بلغار

هذا المقال هو عن the modern people. إذا كنت تريد the early medieval people، انظر Bulgars. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر Bulgarians (disambiguation).
Bulgarians
Българи
Bǎlgari
إجمالي التعداد
ح. 9–10 million[1][2][3]
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
Flag of بلغاريا بلغاريا 6,000,000 (2011)a[›]
Flag of تركيا تركيا351,000–600,000 (2014–2008)b[›]
Flag of ألمانيا ألمانيا310,415n[›] (2017)[4]
Flag of أوكرانيا أوكرانيا204,574e[›]–500,000 (2001)[5][6]
Flag of إسپانيا إسپانيا126,997n[›]–350,000 (2017)[7][8]
Flag of الولايات المتحدة الولايات المتحدة115,012h[›]–300,000 (2016)[9][10]
Flag of المملكة المتحدة المملكة المتحدة91,000/77,000–105,000/n[›] (2016–2017)[11]
Flag of مولدوڤا مولدوڤا (incl. Transnistria)79,520e[›] (2004)[12]
Flag of اليونان اليونان72,893n[›]–300,000 (2015)[13][14]b[›]
Flag of الأرجنتين الأرجنتين70,000 (2008)[15]
Flag of البرازيل البرازيل62,000h[›] (2006)[16][17]
Flag of إيطاليا إيطاليا58,620n[›]–120,000 (2016)[18][19]
Flag of كندا كندا30,485h[›]–70,000 (2011)[14][20]
Flag of بلجيكا بلجيكا29,100f[›] (2014)[21]
Flag of هولندا هولندا23,612n[›]–27,729m[›] (2017)[22]
Flag of النمسا النمسا25,686n[›] (2017)[23]
Flag of روسيا روسيا (2010 area)24,038e[›]–330,000 (2010)[2][24]
Flag of قبرص قبرص (excl. TRNC)19,197n[›] (2011)[25]
Flag of صربيا صربيا18,543e[›] (2011)[26]
Flag of فرنسا فرنسا17,626n[›]–50,000 (2015)[13][27]
Flag of التشيك التشيك12,250n[›] (2016)[28]
Flag of الدنمارك الدنمارك9,955 (2018)[29]
Flag of السويد السويد6,257d[›]–9,105f[›] (2016)[30]
Flag of النرويج النرويج6,752n[›]–8,180m[›] (2017)[31]
Flag of سويسرا سويسرا8,588n[›] (2017)[32]
Flag of الپرتغال الپرتغال7,019n[›]–12,000 (2016)[33][34]
Flag of رومانيا رومانيا7,336e[›] (2011)[35]
Flag of أستراليا أستراليا5,436h[›] (2011)[36]
Flag of قزخستان قزخستان4,523e[›] (2009)[37]
Flag of جنوب أفريقيا جنوب أفريقيا4,224n[›]–20,000 (2015)[13][38]
Flag of المجر المجر4,022 (2016)[39]
Flag of فنلندا فنلندا2,840 (2018)[40]
Flag of شمال مقدونيا شمال مقدونيا1,417 (2002)
Languages
Bulgarian
Religion
Predominantly Orthodox Christianity
(Bulgarian Orthodox Church)
with Muslim, Catholic, Protestant and Jewish minorities
Related ethnic groups
Other South Slavs, especially Macedonians,[41] Torlaks, and Slavic speakers in Greece.
^ a: The 2011 census figure was 5,664,624.[42] The question on ethnicity was voluntary and 10% of the population did not declare any ethnicity,[43] thus the figure is considered an underestimation. Ethnic Bulgarians are estimated at around 6 million, 85% of the population.[44]
^ b: Estimates[45][46] of the number of Pomaks whom most scholars categorize as Bulgarians[47][48]
^ c: According to the 2002 census there were 1,417 Bulgarians in North Macedonia.[49] Between 2003 and 2017, according to the data provided by Bulgarian authorities some 87,483[50]-200,000[51] permanent residents of Macedonia declared Bulgarian origin in their applications for Bulgarian citizenship, of which 67,355 requests were granted. A minor part of them are among the total of 2,934 Macedonia-born residents, who are residing in Bulgaria by 2016.[52]
^ d: by citizenship excluding dual citizens
^ e: by single ethnic group per person
^ f: by foreign-born
^ h: by heritage
^ n: by legal nationality
^ m: by nationality, naturalisation and descendant background

Bulgarians (بالبلغارية: българи, Bǎlgari, قالب:IPA-bg) are a nation and South Slavic[53][54] ethnic group native to Bulgaria and its immediate region.

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أصل الاسم

انظر أيضاً: Bulgars

Bulgarians derive their ethnonym from the Bulgars. Their name is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD,[55] but it is possibly derived from the Proto-Turkic word bulģha ("to mix", "shake", "stir") and its derivative bulgak ("revolt", "disorder").[56] Alternate etymologies include derivation from a compound of Proto-Turkic bel ("five") and gur ("arrow" in the sense of "tribe"), a proposed division within the Utigurs or Onogurs ("ten tribes").[57]


التاريخ

قالب:Bulgarians

Officers from Bulgarian hussar regiment in Russia (1776–1783)
انظر أيضاً: Byzantine commonwealth و Rum Millet

الحركة القومية البلغارية

انظر أيضاً: الملة البلغارية


الديمغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: ديمغرافيا بلغاريا


الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة

Bulgarians are considered most closely related to the neighbouring Macedonians.[41] The ethnic Macedonians were considered Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond with a big portion of them evidently self-identifying as such.[58][59][60] The Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia and most among the Torlaks in Serbia have also had a history of identifying as Bulgarians and many were members of the Bulgarian Exarchate, which included most of the territory regarded as Torlak. The greater part of these people were also considered Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond.[61][62][63][64]


الثقافة

The Bulgarian culture has largely the product of influence of incoming cultures and is now going through westernization, especially the cuisine.


