خليج فوندي

Coordinates: 45°00′N 65°45′W / 45.000°N 65.750°W / 45.000; -65.750
(تم التحويل من Bay of Fundy)
لمعلومات عن the local service district of Fundy Bay، انظر Saint George Parish, New Brunswick#Fundy Bay.
Bay of Fundy
Baie de Fundy
The Bay of Fundy
Bay of Fundy is located in Nova Scotia
Bay of Fundy
Bay of Fundy
الموقعNew Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine
الإحداثيات45°00′N 65°45′W / 45.000°N 65.750°W / 45.000; -65.750
TypeEstuary
أصل الاسمLikely from the French Fendu, meaning "split".
الموارد الرئيسيةCanada and United States
منابع النهرBig Salmon, Magaguadavic, Memramcook, Petitcodiac, Quiddy, Saint John, St. Croix, Upper Salmon, Annapolis, Avon, Cornwallis, Farrells, Salmon, Shubenacadie, Kennetcook
التصريفات الرئيسيةGulf of Maine
منابع المحيط/البحرAtlantic Ocean
أقصى طول151 كيلومتر (94 mi)[1]
أقصى عرض52 كيلومتر (32 mi)[1]
المراجع

The Bay of Fundy (فرنسية: Baie de Fundy) هو خليج على الساحل الأطلسي لأمريكا الشمالية، على الطرف الشمالي الشرقي للخليج مين بين المقاطعات الكندية من نيو برونزويك، ونوفا سكوتيا، مع جزء صغير لمس ولاية مين الأمريكية. وتعتقد بعض المصادر ان اسم "فوندي" هو مشتق من "Fendu" الكلمة الفرنسية، وتعنى "تقسيم"، بينما يعتقد البعض الآخر انها تأتي من (فوندو) البرتغالية، وهذا يعني "ضخ". وتعني أيضا Baie Française (الخليج الفرنسي) بواسطة مستكشف ورسام الخرائط (صامويل دي شامبلين) خلال رحلة استكشافية في 1604 بقيادة (دوجا بيير دي سوير) مما أسفر عن محاولة فاشلة لتسوية جزيرة سانت كروا.

ومن المعروف عن خليج فندى المد العالي. ينافسه من خليج انجافا في شمال كيبك ومصب (سيفيرن) في المملكة المتحدة، انها واحدة من أعلى نطاقات المد والجزر العمودي في العالم.

وتصنف أجزاء من خليج فندى، وحوض خليج شيبودي ميناس، شكل واحد من ستة مواقع كندية في نصف الكرة الأرضية الغربي، ونتيجة لموقعها في نصف الكرة الغربي. ومن يملكها مقاطعات نيو برونزويك، ونوفا سكوشا، والحياة البرية الكندية، وتدار بالتعاون مع شركة دك في حدود كندا والحفاظ علي طبيعة كندا.

في يوليو 2009، كان خليج فندى بمثابة النهائي لعجائب الدنيا السبعة الجديدة من مسابقة الطبيعة التي تنتهي في نوفمبر 2011.

أصل الاسم

The bay was named Bakudabakek by the indigenous Mi'kmaq and Passamaquoddy groups, meaning "open way". The Wolastoqiyik peoples named it Wekwabegituk, meaning "waves at the head of the bay".[2] The name "Fundy" has been speculated to have derived from the French word fendu ("split")[3] or Fond de la Baie ("head of the bay"). Some individuals have disputed this, including William Francis Ganong, who suggested that the name likely derived from Portuguese origin instead, specifically regarding João Álvares Fagundes, who may have referred to the bay as Gram Baya ("Great Bay") and nearby waters as Rio Fondo ("deep river").[2][4]

