جامعة ستانفورد

Leland Stanford Junior University

الشعار	بالألمانية: Die Luft der Freiheit weht
الشعار بالعربية	"The wind of freedom blows"
النوع	Private research university
تأسست	1891 (1891
المؤسس	Leland and Jane Stanford
الوقف	$27.7 billion (2019)
الميزانية	$6.5 billion (2018–19)
الرئيس	Marc Tessier-Lavigne
Provost	Persis Drell
الطاقم الأكاديمي	2,240
الطاقم الاداري	12,508 excluding SHC
الطلبة	17,249 (Fall 2019)
طلاب نحو البكالوريوس	6,996 (Fall 2019)
دارسون بعد التخرج	10,253 (Fall 2019)
الموقع	Stanford، California، United States 37°25′42″N 122°10′08″W
الحرم	Suburban, 8,180 أكرs (12.8 ميل2; 33.1 kم2)
Academic term	Quarter
الألوان	Cardinal and white
الكنية	Cardinal
جالب الحظ	None
Sporting affiliations	NCAA Division I FBS Pac-12 (primary) IRA PCCSC MPSF
الموقع الإلكتروني	stanford.edu

جامعة ليلند ستانفورد جونيور، اشتهرت بجامعة ستانفورد هي جامعة أمريكية تم افتتاحها في 1 أكتوبر1891، جامعة خاصة تقع في جنوب شرق سان فرانسيسكو بحوالي 37 ميلاً وشمال غرب سان خوسيه بحوالي 20 ميلاً في ولاية كاليفورنيا بالقرب من مدينة بالو ألتو.

ليلند ستانفورد مؤسس الجامعة

من أفضل الجامعات بالعالم ـ توازي شهرتها جامعات معهد ماساتشوستس للتقنية و جامعة كمبريدج و جامعة هارفارد. وقد بدأ وادي السيلكون منها بالستينات.

ويسجل بالجامعة حوالي 6,700 طالب لدارسي الباكلوريوس و 8,000 طالب للدراسات العليا كل سنة من الولايات المتحدة وجميع أنحاء العالم

وهي جامعة كبرى بها أقسام متميزة بالفيزياء والأحياء والهندسة والطب والقانون والسياسة وعلم النفس...

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السمعة والترتيب

ترتيب الجامعة
على المستوى الوطني
ARWU	2
Forbes	2
THE/WSJ	6
U.S. News & World Report	6
Washington Monthly	1
على مستوى العالم
ARWU	2
QS	2
التايمز	3

الترتيب الوطني للبرنامج
البرنامج	الترتيب
العلوم الحيوية	1
الأعمال	1
الكيمياء	2
علم الحاسب	1
علوم الأرض	2
الاقتصاد	1
التعليم	3
الهندسة	2
الإنگليزية	3
الفنون الجميلة	32
التاريخ	1
الحقوق	2
الرياضيات	2
Medicine: Primary Care	30
Medicine: Research	4
Physician Assistant	21
Physics	1
Political Science	1
Psychology	1
Sociology	5
Statistics	1

Global Subject Rankings
Program	Ranking
Arts & Humanities	10
Biology & Biochemistry	3
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems	6
Chemistry	2
Clinical Medicine	5
Computer Science	9
Economics & Business	4
Electrical & Electronic Engineering	47
Engineering	10
Environment/Ecology	3
Geosciences	27
Immunology	8
Materials Science	2
Mathematics	1
Mechanical Engineering	35
Microbiology	10
Molecular Biology & Genetics	3
Neuroscience & Behavior	2
Oncology	19
Pharmacology & Toxicology	11
Physics	2
Plant & Animal Science	34
Psychiatry/Psychology	3
Social Sciences & Public Health	3
Space Science	6
Surgery	13

Discoveries and innovation

انظر أيضاً: Carnegie Mellon discoveries and innovation، وIllinois discoveries and innovation، وMIT discoveries and innovation، و UC Berkeley discoveries and innovation

Natural sciences

• Biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – Arthur Kornberg synthesized DNA material and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his work at Stanford.
• First Transgenic organism – Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer were the first scientists to transplant genes from one living organism to another, a fundamental discovery for genetic engineering. Thousands of products have been developed on the basis of their work, including human growth hormone and hepatitis B vaccine.
• Laser – Arthur Leonard Schawlow shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with Nicolaas Bloembergen and Kai Siegbahn for his work on lasers.
• Nuclear magnetic resonance – Felix Bloch developed new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements, which are the underlying principles of the MRI.

Computer and applied sciences

• ARPANET – Stanford Research Institute, formerly part of Stanford but on a separate campus, was the site of one of the four original ARPANET nodes.
• Internet—Stanford University was the site where the original design of the Internet was undertaken. Vint Cerf led a research group to elaborate the design of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP/IP) that he originally co-created with Robert E. Kahn (Bob Kahn) in 1973 and which formed the basis for the architecture of the Internet.
• Frequency modulation synthesis – John Chowning of the Music department invented the FM music synthesis algorithm in 1967, and Stanford later licensed it to Yamaha Corporation.
• Google – Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford. They were working on the Stanford Digital Library Project (SDLP). The SDLP's goal was "to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library" and it was funded through the National Science Foundation, among other federal agencies.
• Klystron tube – invented by the brothers Russell and Sigurd Varian at Stanford. Their prototype was completed and demonstrated successfully on August 30, 1937. Upon publication in 1939, news of the klystron immediately influenced the work of U.S. and UK researchers working on radar equipment.
• RISC – ARPA funded VLSI project of microprocessor design. Stanford and UC Berkeley are most associated with the popularization of this concept. The Stanford MIPS would go on to be commercialized as the successful MIPS architecture, while Berkeley RISC gave its name to the entire concept, commercialized as the SPARC. Another success from this era were IBM's efforts that eventually led to the IBM POWER instruction set architecture, PowerPC, and Power ISA. As these projects matured, a wide variety of similar designs flourished in the late 1980s and especially the early 1990s, representing a major force in the Unix workstation market as well as embedded processors in laser printers, routers and similar products.
• SUN workstation – Andy Bechtolsheim designed the SUN workstation for the Stanford University Network communications project as a personal CAD workstation, which led to Sun Microsystems.

