1881
| قرن: | قرن 0 - قرن 1 - قرن 2 |
| العقد: | عقد -20 عقد -10 0 - عقد 10 - عقد 20 عقد 30 عقد 40
|
| سنة: | 15 16 17 - 18 - 19 20 21 |
| التحويل من ميلادي إلى هجري |
| تحويل 1-1-1881م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) |
| تحويل 31-12-1881م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) |
| ابحث في الموسوعة عن مواضيع متعلقة بسنة 1881 |
تحويل 1-1-1881م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) | تحويل 31-12-1881م الى هجري (وصلة خارجية) | ابحث في الموسوعة عن مواضيع متعلقة بسنة 1881
| الألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| القرون: | القرن 18 - القرن 19 - القرن 20 |
| العقود: | عقد 1850 عقد 1860 عقد 1870 - عقد 1880 - عقد 1890 عقد 1900 عقد 1910 |
| السنوات: | 1878 1879 1880 - 1881 - 1882 1883 1884 |
| 1881 في موضوعات: |
| الإنسانيات |
| الآثار – العمارة – الفن – الأدب (الشعر) – الموسيقى |
| حسب البلد |
| مصر – سوريا - إيران – الصين - فرنسا – ألمانيا – الدولة العثمانية – إيطاليا - اسبانيا - المغرب– روسيا - اليابان – البرازيل - الهند - المملكة المتحدة – الولايات المتحدة – إندونسيا |
| موضوعات أخرى |
| السكك الحديدية – العلوم – الرياضة |
| قوائم الزعماء |
| الدول ذات السيادة – زعماء الدول – حكام الأقاليم – الزعماء الدينيون |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات |
| المواليد – الوفيات |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات |
| تصنيف الأعمال |
| الأعمال |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1881 MDCCCLXXXI |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2634 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 1330 ԹՎ ՌՅԼ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6631 |
| التقويم البهائي | 37–38 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 1288 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2831 |
| سنة العهد البريطاني | 44 Vict. 1 – 45 Vict. 1 |
| التقويم البوذي | 2425 |
| التقويم البورمي | 1243 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 7389–7390 |
| التقويم الصيني | 庚辰年 (المعدن التنين) 4577 أو 4517 — إلى — 辛巳年 (المعدن الثعبان) 4578 أو 4518 |
| التقويم القبطي | 1597–1598 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 3047 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1873–1874 |
| التقويم العبري | 5641–5642 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1937–1938 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1803–1804 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4982–4983 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11881 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 881–882 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 1259–1260 |
| التقويم الهجري | 1298–1299 |
| التقويم الياباني | Meiji 14 (明治１４年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | الگريگوري ناقص 12 يوم |
| التقويم الكوري | 4214 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 31 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前31年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 2424 |
سنة 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) كانت سنة بسيطة تبدأ يوم السبت (الرابط يعرض التقويم كاملاً) التقويم الگريگوري، السنة 1881st بعد الميلاد (م)، السنة 881st في الألفية 2، السنة 81st في القرن 19، والسنة 2nd في عقد 1880 بين 1583 و 1929 ومع فارق 1881 is 12 يوم عن التقويم اليوليوسي، والذين ظلوا مستخدمين حتى التحول الكامل إلى التقويم الگريگوري في 1929.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
أحداث
January–March
- 1 يناير–24 – Siege of Geok Tepe: Russian troops under General Mikhail Skobelev defeat the Turkomans.
- January 13 – War of the Pacific – Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos: The Chilean army defeats Peruivan forces.
- January 15 – War of the Pacific – Battle of Miraflores: The Chileans take Lima, capital of Peru, after defeating its second line of defense in Miraflores.
- January 24 – William Edward Forster, chief secretary for Ireland, introduces his Coercion Bill, which temporarily suspends habeas corpus so that those people suspected of committing an offence can be detained without trial; it goes through a long debate before it is accepted February 2.
- January 25 – Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company.
- February 4 – Linnington Manor burns to the ground; only William Linnington remains unharmed.
- February 13 – The first issue of the feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is published by Hubertine Auclert.
- February 16 – The Canadian Pacific Railway is incorporated.[1]
- February 18 – Carlos Finlay introduces his discovery of the transmission of Yellow Fever by mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, in the Fifth International Sanitary Conference held in Washington D.C..
- February 19 – Kansas becomes the first U.S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages.
- February 25 – Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated.