الهيدرولوجيا

ألما، نيو برونزويك، عند أعلى مد وأوطى جزر

المد والجزر

من المعروف عن خليج فندى المد العالي. وقد أدى السعي للهيمنة على العالم المد والجزر التنافس بين حوض ميناس في خليج فندى وحوض ليف في خليج انجافا، أكثر من الذي يضع الجسم من الماء إلى أعلى مطالبة المد والجزر في العالم، مع مؤيديه في كل منطقة تدعي سجل. المصلحة الهيدروغرافية الكندية أعلنت أخيرا لتعادل الإحصائية، مع قياس 16.8 متر نطاق المد والجزر في ورقة لحوض خليج انجافا و 17 متر (55.8 قدم) في برونكوت في خليج فندى. أعلى مستوى المياه التي سجلت على الإطلاق في النظام خليج فندى وقعت على رأس حوض ميناس ليلة 04-05 أكتوبر، 1869 خلال الأعاصير الاستوائية يدعى "ساكسبي غيل". وأسفر منسوب المياه من 21،6 متر (70.9 قدم) من مزيج من الرياح العاتية، والضغط الجوي المنخفض بشكل غير طبيعي، وموجة الربيع.

تم فقط خليج ليف حوض يقاس في السنوات الأخيرة، في حين تم قياس نظام خليج فندى لعقود عديدة. المد في حوض ليف أعلى في المتوسط من المد والجزر في حوض ميناس، ولكن أعلى نطاقات المد والجزر سجلت يقاس من أي وقت مضى وعلى رئسها برونكوت ويؤدي المد والجزر من ربيع يقاس في ذروة المد والجزر في دورة كل 18 سنة.

المد والجزر في خليج فندى هو الاعلي. المد والجزر أن يكون اثنين واثنين من مستويات أدنى مستوياته في كل يوم. ارتفاع بأن المياه الارتفاعات والانخفاضات في كل يوم خلال هذه المد والجزر هي متساوية تقريبا. هناك ما يقرب من ست ساعات وعشر دقائق بين كل المد المرتفع والمنخفض.

The tidal range in the Bay of Fundy is about 16 متر (52 ft); the average tidal range worldwide is only واحد متر (3.3 ft). Some tides are higher than others, depending on the position of the moon, the sun, and atmospheric conditions. Tides are semidiurnal, meaning they have two highs and two lows each day, with about 6 hours and 13 minutes between each high and low tide.[5]

Because of tidal resonance in the funnel-shaped bay, the tides that flow through the channel are very powerful. In one half-day tidal cycle, about 100 billion tonnes (110 billion short tons) of water flows in and out of the bay, which is twice as much as the combined total flow of all the rivers of the world over the same period.[6] The Annapolis Royal Generating Station, a 20 MW tidal power station on the Annapolis River upstream of Annapolis Royal, was, until its shutdown in 2019,[7] one of the few tidal generating stations in the world, and the only one in North America.[8]

Tidal bore

Most of the rivers that drain into the Bay of Fundy have a tidal bore, a wave front of the incoming tide that "bores" its way up a river against its normal flow. Notable tidal bores include those on the Petitcodiac, Maccan, St. Croix, and Kennetcook rivers.[9] Before the construction of a causeway in 1968 and subsequent siltation of the river, the Petitcodiac River had one of the world's largest tidal bores, up to اثنان متر (6.6 ft) high. Since the opening of the causeway gates in 2010, the bore has been coming back, and in 2013 surfers rode it a record-breaking 29 كيلومتر (18 mi).[10]

Other tidal phenomena include the Reversing Falls near the mouth of the St. John River, a rip tide at Cape Enrage, and the Old Sow whirlpool at Passamaquoddy Bay.[9]

الجيولوجيا

Basal contact of a lava flow section of Fundy basin

The story of the Fundy Basin begins about 220 million years ago in the late Triassic, when all land on earth was part of a supercontinent called Pangaea. At that time what is now the Maritimes was situated near the equator and had a warm tropical climate and lush vegetation.[11] As continental drift reshaped the world between the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic periods, Pangaea broke up. This rifting event created a series of rift basins along eastern North America, including the Fundy Basin.[12][13]

During the continental breakup, magma erupted as basaltic lavas and left igneous rock formations such as the columnar jointing which can be seen on Brier and Grand Manan islands, among other places around the bay. These flows often are the sites of rarer mineral deposits including agate, amethyst, and stilbite, the latter being the provincial mineral of Nova Scotia.[11]

These rifts filled with sediment which became sedimentary rock. Many fossils have been found along the Fundy shoreline.[14] The oldest dinosaur fossil in Canada was found at Burntcoat Head. Very early reptiles have been discovered in Carboniferous tree trunks at Joggins. Wasson Bluff has a rich trove of Jurassic fossils.