Businesses and entrepreneurship

المقالة الرئيسية: List of companies founded by Stanford University alumni

Stanford is one of the most successful universities in creating companies and licensing its inventions to existing companies; it is often held up as a model for technology transfer. Stanford's Office of Technology Licensing is responsible for commercializing university research, intellectual property, and university-developed projects.

The university is described as having a strong venture culture in which students are encouraged, and often funded, to launch their own companies.

Companies founded by Stanford alumni generate more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue, equivalent to the 10th-largest economy in the world.

Some companies closely associated with Stanford and their connections include:

• Hewlett-Packard, 1939, co-founders William R. Hewlett (B.S, PhD) and David Packard (M.S).
• Silicon Graphics, 1981, co-founders James H. Clark (Associate Professor) and several of his grad students.
• Sun Microsystems, 1982, co-founders Vinod Khosla (M.B.A), Andy Bechtolsheim (PhD) and Scott McNealy (M.B.A).
• Cisco, 1984, founders Leonard Bosack (M.S) and Sandy Lerner (M.S) who were in charge of Stanford Computer Science and Graduate School of Business computer operations groups respectively when the hardware was developed.
• Yahoo!, 1994, co-founders Jerry Yang (B.S, M.S) and David Filo (M.S).
• Google, 1998, co-founders Larry Page (M.S) and Sergey Brin (M.S).
• LinkedIn, 2002, co-founders Reid Hoffman (B.S), Konstantin Guericke (B.S, M.S), Eric Lee (B.S), and Alan Liu (B.S).
• Instagram, 2010, co-founders Kevin Systrom (B.S) and Mike Krieger (B.S).
• Snapchat, 2011, co-founders Evan Spiegel and Bobby Murphy (B.S).
• Coursera, 2012, co-founders Andrew Ng (Associate Professor) and Daphne Koller (Professor, PhD).

أشهر خريجيها

• فينت سيرف الذي يعرف بأب الإنترنت.
• مؤسسوا شركات جوجل و ياهو و يوتيوب و هوليت-باكارد و صن ميكروسيستمز و إنفيديا و سيسكو سيستمز وسيليكون غرافيكس و نايكي و غاب.

People

لقوائم أكثر شمولاً، انظر List of Stanford University people و[[List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Stanford University ]].

As of late 2016, Stanford had 2,153 tenure-line faculty, senior fellows, center fellows, and medical center faculty.

Award laureates and scholars

Stanford's current community of scholars includes:

• 17 Nobel Prize laureates (as of October 2019, 83 affiliates in total);
• 171 members of the National Academy of Sciences;
• 109 members of National Academy of Engineering;
• 76 members of National Academy of Medicine;
• 288 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences;
• 19 recipients of the National Medal of Science;
• 1 recipient of the National Medal of Technology;
• 4 recipients of the National Humanities Medal;
• 49 members of American Philosophical Society;
• 56 fellows of the American Physics Society (since 1995);
• 4 Pulitzer Prize winners;
• 31 MacArthur Fellows;
• 4 Wolf Foundation Prize winners;
• 2 ACL Lifetime Achievement Award winners;
• 14 AAAI fellows;
• 2 Presidential Medal of Freedom winners.

Stanford's faculty and former faculty includes 46 Nobel laureates, 5 Fields Medalists, as well as 16 winners of the Turing Award, the so-called "Nobel Prize in computer science", comprising one third of the awards given in its 44-year history. The university has 27 ACM fellows. It is also affiliated with 4 Gödel Prize winners, 4 Knuth Prize recipients, 10 IJCAI Computers and Thought Award winners, and about 15 Grace Murray Hopper Award winners for their work in the foundations of computer science. Stanford alumni have started many companies and, according to Forbes, has produced the second highest number of billionaires of all universities.

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  31st President of the United States Herbert Hoover (BA, 1895)

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  Former Associate Justice of the United States Sandra Day O'Connor (BA, 1950)

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  Venture capitalist billionaire Peter Thiel (BA, 1989; JD, 1992)

13 Stanford alumni have won the Nobel Prize. As of 2019, 122 Stanford students or alumni have been named Rhodes Scholars.

See also

• List of universities by number of billionaire alumni
• List of colleges and universities in California
• S*, a collaboration between seven universities and the Karolinska Institute for training in bioinformatics and genomics
• Stanford School

Notes

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References

Further reading

• Lee Altenberg, Beyond Capitalism: Leland Stanford's Forgotten Vision (Stanford Historical Society, 1990)
• Ronald N. Bracewell, Trees of Stanford and Environs (Stanford Historical Society, 2005)
• Ken Fenyo, The Stanford Daily 100 Years of Headlines (2003) ISBN 0-9743654-0-8
• Jean Fetter, Questions and Admissions: Reflections on 100,000 Admissions Decisions at Stanford (1997) ISBN 0-8047-3158-6
• Ricard Joncas, David Neumann, and Paul V. Turner. Stanford University. The Campus Guide. Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Available online.
• Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford, Columbia University Press 1994
• Rebecca S. Lowen, R. S. Lowen, Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford, University of California Press 1997

External links

• Stanford Athletics website
• Texts on Wikisource:
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Leland Stanford Jr. University" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • "Leland Stanford Junior University". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. 
  • "[[s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.