- March 1 – The Cunard Line's إسإس Servia, the first steel transatlantic liner, is launched at Clydebank in Scotland.[2]
- March 4 – James A. Garfield is sworn in, as the 20th President of the United States.
- March 12 – Andrew Watson makes his Scotland debut, as the world's first black international football player.
- March 13 – Alexander II of Russia is killed near his palace, when a bomb is thrown at him, an act falsely blamed upon Russian Jews. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III.
- March 23 – The First Boer War comes to an end.
أبريل-يونيو
- April 11 – Spelman College is established in Atlanta, Georgia.
- April 14 – The Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight erupts in El Paso, Texas.
- April 15 – Temuco, Chile is founded.
- April 15 – Anti-Semitic pogroms in Southern Russia begin.
- April 21 – The University of Connecticut is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School.
- April 25 – Caulfield Grammar School is founded in Melbourne, Australia.
- April 28 – Billy the Kid escapes from his 2 jailers at the Lincoln County Jail in Mesilla, New Mexico, killing James Bell and Robert Ollinger, before stealing a horse and riding out of town.
- May 10 – Romania is proclaimed a kingdom; Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is crowned King of Romania.
- May 12 – In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate by the Treaty of Bardo.
- May 13 – The Pacific island of Rotuma cedes to Great Britain, becoming a dependency of the Colony of Fiji.
- May 16 – The world's first regular electric tram service is started in Berlin, by Siemens & Halske.
- May 21
- The American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton.
- The United States Tennis Association is established by a small group of tennis club members; the first U.S. Tennis Championships are played this year.
- June 12 – The USS Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.
- June 18 – The League of the Three Emperors is resurrected.
- June 20 – The current Cincinnati Reds baseball team plays its first game.
- June 26 – War of the Pacific – Battle of Sangrar: Peruvian and Chilean forces battle to a draw.
July–September
- July 1 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell–Childers reforms of the British Army's organization, comes into effect.
- July 2 – Assassination of James A. Garfield: United States President James A. Garfield is shot by lawyer Charles J. Guiteau in Washington, D.C. The wound becomes infected, killing Garfield on September 19.
- July 4 – Tuskegee Institute opens in Alabama.
- July 7 – The first episode of Carlo Collodi's The Adventures of Pinocchio is published in Italy.
- July 14 – Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Pat Garrett, outside Fort Sumner, New Mexico.
- July 20 – American Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his fugitive people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana.
- July 23 – The Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina is signed in Buenos Aires.
- August 3 – The Pretoria Convention peace treaty is signed, officially ending the war between the Boers and Britain.
- August 27 – The fifth hurricane of the Atlantic season hits Florida and the Carolinas, killing about 700.
- September 5 – The Thumb Fire in the U.S. state of Michigan destroys over a million acres (4,000 km²) and kills 282 people.
- September 12 – Francis Howell High School (Howell Institute) in St. Charles, Missouri, and Stephen F. Austin High School in Austin, Texas open on the same day, putting them in a tie for the title of the oldest public high school west of the Mississippi River.
- September 19 – President James A. Garfield dies eleven weeks after being shot. Vice President Chester A. Arthur becomes the 21st President of the United States.
- September 20 – President Chester A. Arthur is sworn in.
- September 26 – Godalming in England becomes the first town to have its streets illuminated by electric light (hydroelectrically generated).[3]
October–December
- October 5–December 31 – The International Cotton Exposition is held in Atlanta, Georgia.
- October 10 – Richard D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Theatre opens in London, the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity, using Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulbs.[2][4][5] The stage is first lit electrically on December 28.[6]
- October 13 – Determined to bring about the revival of the Hebrew language as a way of unifying Jews, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda has what is believed to be the first conversation in Modern Hebrew, with friends living in Paris.
- October 26 – The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral occurs in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA.
- October 29 – Judge (U.S. magazine) is first published.
- November – The Newcastle United F.C. is founded as the Stanley F.C., with a further name change to Newcastle East End F.C. the following year.
- November 3 – The Mapuche uprising of 1881 begins, with an attack on Quillem, Chile.
- November 9 – Brahms' Piano Concerto No. 2 premieres in Budapest.
- November 11 – The Clarkson Memorial in Wisbech is completed, and unveiled to the public.
- November 19 – A meteorite strikes the Earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of Odessa, Ukraine.