The bay is a member of the Global Geoparks Network,[15] a UNESCO initiative to promote and conserve the planet's geological heritage.

النبيت والوحيش

ملف:North Atlantic right whale.jpg
The critically endangered North Atlantic right whale can be found in the Bay of Fundy

Although some land areas are protected, there is no formal marine protection zone in the bay.[16] The Conservation Council of New Brunswick works to protect the ecosystem of the bay.[17][18] A result of shipping traffic has been the potential for increased collisions between ships and the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale. In 2003, the Canadian Coast Guard adjusted shipping lanes crossing prime whale feeding areas at the entrance to the Bay of Fundy to lessen the risk of collision. Many other marine mammals are found in the bay including fin whales, humpback whales, minke whales, Atlantic white-sided dolphin and the harbour porpoise.

The Bay of Fundy mudflats are a rare and unique intertidal habitat. Major mudflats are found on around the Maringouin Peninsula which lies between Shepody Bay and the Cumberland Basin and at the northern end of Chignecto Bay. On the Nova Scotia side, mudflats are found on the southern side of the Minas Basin and in Cobequid Bay. In the Minas Basin, the size of the mudflats from low to high water marks is as much as 4 km (2.5 mi).[19] Due to tidal turbulence, the water in these area contains very high amounts of fine sediment, source from tidal erosion of Carboniferous and Triassic sedimentary rock. Primary producers include hollow green weed, phytoplankton, algae, and sea lettuce.

المناطق المحمية تضم:

  • Boot Island National Wildlife Area in the Minas Basin near the mouth of the Gaspereau River.[20]
  • Chignecto National Wildlife Area: near Amherst, contains a wide variety of habitats due to its geology.[21]
  • Grindstone Island Conservation Easement: managed by the Nature Trust of New Brunswick through a conservation easement on an island at the entrance of Shepody Bay.[22]
  • Isle Haute, managed by the Canadian Wildlife Service.[23]
  • John Lusby Marsh National Wildlife Area: a large wetland system near Amherst.[24]
  • New River Beach Provincial Park is a provincial park managed by the Government of New Brunswick near Saint John, New Brunswick
  • Raven Head Wilderness Area, protects 44 km (27 mi) of undeveloped coast along the bay. It is southwest of Joggins and also a site for fossils. It is also a wildlife habitat for endangered species.[25]
  • Shepody National Wildlife Area: a habitat for birds and other wildlife,[26] recognized as an important wetland under the Ramsar Convention, a site of importance by the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network, and a bird area by BirdLife International. The dominant bird species is the semipalmated sandpiper.
  • South Wolf Island Nature Preserve: in the lower bay, about 12 km (7.5 mi) offshore from Blacks Harbour. It was donated to the Nature Trust of New Brunswick by Clover Leaf Seafoods in 2011. It is ecologically important for birds, some not common on the mainland, as well as some very rare plants.[18]
  • Tintamarre National Wildlife Area[27]

الأنهار

The Salmon River tidal bore October 22, 2009.

نيو برنزويك

نوڤا سكوشا

التاريخ

حصن إدوارد (بني عام 1750)، ويندسور، نوڤا سكوشيا. أقدم حصن صغير في أمريكا الشمالية.
ميجور بنجامين تشرش: قاد غارات نيو إنگلاند على تجمعات خليج فوندي.

الموانئ والشحن

عبارة گراند مانان الخامسة عند الرأس الشمالي، جزيرة گراند مانان.

المنتزهات والمحميات

نقطة وولف في منتزه فوندي الوطني.

