sixth of Granada to Aragon, and grants him the Province of Almería.[18]
- December – King Władysław I Łokietek of Poland imprisons Jan Muskata, Bishop of Kraków. In response, Polish and German citizens revolt against his rule in Kraków (as in all Poland's cities at this time). Władysław in a delicate position responds with force and arrests the revolt's leaders. He ties them to horses and drags them through the city streets.
- 22 ديسمبر - نزول إندراڤارمان الثالث عن العرش ليتقاعد في دير بوذي وبداية عهد إندراجاياڤارمان، ملكاً على كمبوديا (حتى 1327). استئناف اضطهاد البوذية في كمبوديا (حتى 1336).
- 28 ديسمبر - Emperor Hanazono يرتقي عرش اليابان.
مجهولة التاريخ
- أسرة Capet-Anjou تبدأ في حكم المجر.
- سلطنة الروم تنتهي.
- بوفاة Koundjouk , an elderly gengiskhanid, Talikou , ascends the throne of the khanate of Djaghatai (ended in 1309 ). Having become a Muslim in his old age, he spreads Islam among the Mongols
- جنرال سلطنة دلهي، ملك كافور يهزم وارنگل في الدكن.
- في الصين، فرض حظر على جمعية اللوتس البيضاء البوذية السرية (ينتهي في 1322).
- King Philip IV of France purchases the Hôtel de Nesle, and builds one of the earliest indoor tennis courts there.[19]
- تعيين حاكم عسكري بيزنطي، مدى الحياة، في ميسترا (أصل استبدادية المورة 1348 - 1460).
- انتقال الجامعة من لشبونة إلى كويمبرا.
- تاريخ تقريبي -
- Dante Alighieri begins to write the الكوميديا الإلهية.
حسب الموضوع
الأدب
- Dante Alighieri begins work on his Divine Comedy, comprising Inferno, Purgatorio and Paradiso. It is one of the most influential works of the European Middle Ages (approximate date).
العلوم والتكنولوجيا
- 8 سبتمبر - تأسيس جامعة پرودجا.
- اختراق في الجراحة: في البندقية، السماح لأول مرة في أوروپا بتشريح جثة.
مواليد
- July 26 - Stefan Dušan، امبراطور الصرب (ت. 1355)
- مجهولة التاريخ
- Longchenpa، Tibetan Buddhist teacher (ت. 1363)
- Laura de Noves، French countess (ت. 1348)
- Prince Moriyoshi، Japanese shōgun (ت. 1335)
وفيات
- 18 مارس - Yuri I of Galicia
- 5 أبريل - Ivan Kőszegi، بارون مجري
- May 1 - Albert I of Germany، Duke of Austria (أغتيل) (و. 1255)
- September 4 - Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of Sicily (و. 1250)
- September 10 - Emperor Go-Nijō of Japan (و. 1285)
- October 10 - Patrick Dunbar, 8th Earl of Dunbar
- November 8 - Duns Scotus، Scottish philosopher
- December 21 - Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse (و. 1244)
- مجهولة التاريخ
- Vakhtang III of Georgia (و. 1276)
- Andrea Morisco، Genoese pirate
الهامش
- ^ Weir, Alison (2006). Queen Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England, p. 25. London: Pimlico Books. ISBN 978-0-7126-4194-4.
- ^ Castor, Helen (2011). She-Wolves: The Woman Who Ruled England Before Elizabeth, p. 227. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-5712-3706-7.
- ^ Haines, Roy Martin (2003). King Edward II: His Life, his reign and its aftermath, 1284–1330, pp. 56–58. Montreal, Canada and Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3157-4.
- ^ Philips, Seymour (2011). Edward II, pp. 140–141. New Haven, CT & London. UK: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17802-9.
- ^ Armstrong, Pete (2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, p. 15. ISBN 1-85532-609-4.
- ^ Maddicot, J. R. (1970). Thomas of Lancaster, 1307–1322, p. 73. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821837-1.
- ^ Hamilton, J. S. (1988). Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, 1307–1312: Politics and Patronage in the Reign of Edward II, p. 53. Detroit; London: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-2008-2.
- ^ أ ب Kishori Saran Lal, History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) (The Indian Press, 1950) p.135
- ^ أ ب Barbara Frale, and Umberto Eco, The Templars: The Secret History Revealed (translation of Il papato e il processo ai templari) (Arcade Publishing, 2009) p. 168
- ^ Luciano Petech, Medieval History of Nepal (Fondata Da Giuseppe Tucci, 1984) p.109
- ^ Albert Failler, "L'occupation de Rhodes par les Hospitaliers", in Revue des études Byzantines (1992) pp. 113–135
- ^ Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, p. 198. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
- ^ Peter Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 1204–1500 (Longman Publishing, 1995) p.104
- ^ Seymour Phillips, Edward II (Yale University Press, 2011) p.152
- ^ Brzezinski, Richard (1998). History of Poland: The Piast Dynasty, p. 24. ISBN 83-7212-019-6.
- ^ Jones, Michael (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History, p. 530. Vol. VI: c. 1300–1415. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 154. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 122. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
- ^ Bernard Grun, The Timetables of History, Simon & Schuster, 3rd ed, 1991. ISBN 0671749196. p185