- December 8 – Ringtheaterbrand: At least 380 die in a fire at the Vienna Ringtheater.
- December 25–27 – The Warsaw pogrom is carried out in Vistula Land, Russian Empire.[7]
- December 28 – Virgil Earp is ambushed in Tombstone, Arizona, and loses the use of his left arm.
مجهولة التاريخ
- Kinshasa (the capital of the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo) is founded by Henry Morton Stanley, as a trading outpost called Léopoldville.
- On the Isle of Man (an internally self-governing dependent territory of the United Kingdom), the House of Keys Election Act extends the franchise for the national legislature, to spinsters and widows owning real estate of a certain value.
- Edward Rudolf founds the Church of England Central Society for Providing Homes for Waifs and Strays (modern-day The Children's Society).
- The Pali Text Society is founded by British scholar Thomas William Rhys Davids, for the study of Pali (Ceylonese) texts.
- Some Vatican archives are opened to scholars for the first time.
- Abilene, Texas, is founded.
- Minto, North Dakota, is founded.
- Rafaela, Argentina, is formed.
- New York City's oldest independent school for girls, the Convent of the Sacred Heart New York (91st Street), is founded.
- Culford School, a public school in Suffolk, England, is founded as the East Anglian School for Boys.
- Leyton Orient F.C. is founded in London.
مواليد
يناير-مارس
- 9 يناير
- Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet, critic (ت. 1938)
- Giovanni Papini, Italian essayist, poet and novelist (ت. 1956)
- January 13 - Essington Lewis, Australian industrialist (ت. 1961)
- January 15 - John Rodgers, American naval officer, naval aviation pioneer (ت. 1926)
- January 17 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (ت. 1941)
- January 21 - Arch McCarthy, American baseball player (ت. unknown)
- January 23 - Luisa Casati, Italian heiress, artistic muse and patron of the arts (ت. 1957)
- January 30 - Whitford Kane, Irish born American actor (ت. 1956)
- January 31 - Irving Langmuir, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (ت. 1957)
- February 1 - Dimitrana Ivanova, Bulgarian reform pedagogue, suffragist and women's rights activist (ت. 1960)
- February 2 - Gustav Herglotz, German mathematician (ت. 1953)
- February 4
- Eulalio Gutiérrez, President of Mexico (ت. 1939)
- Kliment Voroshilov, Russian military officer, politician (ت. 1969)
- February 11 - Carlo Carrà, Italian painter (ت. 1966)
- February 12 - Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina (ت. 1931)
- February 13 - Eleanor Farjeon, English children's writer, poet (ت. 1965)
- February 17 - Bess Streeter Aldrich, American fiction writer (ت. 1954)
- February 21 - Kenneth J. Alford, British soldier, composer (ت. 1945)
- February 27 - Sveinn Björnsson, 1st President of Iceland (ت. 1952)
- February 28 - Otto Dowling, United States Navy Captain, 25th Governor of American Samoa (ت. 1946)
- March 4
- Thomas Sigismund Stribling, American novelist (ت. 1965)
- Richard C. Tolman, American mathematical physicist (ت. 1948)
- March 9 - Ernest Bevin, British labour leader, politician and statesman (ت. 1951)
- March 10 - Thomas Quinlan, English operatic impresario (ت. 1951)
- 12 مارس - مصطفى كمال أتاتورك مسقط الخلافة ومؤسس أول دولة تركية حديثة.