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اللغة

المقالة الرئيسية: Bulgarian language

Bulgarians speak a Southern Slavic language which is mutually intelligible with Macedonian and to a lesser degree with Serbo-Croatian, especially the eastern dialects.[65] The lexical similarities between Bulgarian and Macedonian are 86%, between Bulgarian and other Slavic languages between 71% and 80%, but with the Baltic languages they are 40–46%, while with English are about 20%.[66][67] Only fewer than a dozen Bulgarian words are derived from Turkic Bulgar.[68]


الأبجدية الكيريلية

المقالة الرئيسية: الأبجدية الكيريلية
الأبجدية الكيريلية للغة البلغارية القديمة من العصور الوسطى


الدين

المقالة الرئيسية: Orthodox Church and Bulgarian Orthodox Church
Map of the Bulgarian Exarchate (1870–1913). The Ottomans required a threshold of two thirds of positive votes of the Orthodox population to include a region into this jurisdiction.[69]


الفنون والعلوم

المقالة الرئيسية: Cinema of Bulgaria, Bulgarian literature, Music of Bulgaria, and Bulgarian dances
Jordanov
Assen Jordanoff (left), Bulgarian American inventor considered by prominent aviation specialists the main contributor to the American knowledge of aviation, likewise the Boeing, airbag and tape recorder.[70]
John Vincent Atanasoff (right), Bulgarian American inventor of the Atanasoff-Berry computer, legally the inventor of the electronic digital computer in the U.S. and considered the "father of the computer".[71][72][73]


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المطبخ

المقالة الرئيسية: Bulgarian cuisine
Bulgarian Peach Kompot - non alcoholic clear juice obtained by cooking fruit

Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of dairy products and the variety of local wines and alcoholic beverages such as rakia, mastika and menta. Bulgarian cuisine features also a variety of hot and cold soups, an example of a cold soup being tarator. There are many different Bulgarian pastries as well such as banitsa.


المعتقدات والعادات الشعبية

المقالة الرئيسية: العادات البلغارية and الأساطير السلاڤية
Kukeri from the area of Burgas
Girls celebrating Lazaruvane from Gabrа, Sofia Province

الرموز

The national symbols of the Bulgarians are the Flag, the Coat of Arms, the National anthem and the National Guard, as well other unofficial symbols such as the Samara flag.


Folk dress and music

Bulgarian folk dancers in a national costume with embroidery on the penultimate row of the arpons showing the most spread Slavic cryptogram Bur[74] with a cross inside the rhombus representing the sun and spirals indicating rain,[75] which is similarly represented as the Rising Sun[76] decorative pattern of the Flag of Belarus. Similar carpet patterns appear on the Flag of Turkmenistan ultimately derived from ancient Persia.

The Bulgarian folk costumes feature long white robes, usually with red embrdoiery and ornaments derived from the Slavic Rachenik.


خرائط

  • Map of A. Scobel, Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas, 1908

  • Distribution of the Balkan peoples in 1911, Encyclopædia Britannica

  • Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor by William R. Shepherd, 1911

  • Distribution European peoples in 1914 according to L. Ravenstein

  • Swiss ethnographic map of Europe published in 1918 by Juozas Gabrys

  • Percentage of Pomaks by first language according to the 1965 Census excluding Bulgarian

  • Distribution of Bulgarians in Odessa Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census

  • Distribution of Bulgarians by first language in Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census

  • Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in Bulgaria according to the 2011 census

  • Distribution of Bulgarians in Romania according to the 2002 census

  • Distribution of Bulgarians in Moldova according to the 2004 census

See also

== المراجع ==

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  47. ^ Thomas, Raju G. C. (2003). Yugoslavia Unraveled: Sovereignty, Self-Determination, Intervention. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739107577. Most scholars categorize Pomaks as "Slav Bulgarians...
  48. ^ Poulton, Hugh; Committee, Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights (1989). Minorities in the Balkans. Minority Rights Group. p. 7. ...'Pomaks', are a religious minority. They are Slav Bulgarians who speak Bulgarian...
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  62. ^ Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995, ISBN 1-85065-238-4, p. 109.
  63. ^ Felix Philipp Kanitz, (Das Konigreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk von der Romerzeit bis dur Gegenwart, 1904, in two volume) # "In this time (1872) they (the inhabitants of Pirot) did not presume that six years later the often damn Turkish rule in their town will be finished, and at least they did not presume that they will be include in Serbia, because 'they always feel that they are Bulgarians'. ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, p. 215)"And today (in the end of the 19th century) among the older generation there are many fondness to Bulgarians, that it led him to collision with Serbian government. Some hesitation can be noticed among the youngs..." ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, c. 218; Serbia – its land and inhabitants, Belgrade 1986, p. 218)
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Sources

وصلات خارجية

بلغاريا موضوعات عن بلغاريا
التاريخ
Coat of arms of Bulgaria
Flag of Bulgaria
المحافظات
الجغرافيا
السياسة
الاقتصاد
الديموغرافيا
الثقافة
تصنيفات

قالب:Bulgarian diaspora

سلاڤ غربيون
Slavic europe.svg
سلاڤ شرقيون
سلاڤ جنوبيون
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/index.php?title=بلغار&oldid=2094864"