البحر التيراني
| Tyrrhenian Sea | |
|---|---|
 Tyrrhenian Sea | |
| الموقع | Mediterranean Sea |
| الإحداثيات | 40°N 12°E / 40°N 12°E |
| Type | Sea |
| أصل الاسم | From the ancient people of Tyrrhenians |
| بلدان الحوض | إيطاليا، فرنسا |
| مساحة السطح | 275،000 km2 (106،200 sq mi) |
| متوسط العمق | 2،000 m (6،562 ft) |
| أقصى عمق | 3،785 m (12،418 ft) |
البحر التيراني (بالإيطالية Mar Tirreno) هو أحد أفرع البحر المتوسط. والبحر التيراني محصور بين الساحل الغربي لشبه الجزيرة الإيطالية، و جزر كورسيكا وسردينيا وصقلية، ويتصل بالبحر الأيوني عبر مضيق ميسينا وتفصله عن البحر الليگوري جزيرة إلبا.
الجغرافيا
The sea is bounded by the islands of Corsica and Sardinia (to the west), the Italian Peninsula (regions of Tuscany, Lazio, Campania, Basilicata, and Calabria) to the north and east, and the island of Sicily (to the south).[1] The Tyrrhenian Sea also includes a number of smaller islands like Capri, Elba, Ischia, and Ustica.[2]
The maximum depth of the sea is 3،785 متر (12،418 ft).
The Tyrrhenian Sea is situated near where the African and Eurasian Plates meet; therefore mountain chains and active volcanoes, such as Mount Marsili, are found in its depths. The eight Aeolian Islands and Ustica are located in the southern part of the sea, north of Sicily.
أخدود كاپريرا
Within The Tyrrhenian Sea at a depth of 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) is a geographical location known as the Caprera Canyon. An exploration conducted by The One Ocean Foundation revealed colonies of rare sponges, corals and numerous fish species, many of them being endangered or at risk. The biology of the canyon is currently at risk as of November 17, 2025. This is due to an increase in travel based pollution and Bottom Trawling. The One Ocean Foundation is currently pursuing multiple layers of protection that are currently not provided for this area.[3]
الامتداد
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Tyrrhenian Sea as follows:[4]
- In the Strait of Messina: A line joining the North extreme of Cape Paci (15°42′E) with the East extreme of the Island of Sicily, Cape Peloro (38°16′N).
- On the Southwest: A line running from Cape Lilibeo (West extreme of Sicily) to the South extreme of Cape Teulada (8°38′E) in Sardinia.
- In the Strait of Bonifacio: A line joining the West extreme of Cape Testa (41°14′N) in Sardinia with the Southwest extreme of Cape Feno (41°23′N) in Corsica.
- On the North: A line joining Cape Corse (Cape Grosso, 9°23′E) in Corsica, with Tinetto Island (44°01′N 9°51′E / 44.017°N 9.850°E) and thence through Tino and Palmaria islands to San Pietro Point (44°03′N 9°50′E / 44.050°N 9.833°E) on the coast of Italy.
المخارج
There are four exits from the Tyrrhenian Sea (north to south):
| Exit | Location | Width | Connected Sea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corsica Channel | between Tuscany and Corsica 42°50′N 9°45′E / 42.833°N 9.750°E | about 80 كيلومتر (50 mi) | Ligurian Sea |
| Strait of Bonifacio | between Corsica and Sardinia | 11 كيلومتر (6.8 mi) | Mediterranean Sea (proper) |
| no name | between Sardinia and Sicily | about 290 كيلومتر (180 mi) | Mediterranean Sea (proper) |
| Strait of Messina | between Sicily and Calabria on the toe of Italy | 3 كيلومتر (1.9 mi) | Ionian Sea |
الأحواض
The Tyrrhenian Basin is divided into two basins (or plains), the Vavilov plain and the Marsili plain. They are separated by the undersea ridge known as the Issel Bridge, after Arturo Issel.[5]
الجيولوجيا
The Tyrrhenian Sea is a back-arc basin that formed due to the rollback of the Calabrian slab towards South-East during the Neogene.[5] Episodes of fast and slow trench retreat formed first the Vavilov basin and, then, the Marsili basin.[6] Submarine volcanoes and the active volcano Mount Stromboli formed because trench retreat produces extension in the overriding plate allowing the mantle to rise below the surface and partially melt. The magmatism here is also affected by the fluids released from the slab.
