إمبراطورية گوپتا

(تم التحويل من Gupta Empire)
إمبراطورية گوپتا
गुप्त राजवंश
Gupta Rājavaṃśa
320 م–عقد 600 م
امبراطورية گوپتا في أقصى اتساعها (رمادي)، وتوابعها (أخضر).
امبراطورية گوپتا في أقصى اتساعها (رمادي)، وتوابعها (أخضر).
الامتداد التقريبي لأراضي گوپتا (بنفسجي) في 450 م.
الامتداد التقريبي لأراضي گوپتا (بنفسجي) في 450 م.
Capitalپتالي‌پوترا
اللغات المشتركةسنسكريتية (الأدب والعلم)؛ پراكريت (العامية)
الدين
الحكومةملكية
مهاراجادي‌راجا 
• عقد 240-280
سري‌گوپتا
• 319-335
تشاندراگوپتا الأول
• 540-550
ڤشنوگوپتا
الحقبة التاريخيةالقدم
• Established
320 م
• Disestablished
عقد 600 م
المساحة
تقدير 400[1]3،500،000 km2 (1،400،000 sq mi)
تقدير 440[2]1،700،000 km2 (660،000 sq mi)
سبقها		 تلاها
امبراطورية كوشان
الساتراپات الغربية
ناگات پادماڤاتي
الگوپتا اللاحقون
Maukhari
Maitraka
أسرة ڤردانا
Mathara dynasty
أسرة ڤارمان
Kalachuris
الأسرة البراهمية في السند
اليوم جزء منالهند
پاكستان
بنگلادش
ميانمار
أفغانستان[3]

إمبراطورية گوپتا (بالسنسكريتية: गुप्त राजवंश, Gupta Rājavaṃśa؛ إنگليزية: Gupta Empire) مجموعة حكام في الهند من أواسط أو أواخر القرن الثالث الميلادي إلى 543م. وفي أوجها من 319 إلى 467م، شملت معظم شبه القارة الهندية.[4] وتُعْتبر الفترة الگوپتية العصر الذهبي للهند، فقد بلغ الأدب والنَّحت وبعض الفنون الأخرى في هذه الفترة شأنًا، لم تبلغه في الهند بعد ذلك قطُّ.[5][note 1] الأسرة الحاكمة للامبراطورية أسسها الملك سري‌گوپتا؛ وأبرز حكام الأسرة هم تشاندراگوپتا الأول، وسامودراگوپتا وتشاندراگوپتا الثاني الشهير بـ ڤيكراماديتيا. ينسب شاعر السنسكريتية بالقرن الخامس كالي‌داسا الفضل إلى الگوپتا في هزيمة نحو احدى وعشرين مملكة، داخل وخارج الهند، منهن ممالك پاراسيكا، والهونا كمبوجا، والقبائل الواقعة غرب وشرق وادي جيحون، و كـِنـّارا, كيراتا، وغيرهم.[7][بحاجة لمصدر غير رئيسي]

النقاط البارزة في هذه الفترة هي التطورات الثقافية العظيمة التي حدثت في المقام الأول في عهود سامودراگوپتا، وتشاندراگوپتا الثاني وكوماراگوپتا الأول. العديد من المصادر الأدبية، مثل المهابهاراتا و الرامايانا، قـُدِّست في هذا العصر.[8] أنتج عصر الگوپتا دارسين مثل كالي‌داسا،[9] Aryabhata, Varahamihira, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields.[10][11][12] Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era.[11] The period gave rise to achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting that "set standards of form and taste [that] determined the whole subsequent course of art, not only in India but far beyond her borders".[13] Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established the region as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions في جنوب آسيا وجنوب شرق آسيا.[14] The Puranas, earlier long poems on a variety of subjects, are also thought to have been committed to written texts around this period.[13][3] Brahmins flourished in the Gupta empire but the Guptas tolerated people of other faiths as well. Vedic sacrifices reduced in the Gupta period[15]

تلاشت الإمبراطورية في النهاية بسبب العديد من العوامل مثل الخسارة الكبيرة للأراضي وتضعضع السلطة الإمبراطورية بسبب تناحراتهم السابقة، وكذلك غزو شعوب الهونا (كيدار و هون الخان) من آسيا الوسطى.[16][17] بعد انهيار امبراطورية گوپتا في القرن السادس، عادت الهند مرة أخرى لأن تـُحكم بممالك إقليمية متعددة.

