قيادة الأمم المتحدة

Headquarters of the United Nations Command and ROK-US Combined Forces Command in 2009.

Members of the United Nations Command Honor Guard Company.

قيادة الأمم المتحدة United Nations Command ‏(UNC) هي هيكل القيادة الموحدة للقوات العسكرية متعددة الجنسيات، التي تأسست في 1950، لدعم كوريا الجنوبية (جمهورية كوريا أو ROK) أثناء وبعد الحرب الكورية.

وقعت قيادة الأمم المتحدة والقيادة الصينية الكورية الشمالية على اتفاقية الهدنة الكورية في 27 يوليو 1953 ، منهية القتال العنيف. أنشأ اتفاق الهدنة لجنة الهدنة العسكرية (MAC)، التي تتألف من ممثلين عن الموقعين، للإشراف على تنفيذ شروط الهدنة، ومفوضية الأمم المحايدة للإشراف (NNSC) لمراقبة قيود الهدنة على تعزيز قوات الأطراف أو إعادة تسليح نفسها. تم استبدال ممثلي كوريا الشمالية والصين في MAC بممثلي پان‌مون‌جوم تحت إدارة حصرية من كوريا الشمالية. على الرغم من أن اجتماعات "لجنة الهدنة العسكرية" لم تعقد منذ عام 1994، فإن ممثلي قيادة الأمم المتحدة يُشركون بشكل روتيني أعضاء الجيش الشعبي الكوري الشمالي في اجتماعات رسمية وغير رسمية. جرت أحدث المفاوضات الرسمية حول شروط الهدنة في سلسلة من الاجتماعات بين أكتوبر ونوفمبر 2018. الضباط المناوبون من جانبي المنطقة الأمنية المشتركة (المعروفة باسم قرية الهدنة في پان‌مون‌جوم) يقومون بإجراء فحص يومي للاتصالات ولديه القدرة على التواصل وجهًا لوجه عندما يتطلب الموقف.

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 الوضع القانوني

United Nations Command operates under the mandates of UN Security Council Resolutions 82, 83, and 84. At the time, the fledgling UN had neither the legal precedent nor the practical ability to raise a military force in response to the North Korean 'armed attack' against the South; therefore, the UN Security Council designated the United States as the executive agent for leading a “unified command” under the UN flag. As such, the United Nations exercised no control over the combat forces but, as this represented the international community’s first attempt at collective security under the UN system, UN leadership maintained a close relationship with UN Command during the war and for years after hostilities ceased.

When the warring parties signed the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953, UNC delivered the Agreement to the United Nations. In August 1953, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution “noting with approval” the Armistice Agreement, a step that was critical for the UN to take the next step of organizing the Geneva Conference meant to negotiate a diplomatic peace between North and South Korea. The adoption of the Korean Armistice Agreement in the General Assembly underwrites UN Command’s current role of maintaining and enforcing the Armistice Agreement.

The role of the United States as the executive agent for the unified command has led to questions over its continued validity. Most notably, in 1994, UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali wrote in a letter to the North Korean Foreign Minister that:

the Security Council did not establish the unified command as a subsidiary organ under its control, but merely recommended the creation of such a command, specifying that it be under the authority of the United States. Therefore the dissolution of the unified command does not fall within the responsibility of any United Nations organ but is a matter within the competence of the Government of the United States.

Despite the Boutros Boutros-Ghali letter, the official position from the UN remains that the Korean War-era Security Council and General Assembly resolutions remain in force. This was evidenced in 2013 when North Korea announced unilateral abrogation of the Armistice Agreement: UN spokesman spokesman Martin Nesirky asserted that since the Armistice Agreement had been adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, no single party could dissolve it unilaterally. The UNC continues to serve as the signatory and party of the Armistice opposite the North Korean People's Army.

 التأسيس في 1950

After troops of North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 82 calling on North Korea to cease hostilities and withdraw to the 38th parallel.