- March 13 - Louis Chauvin, American ragtime pianist (ت. 1908)
- March 17 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (ت. 1973)
- March 20 - Fritz Pfleumer, German-Austrian engineer, inventor (ت. 1945)
- March 22 - Hans Wilsdorf, German-Swiss watchmaker, founder of Rolex (ت. 1960)
- March 23
- Roger Martin du Gard, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (ت. 1958)
- هرمان شتاودنگر, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (ت. 1965)
- March 25
- Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (ت. 1945)
- Mary Webb, English novelist (ت. 1927)
- March 26 - Guccio Gucci, Italian fashion designer, founder of Gucci (ت. 1953)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
أبريل-يونيو
- April 1 - Octavian Goga, 37th Prime Minister of Romania (ت. 1938)
- April 3 - Alcide De Gasperi, Italian statesman, politician (ت. 1954)
- April 12 - Rudolf Ramek, 5th Chancellor of Austria (ت. 1941)
- April 14 - Husain Salaahuddin, Maldivian writer (ت. 1948)
- April 16 - E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, British politician (ت. 1959)
- April 27 - Móric Esterházy, 18th Prime Minister of Hungary (ت. 1960)
- May 1 - Mary MacLane, Canadian writer (ت. 1929)
- May 4 - Alexander Kerensky, Russian politician (ت. 1970)
- May 13 - Lima Barreto, Brazilian writer (d.1922)
- May 14
- G. Murray Hulbert, American politician (ت. 1950)
- Maude Fulton, American playwright and actress (ت. 1950)
- May 19 - official birthday of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and first President of Turkey (ت. 1938)
- May 20 - Władysław Sikorski, Polish general, politician (ت. 1943)
- May 30 - Georg von Küchler, German field marshal (ت. 1968)
- June 9 - Marion Leonard, American silent film actress (ت. 1956)
- June 17 - Tommy Burns, Canadian-born boxer (ت. 1955)
- June 26 - Ya'akov Cohen, Israeli poet (ت. 1960)
يوليو-سبتمبر
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- July 2 - Royal H. Weller, American politician (ت. 1929)
- July 4 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier, planner (ت. 1968)
- July 11
- Dirk Janssen, Dutch gymnast (ت. 1986)
- Louise Marion Bosworth, American social scientist (ت. 1982)
- July 22
- Augusta Fox Bronner, American psychologist, specialist in juvenile psychology (ت. 1966)
- Kenneth Whiting, United States Navy officer, submarine and naval aviation pioneer (ت. 1943)
- July 27 - Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (ت. 1945)
- July 28 - Günther Quandt, German industrialist, founder of the industrial empire that in modern times includes BMW and Altana (ت. 1954)
- July 30 - Smedley Butler, United States Marine Corps general (ت. 1940)
- August 3 - Nathan Post, 7th and 10th Governor of American Samoa (ت. 1938)
- August 6 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish biomedical researcher
- 6 أغسطس - عالم الجراثيم الاسكتلندي ألكسندر فلمنگ، الحائز على Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (ت. 1955)[8]
- August 7 - François Darlan, French admiral and 81st Prime Minister of France from 1941 to 1942 (ت. 1942)
- August 8 - Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, German field marshal (و. 1954)
- August 12 - Cecil B. DeMille, American film director, producer (ت. 1959)
- August 19 - George Enescu, Romanian composer (ت. 1955)
- August 20 - Edgar Guest, English poet (ت. 1959)
- September 5
- Otto Bauer, Austrian Social Democratic politician (ت. 1938)
- Henry Maitland Wilson, British field marshal (ت. 1964)
- September 8
- Harry Hillman, American track athlete (ت. 1945)
- Refik Saydam, 5th Prime Minister of Turkey (ت. 1942)
- September 11 - Asta Nielsen, Danish silent film star (ت. 1972)
- September 12 - Daniel Jones, British phonetician (ت. 1967)
- September 15 - Ettore Bugatti, Italian car designer, founder of Bugatti Automobiles (ت. 1947)
- September 16 - Clive Bell, English art critic (ت. 1964)
- September 17
- Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter, British admiral (ت. 1955)
- Aubrey Faulkner, South African cricketer (ت. 1930)
- September 25 - Lu Xun, leading figure of modern Chinese literature (ت. 1936)
- September 26 - Hiram Wesley Evans, American Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard (ت. 1966)
- September 29 - Ludwig von Mises, Austrian economist (ت. 1973)
أكتوبر-ديسمبر
- October 1 - William Boeing, American engineer, airplane manufacturer (ت. 1956)
- October 4 - Walther von Brauchitsch, German field marshal (ت. 1948)
- October 11 - Hans Kelsen, Austrian legal theorist (ت. 1973)
- October 15
- William Temple, English Archbishop of Canterbury (ت. 1944)
- P. G. Wodehouse, English-born comic writer (ت. 1975)
- October 22 - Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (ت. 1958)