الاسم
Its name derives from the Greek name for the Etruscans, first mentioned by Hesiod in the 8th century BC who described them as residing in central Italy alongside the Latins.[7][8][9][10][11] The Etruscans lived along the coast of modern Tuscany, Latium and Campania, and referred to the water as the "Sea of the Etruscans".
الجزر
Islands of the Tyrrhenian Sea include:
- Corsica
- Sardinia
- Sicily
- Tuscan Archipelago
- Ischia
- Procida
- Capri
- Ustica
- Aeolian Islands[12] (including Lipari and Stromboli)
- Pontine Islands including Ponza
الموانئ
The main ports of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Italy are: Naples, Palermo, Civitavecchia (Rome), Salerno, Trapani, and Gioia Tauro. There is also Bastia, located in Corsica.
Note that even though the phrase "port of Rome" is frequently used, there is in fact no port in Rome. Instead, the "port of Rome" refers to the maritime facilities at Civitavecchia, some 68 km (42 ميل) to the northwest of Rome.[13]
Giglio Porto is a small island port in this area. It rose to prominence, when the Costa Concordia ran aground near the coast of Giglio and sank. The ship was later refloated and towed to Genoa for scrapping.[14]
الرياح
In Greek mythology, it is believed that the cliffs above the Tyrrhenian Sea housed the four winds kept by Aeolus. The winds are the Mistral from the Rhône valley, the Libeccio from the southwest, and the Sirocco and Ostro from the south.
معرض صور
ملاحظات
المصادر
- ^ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Tyrrhenian Sea". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopedia Britannica. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
- ^ "Tyrrhenian Sea - Map & Details". World Atlas. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
- ^ Cohan, Michelle (2025-11-17). "This hidden canyon in the Mediterranean teems with whales and dolphins. But it's under threat". CNN (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2025-11-18.
- ^ Limits of Oceans and Seas (PDF). Vol. 172 (3rd ed.). 1953. p. 17. Bibcode:1953Natur.172R.484.. doi:10.1038/172484b0. S2CID 36029611. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ أ ب Sartori, Renzo (2003). "The Tyrrhenian back-arc basin and subduction of the Ionian lithosphere" (PDF). Episodes. University of Bologna. 26 (3): 217–221. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i3/011. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 19, 2008.
- ^ Faccenna, Claudio; Funiciello, Francesca; Giardini, Domenico; Lucente, Pio (2001). "Episodic back-arc extension during restricted mantle convection in the Central Mediterranean". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 187 (1–2): 105–116. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.187..105F. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00280-1. ISSN 0012-821X.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 1015.
- ^ Barker, Graeme; Rasmussen, Tom (2000). The Etruscans. The Peoples of Europe (in English). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-631-22038-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Turfa, Jean MacIntosh (2017). "The Etruscans". In Farney, Gary D.; Bradley, Gary (eds.). The Peoples of Ancient Italy. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 637–672. doi:10.1515/9781614513001. ISBN 978-1-61451-520-3.
- ^ De Grummond, Nancy T. (2014). "Ethnicity and the Etruscans". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.). A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 405–422. doi:10.1002/9781118834312. ISBN 9781444337341.
- ^ Shipley, Lucy (2017). "Where is home?". The Etruscans: Lost Civilizations (in الإنجليزية). London: Reaktion Books. pp. 28–46. ISBN 9781780238623.
- ^ "Map of Tyrrhenian Sea - Tyrrhenian Sea Map, History Facts, Tyrrhenian Sea Location - World Atlas". www.worldatlas.com. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ "Civitavecchia (Port of Rome) | Rome for Visitors". europeforvisitors.com. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ "Costa Concordia comes home to die". The Telegraph (in الإنجليزية). 2014-07-27. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
39°31′22″N 13°21′12″E / 39.52278°N 13.35333°E{{#coordinates:}}: لا يمكن أن يكون هناك أكثر من وسم أساسي واحد لكل صفحة