1244
| القرون: | قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14 |
| العقود: | ع1210 ع1220 ع1230 ع1240 ع1250 ع1260 ع1270 |
| السنوات: | 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14 |
| عقود: | عقد 1210 عقد 1220 عقد 1230 – عقد 1240 – عقد 1250 عقد 1260 عقد 1270 |
| سنين: | 1241 1242 1243 – 1244 – 1245 1246 1247 |
| 1244 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1244 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1244 MCCXLIV |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 1997 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 693 ԹՎ ՈՂԳ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 5994 |
| التقويم البهائي | −600 – −599 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 651 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2194 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 28 Hen. 3 – 29 Hen. 3 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1788 |
| التقويم البورمي | 606 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6752–6753 |
| التقويم الصيني | 癸卯年 (الماء الأرنب) 3940 أو 3880 — إلى — 甲辰年 (الخشب التنين) 3941 أو 3881 |
| التقويم القبطي | 960–961 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2410 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1236–1237 |
| التقويم العبري | 5004–5005 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1300–1301 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1166–1167 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4345–4346 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11244 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 244–245 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 622–623 |
| التقويم الهجري | 641–642 |
| التقويم الياباني | Kangen 2 (寛元２年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1244 MCCXLIV |
| التقويم الكوري | 3577 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 668 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前668年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1787 |
Year 1244 (MCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
حسب المكان
أوروبا
- March 16 - Siege of Montségur: French forces capture and destroy Château de Montségur in Languedoc, after a 9-month siege. Some 200 'heretics' (perfecti and credentes) are burnt in a bonfire, near the foot of the castle. This marks the final defeat of the Cathars (or Albigensians); the followers become scattered fugitives, meeting in forests and mountain wilds.[1]
- March 26 - Treaty of Almizra: King James I (the Conqueror) and King Ferdinand III (the Saint) agree on the distribution of Muslim lands yet to be conquered. All lands south of a line, from the cities of Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot, are reserved for the Crown of Castile. This ends further Aragonese expansion on the Iberian Peninsula.[2]
- December - King Louis IX (the Saint) falls desperately ill of a severe malarian infection. Near-death, he vowes that if he recovers he will set out for a crusade. Louis' life is spared and as soon as his health permits him, he takes the cross and immediately begins preparations for the Seventh Crusade.[3]
المشرق
- يونيو - القوات الخوارزمية (some 10,000 men) invade Syrian territory, ravaging the land and burning the villages. As Damascus is too strong for a siege, they attack Galilee, past the town of Tiberias – which they capture. The Khwarazmians attack further southward through نابلس باتجاه بيت المقدس.[4]
- 15 يوليو - Siege of Jerusalem: Khwarazmian horsemen attack and sack the 'holy city' of Jerusalem. There is bloody fighting in the streets, the Khwarazmian force their way into the Armenian Quarter, where they decimate the Christian population, and drive out the Jews. The city is left in a state of ruin.[5]
- 23 أغسطس - The Tower of David surrenders to the Khwarazmian forces, some 6,000 Christian men, women and children march out of Jerusalem. As they move along the road toward Jaffa, they see crusader flags waving on the أسوار بيت المقدس. Returning back, some 2,000 of them are massacred.[6]
- 4 أكتوبر - The Crusaders assemble a force of some 1,000 cavalry and 6,000 men outside عكا, after hearing that Jerusalem is sacked by the Khwarazmians. They are joined by the Ayyubid forces (some 4,000 men) of دمشق و حمص – while الأمير الناصر داوود brings his army from الكرك.[7]
 |
- 17 أكتوبر - معركة هربيا: جيش صليبي (حوالي 10,000 رجل) بقيادة والتر الرابع من بريان والحلفاء الأيوبيون ينهزموا بالقرب من هربيا (أو لا فوربي) على يد القوات المصرية والخوارزمية. الجيش الصليبي أبيد، بمقتل نحو 7,500 رجل. وأسر كلٍ من والتر و وليام من شاستلنوف.[8]
- 12 نوفمبر - اغتيال السلطان المريني محمد بن عبد الحق.
- في المغرب، the Marinids , a confederation of Berber Zénètes , threaten Meknes . Saïd , successor to Caliph Almohad Abd el-Ouahid II , temporarily halted their progress. Muhammad ben Abd al-Haqq is killed by an officer of the Christian mercenary militias. His brother Abû Yahyâ succeeded him and conquered Meknes in 1245 6 .
- Seville , Ceuta , Tlemcen and Meknes recognize the suzerainty of Yahyâ , Hafsid sovereign of Tunis to the detriment of the Almohades 7 .