On June 27, 1950, it adopted Resolution 83, recommending that members of the United Nations provide assistance to the Republic of Korea "to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security to the area".

The first non-Korean and non-US unit to see combat was No. 77 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force, which began escort, patrol and ground attack sorties from Iwakuni, Japan on 2 July 1950. On 29 June 1950, the New Zealand government ordered two Loch class frigates – Tutira and Pukaki to prepare to make for Korean waters, and for the whole of the war, at least two NZ vessels would be on station in the theater. On 3 July, Tutira and Pukaki left Devonport Naval Base, Auckland. They joined other Commonwealth forces at Sasebo, Japan, on 2 August.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 84, adopted on July 7, 1950, recommended that members providing military forces and other assistance to South Korea "make such forces and other assistance available to a unified command under the United States of America".

President Syngman Rhee of the Republic of Korea assigned operational command of ROK ground, sea, and air forces to General MacArthur as Commander-in-Chief UN Command (CINCUNC) in a letter (the "Pusan Letter") of July 15, 1950:

In view of the common military effort of the United Nations on behalf of the Republic of Korea, in which all military forces, land, sea and air, of all the United Nations fighting in or near Korea have been placed under your operational command, and in which you have been designated Supreme Commander United Nations Forces, I am happy to assign to you command authority over all land, sea, and air forces of the Republic of Korea during the period of the continuation of the present state of hostilities, such command to be exercised either by you personally or by such military commander or commanders to whom you may delegate the exercise of this authority within Korea or in adjacent seas.

On August 29, 1950, the British Commonwealth's 27th Infantry Brigade arrived at Busan to join UNC ground forces, which until then included only ROK and U.S. forces. The 27th Brigade moved into the Naktong River line west of Daegu.

Units from other countries of the UN followed: Belgian United Nations Command, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece (15th Infantry Regiment), Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand (16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery), the Philippines (Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea), South Africa (No. 2 Squadron SAAF), Thailand and the Turkish Brigade. Denmark, India, Norway and Sweden provided medical units. Italy provided a hospital, even though it was not a UN member. Iran provided medical assistance from the Iranian military's medical service.

On 1 September 1950 the United Nations Command had a strength of 180,000 in Korea: 92,000 were South Koreans, the balance being Americans and the 1,600-man British 27th Infantry Brigade.

 1950–1953

During the three years of the Korean War, military forces of these nations were allied as members of the UNC. Peak strength for the UNC was 932,964 on July 27, 1953, the day the Armistice Agreement was signed:

• Combat forces

استعراض الدول المشاركة بقوات
البلد	تاريخ الانضمام	المشاركة	قتلى	جرحى	مفقودون	أسرى
الولايات المتحدة	-	302,483	36,940	103,284	8,177	7,140
المملكة المتحدة	7 يوليو 1950	14,198	1,109	2,674	1,060
كندا	28 يوليو 1950	6,146	516	1,255	2
تركيا	17 أكتوبر 1950	5,453	721	2,111	168	216
أستراليا	7 يوليو 1950	2,282	339	1,200	-	-
الفلپين	19 سبتمبر 1950	1,496	112	229
هولندا	15 يوليو 1950	819	123
فرنسا	29 يوليو 1950	1,119	271	1,008	7	12
اليونان	25 نوفمبر 1950	1,263	199	610
نيوزيلندا	15 يوليو 1950	1,385	33
تايلند	7 نوفمبر 1950	1,204	129	1,139	5
إثيوپيا	5 مايو 1951	1,271	121
كولومبيا	30 أبريل 1952	1,068	163	448	2	28
بلجيكا	31 يناير 1951	900	97	350
قالب:ZAF-1961	4 أكتوبر 1950	826	28		8
لوكسمبورگ	31 يناير 1951	44	7	21

• المساعدات الإنسانية (غير محسوبة في الإجمالي أعلاه)
  • الدنمارك (the hospital ship MS Jutlandia) – 600
  • India
  • إيطاليا 68th Field Hospital (Ospedale da Campo n° 68) - 71
  • النرويج (NORMASH)
  • السويد

The commanders of the UNC were: Douglas MacArthur, Matthew B. Ridgway, and Mark Wayne Clark. John E. Hull was named UNC commander to carry out the cease-fire (including the voluntary repatriation of prisoners of war) after the armistice was signed.