- October 25 - Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter (ت. 1973)
- October 26 - Margaret Wycherly, English stage, film actress (ت. 1956)
- October 28 - Vin Coutie, Australian footballer (ت. 1951)
- November 4 - Gaby Deslys, French dancer, actress (ت. 1920)
- November 5 - George A. Malcolm, American lawyer, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and educator (ت. 1961)
- November 8 - Robert Esnault-Pelterie, French aircraft designer, pioneer rocket theorist (ت. 1957)
- November 12 - Maximilian von Weichs, German field marshal (ت. 1954)
- November 14 - Nicholas Schenck, Russian-born film studio executive (ت. 1969)
- November 15 - Franklin Pierce Adams, American columnist, poet (ت. 1960)
- November 24 - Al Christie, Canadian-born director, producer (ت. 1951)
- November 25
- Jacob Fichman, Romanian-born Israeli poet, essayist (ت. 1958)
- Pope John XXIII (و. Angelo Roncalli), Italian pontiff (1958-1963) (ت. 1963)
- November 28 - Stefan Zweig, Austrian writer (ت. 1942)
- December 2 - Heinrich Barkhausen, German physicist (ت. 1956)
- December 5 - René Cresté, French actor, director (ت. 1922)
- December 3 - Henry Fillmore, American composer, bandleader (ت. 1956)
- December 12 - Doris Keane, American stage actress (ت. 1945)
- December 16 - Henri Dentz, French general (ت. 1945)
- December 24 - Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (ت. 1958)
تاريخ غير محدد
- علي الجارم شاعر مصري حديث. (توفي 1949)
وفيات
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مودست موسورگسكي، رُسِمت في 2–5 مارس 1881، قبل أيام من وفاة الملحن
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يناير-يونيو
- 1 يناير – Louis Auguste Blanqui, French socialist, political activist (و. 1805)
- January 3 – Anna McNeill Whistler, James Whistler's mother, subject of his painting (و. 1804)
- January 21 – Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, member of the Swiss Federal Council (و. 1802)
- January 24 – Frances Stackhouse Acton, British botanist, archaeologist, writer and artist (و. 1794)
- February 5 – Thomas Carlyle, Scottish writer, historian (و. 1795)
- February 9 – فيودور دوستويڤسكي, Russian novelist (و. 1821)
- February 14 – Fernando Wood, New York City mayor (و. 1812)
- February 23 – Robert F. R. Lewis, American naval officer (و. 1826)
- March 13 – Emperor ألكسندر الثاني من روسيا (assassinated) (و. 1818)
- March 28 – مودست موسورگسكي, Russian composer (و. 1839)
- April 19 – بنجامين ديزرائيلي, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (و. 1804)
- April 26 – Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen, Bavarian general (و. 1815)
- April 27 – Ludwig von Benedek, Austrian general (و. 1804)
- May 24 – Samuel Palmer, English artist (و. 1805)
- May 25 – Giuseppe Maria Giulietti, Italian explorer (و. 1847)
- June 6 – Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian composer (و. 1820)
- June 28 – Jules Armand Dufaure, 3-time Prime Minister of France (و. 1798)
يوليو-ديسمبر
- July 1 – Baron Jules Dupotet de Sennevoy, French writer (و. 1796)
- July 14 – Billy the Kid, American gunslinger (و. 1859)
- July 17 – Jim Bridger, American explorer and trapper (و. 1804)
- August 11 – Jane Digby, English adventurer (و. 1807)
- August 15 – Alexandru G. Golescu, 11th Prime Minister of Romania (و. 1819)
- September 7 – Sidney Lanier, American writer (و. 1842)
- September 8 – Prince Frederick of the Netherlands, Dutch noble, general (و. 1797)
- September 13 – Ambrose Burnside, American Civil War general, inventor, politician from Rhode Island (و. 1824)
- September 19 – James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (و. 1831)
- September 22 – Solomon L. Spink, U.S. Congressman from Illinois (و. 1831)
- October 3 – Orson Pratt, American religious leader (و. 1811)
- October 3 – Princess Sumiko, Japanese princess (و. 1829)
- October 31 – George DeLong, American naval officer, explorer (starvation) (و. 1844)
- December 18 – George Edmund Street, British architect (و. 1824)
See also
References
- ^ "An Act Respecting the Canadian Pacific Railway"
- ^ أ ب Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 434–435. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ "Godalming Power Station". Engineering Timelines. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The Savoy Theatre". The Times. London. 1881-10-03. p. 7.
- ^ Burgess, Michael (January 1975). "Richard D'Oyly Carte". The Savoyard: 7–11.
- ^ "Savoy Theatre". The Times. 1881-12-29. p. 4. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ Kelemen, Lawrence. "The History of Christmas". simpletoremember.com. SimpleToRemember.com - Judaism Online. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ "BBC - History - Alexander Fleming". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2017.