- King Hethum I of Armenia and the King of Mosul Lulu placed themselves under Mongol protectorate 8 .
- The Tibetan lama Sakya Pandita ( 1182 - 1251 ), head of the Sakyapa religious school , went to the Mongol prince Godan (or Goden), grandson of Genghis Khan, in the Kokonor region , who wanted to receive his teachings . He remains at the court of the prince until his death 9 .
- إمبراطورية طرابيزوند - becomes a vassal of the Mongol Empire . The Sultan of Rum, ركن الدين كاي خسرو الثاني، recognizes his dependence on Batu ( Ulus Jochi ).
- إمارة روستوڤ، إمارة أوگليتسيا، إمارة بيلوزيرسك become vassals of the Mongol Empire. Prince Boris Vasilievich of Rostov , Prince Gleb Vasilkovich of Belozersky, and Prince Vladimir Konstantinovich of Uglich receive labels for government from Batu ( Ulus Dzhuchi ).
أمريكا
حسب الموضوع
الدين
- 7 يونيو - Pope Innocent IV is driven from Rome by imperial forces of Emperor Frederick II, and travels secretly in disguise to Sutri. Genoese galleys prepared by his relatives are waiting for him at the port of Civitavecchia to take him to Genoa.
- 5 أكتوبر - Innocent IV flees to France and travels to Lyon, where he arrives on November 29. Although the city is nominally subject to the Holy Roman Empire, Innocent falls under the protection of Louis IX.
- 27 ديسمبر - Innocent IV summons a general council to meet in Lyon (some 140 bishops eventually come) to attend what becomes later the مجمع ليون الأول.
مواليد
- June 24 - Henry I of Hesse, German nobleman (ت. 1308)
- June 25 - Ibn al-Fuwati, Arab historian and writer (ت. 1323)
- Agnes Blannbekin, Austrian Beguine and mystic (ت. 1315)
- Dai Biaoyuan, Chinese litterateur, poet and writer (ت. 1310)
- Elizabeth the Cuman, queen consort of Hungary (ت. 1290)
- Folquet de Lunel, French troubadour and writer (ت. 1300)
- Guy de Montfort, English nobleman and knight (ت. 1291)
- Heinrich II of Virneburg, archbishop of Cologne (ت. 1332)
- Henry I (the Fat), king of Navarre (House of Blois) (ت. 1274)
- Hong Dagu (or Charghu), Korean military leader (ت. 1291)
- Ingeborg Eriksdotter, queen consort of Norway (ت. 1287)
- John III of Prague, margrave of Brandenburg (ت. 1268)
- Louis of France, French nobleman and regent (ت. 1260)
- Margaret of Antioch, Outremer noblewoman (ت. 1308)
- Otto III (or IV), German nobleman and knight (ت. 1285)
وفيات
- March 1 - Gruffud ap Llywelyn, Welsh nobleman (و. 1196)
- March 19 - Isnardo da Chiampo, Italian preacher and priest
- April 2 - Henrik Harpestræng, Danish physician and writer
- September 3 - Guala de Roniis, bishop of Brescia (و. 1180)
- October 24 - William Briwere, English bishop and diplomat
- November 18 - Ibn Abi'l-Dam, Syrian historian (و. 1187)
- December 5 - Joan, countess of Flanders and Hainaut
- Alexander de Stirling, Scottish nobleman and knight
- Baldwin III, Flemish nobleman and knight (و. 1198)
- Bouchard IV of Avesnes, French nobleman and knight
- Eleanor of Castile, queen consort of Aragon (و. 1200)
- James of Pecorara, Italian monk, cardinal and diplomat
- John Komnenos (Doukas), emperor of Thessalonica
- Manfred III of Saluzzo, Italian nobleman and knight
- Meir Abulafia (or Ramah), Castilian rabbi and writer
- Minamoto no Mitsuyuki, Japanese politician (و. 1163)
- Ralph de Neville, English archbishop and politician
- Robert of Strathearn, Scottish nobleman and knight
- Saionji Kintsune, Japanese poet and writer (و. 1171)
- Sophia of Saxony, German noblewoman and abbess
- Yelü Chucai, Chinese advisor and statesman (و. 1190)
المراجع
- ^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 140. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 96. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 214. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 187. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Gilbert, Martin (1978). Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas, p. 25. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 188. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Dougherty, Martin J. (2007). Battles of the Crusades, pp. 176–77. ISBN 978-1-905704-58-3.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 189. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.