 1953 وما بعدها

In early July 1950, amid the confusion of the first days of the war, Seoul placed its armed forces under the command of General Douglas MacArthur as United Nations (UN) commander. This arrangement continued after the armistice. For some twenty-five years, the United Nations Command headquarters, which had no South Korean officers in it, was responsible for the defense of South Korea, with operational control over a majority of the units in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces, the South Korean military. The command was the primary peacetime planning organization for allied response to a North Korean invasion of South Korea and the principal wartime command organization for all South Korean and United States forces involved in defending South Korea.

On November 7, 1978 a binational headquarters, the Republic of Korea – United States Combined Forces Command (CFC), was created, and the South Korean military units with front-line missions were transferred from the UN Command to the CFC's operational control. The commander in chief of the CFC, a United States military officer, answered ultimately to the national command authorities of the United States and that of South Korea.

In 1994, all South Korean forces were returned to the operational control of the South Korean government. South Korean forces were severed from CFC during the continued Armistice period and the CFC Commander was no longer ultimately responsible for the fighting readiness of South Korean forces. South Korea, as a sovereign nation, assumed this responsibility.

Under the law, the Commander of United States Forces Korea, is dual-hatted as Commander of the ROK-U.S. CFC. The Deputy Commander is a four-star general from the South Korean army, who is also dual-hatted as the ground forces component commander.

The CFC has operational control over more than 600,000 active-duty military personnel of all services, of both countries. In wartime, augmentation could include some 3.5 million South Korean reservists as well as additional U.S. forces deployed from outside South Korea. If North Korea were to invade South Korea, the CFC would provide a coordinated defense through its Air, Ground, Naval and Combined Marine Forces Component Commands and the Combined Unconventional Warfare Task Force. In-country and augmentation U.S. forces would be provided to the CFC for employment by the respective combat component.

The transfer of wartime control of the defense of South Korea to the South Korean government has been discussed periodically. As long as South Korea’s KAMD and Kill Chain pre-emptive strike system remain in development, full operational control transfer will likely be postponed.

In May 2018, Canadian Lt. General Wayne Eyre became the first non-American to serve as deputy commander of the UNC.

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 القيادة الخلفية للأمم المتحدة

القيادة الخلفية للأمم المتحدة تقع في قاعدة يوكوتا الجوية، باليابان ويرأسها كاپتن مجموعة من القوات الجوية الأسترالية الملكية مع deputy commander from the Canadian Forces. Its task is to maintain the SOFA that permits the UNC to retain a logistics rear and staging link on Japanese soil.

 مستقبل منطقة الأمن المشتركة

In support of the September 2018 inter-Korean Comprehensive Military Agreement, UN Command, South Korean military, and North Korean People's Army officials met in a series of negotiations to deliberate the demilitarization of the Joint Security Area. The first two meetings in October led to Demining activities within the JSA, de-arming of personnel, and sealing off of Guard Posts. On November 6, 2018, UNC conducted a third round of negotiations with the South Korean military and North Korean People's Army on "Rules of Interaction" which would underwrite a Joint Security Area where both sides of the Military Demarcation Line--the de facto border--would be open to personnel. For undisclosed reasons, the North Korean side refused to meet to finalize these rules and the next step for realizing a demilitarized Joint Security Area.

 See also

• United Nations Memorial Cemetery – in Busan, where 2,300 casualties from various nations are buried.

 للاستزادة

• Grey, Jeffrey. The Commonwealth Armies and the Korean War: An Alliance Study. Manchester University Press, 1990.