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب "Bay of Fundy". Encyclopædia Britannica. April 16, 2025. Archived from the original on March 28, 2025. Retrieved April 18, 2025.
  2. ^ أ ب "What Does "Fundy" Mean?". Backyard History. June 17, 2022. Archived from the original on April 25, 2025. Retrieved April 24, 2025.
  3. ^ Garrett, Chris; Koslow, Tony; Singh, Rabindra (March 25, 2015) [July 8, 2010]. "Fundy, Bay of and Gulf of Maine". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  4. ^ Ganong, William Francis (1896). A monograph of the place-nomenclature of the province of New Brunswick (PDF). J. Durie & Son; Copp-Clark Co.; B. Quaritch. pp. 234–235. Retrieved December 17, 2025 – via Columbia University Libraries.
  5. ^ "The Bay of Fundy is a 160 billion tonne wonder; here's why" (blog). Tourism New Brunswick. Government of New Brunswick. 2018-05-02. Archived from the original on 2020-11-15. Retrieved 7 June 2019 – via tourismnewbrunswick.ca.
  6. ^ "Why are the Bay of Fundy tides so high?". bayfundy.net. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  7. ^ Withers, Paul (23 February 2021). "Nova Scotia Power to pull plug on tidal station; seeks $25M from ratepayers". Nova Scotia. cbc.ca/news. CBC News. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  8. ^ "Annapolis Tidal Station". nspower.ca (in الإنجليزية الكندية). Nova Scotia Power. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  9. ^ أ ب "The tidal bore". bayoffundytourism.com (in الإنجليزية الكندية). Bay of Fundy Tourism. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  10. ^ "Surfers set record after 29 km ride on Moncton tidal bore". New Brunswick. cbc.ca/news (in الإنجليزية الكندية). CBC News. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  11. ^ أ ب The Last Billion Years: A geological history of the maritime provinces of Canada. Atlantic Geoscience Society (via Nimbus Pub). 2001. pp. 126–134. ISBN 1-55109-351-0 – via Internet Archive.
  12. ^ Withjack, Martha Oliver; Olsen, Paul E.; Schlische, Roy W. (1995). "Tectonic evolution of the Fundy rift basin, Canada: Evidence of extension and shortening during passive margin development". Tectonics (in الإنجليزية). 14 (2): 390–405. doi:10.1029/94TC03087. ISSN 1944-9194.
  13. ^ Withjack, Martha Oliver; Schlische, Roy W.; Olsen, Paul E. (1998). "Diachronous rifting, drifting, and inversion on the passive margin of central eastern North America: an analog for other passive margins". AAPG Bulletin. 82 (5 A): 817–835. ISSN 0149-1423.
  14. ^ Yeo, Ross; Risk, Michael J. (1981). "The Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, and Preservation of Intertidal Deposits in the Minas Basin System, Bay of Fundy". SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research (in الإنجليزية). 51. doi:10.1306/212F7C5C-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D. ISSN 1527-1404.
  15. ^ "Tidal landscapes on an ancient shoreline". Cliffs of Fundy Aspiring Global Geopark. fundygeopark.ca. UNESCO Global Geoparks. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  16. ^ "FAQ". Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  17. ^ "Marine Conservation". Conservation Council of New Brunswick. 2013-02-17. Archived from the original on 2019-06-21. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  18. ^ أ ب "South Wolf Island Nature Preserve". Nature Trust of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  19. ^ "Bay of Funday Mudflats". Fundy Biosphere. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  20. ^ "Boot Island National Wildlife Area". Government of Canada. 2011-12-21. Archived from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  21. ^ "Chignecto National Wildlife Area". Government of Canada. 2011-12-21. Archived from the original on 2019-05-11. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  22. ^ "Grindstone Island Conservation Easement". Nature Trust of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  23. ^ "Isle Haute National Wildlife Area". Government of Canada. 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  24. ^ "John Lusby Marsh National Wildlife Area". Government of Canada. 2011-12-21. Archived from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  25. ^ "Raven Head Wilderness Area". Government of Nova Scotia (in الإنجليزية). 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  26. ^ "Shepody National Wildlife Area". Government of Canada. 2011-12-21. Archived from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  27. ^ "Tintamarre National Wildlife Area". Government of Canada. 2011-12-21. Archived from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 20 June 2019.

وصلات خارجية

45°00′N 65°45′W / 45.000°N 65.750°W / 45.000; -65.750{{#coordinates:}}: لا يمكن أن يكون هناك أكثر من وسم أساسي واحد لكل صفحة

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