الأصل

المقالة الرئيسية: أصل أسرة گوپتا
امبراطورية گوپتا
320 م–550 م
Chandragupta II horse typeرأس تمثال بوذا، الهند، Mathura، فترة گوپتا، القرن 4-5 م
گوپتا (ح. أواخر القرن الثالث)
غاتوت‌كاتشا (ح. أواخر القرن الثالث - 319)
تشاندراگوپتا الأول (ح. 319 – 335/350)
كاتشا (مطلع القرن الرابع؟)
سامودراگوپتا (ح. 335/350 – 375)
(راماگوپتا) (أواخر القرن الرابع؟)
تشاندراگوپتا الثاني (380 – 413/415)
كوماراگوپتا الأولى (415 – 455)
سكانداگوپتا (455 - 467)
پوروگوپتا (467 – 473)
كوماراگوپتا الثانية (473 - 476)
بوذاگوپتا (476 – 495)
ناراسيماگوپتا (495 – ?)
(بانوگوپتا) (حوالي 510)
ڤاينياگوپتا (حوالي 507)
كوماراگوپتا الثالثة (حوالي 530)
ڤشنوگوپتا (540 – 550)

Guptas were originally from Magadha.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][استشهاد مفرط] The first evidence of Gupta connection with Magadha comes from a foreign source. The Chinese traveller I-tsing, who came to India in A.D. 672 heard of Mahārāja Śrī-Gupta (Che-li-ki-to) who built a temple near Mrigaśikhāvana for Chinese pilgrims and endowed it with 24 villages.[28][29]

Recent numismatic research suggests that Sri Gupta, traditionally regarded as the founder of the Gupta dynasty, likely ruled as an independent monarch in the Magadha region during the late 3rd century CE. A hoard of over one hundred silver coins bearing the legend "Śrī Gupta" in Brahmi script, along with a portrait bust, have been discovered in Bihar, particularly in the Hajipur–Muzaffarpur region, a core area of ancient Magadha. These coins, uniform in typology and silver standard, reflect deliberate state issuance rather than imitation or forgery. Scholars argue that this coinage indicates Sri Gupta's sovereign authority, issued to meet local economic demands following the decline of the Kushans and to assert political identity. The use of the title Maharaja—also common among other independent tribal states of the period—further supports his autonomous status. Moreover, the later marriage alliance between Chandra Gupta I and the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi likely reflects the already elevated position of the Gupta family, established during the reigns of Sri Gupta and his son Ghatotkacha. This interpretation places the origin of the Gupta Empire firmly within a local Magadhan context, grounded in both political independence and early monetary sovereignty.[30]


ظهور السلالة وسقوطها



تاريخ جنوب آسيا

(شبه القارة الهندية)

العصر الحجري 70,000–3300 ق.م.
• ثقافة مهرگره • 7000–3300 ق.م.
حضارة وادي السند 3300–1700 ق.م.
ثقافة هرپـّان المتأخرة 1700–1300 ق.م.
الفترة الڤيدية 1500–500 ق.م.
العصر الحديدي 1200–300 ق.م.
• مهاجناپادا • 700–300 ق.م.
• امبراطورية ماگادا • 545 ق.م. - 550
• امبراطورية موريا • 321–184 ق.م.
الممالك الوسيطة 250 ق.م.–1279 م
• امبراطورية چولا • 250 ق.م.–1070 م
• ساتاڤاهانا • 230 ق.م.–220 م
• امبراطورية كوشان • 60–240
• امبراطورية گوپتا • 280–550
• امبراطورية پالا • 750–1174
• أسرة چالوكيا • 543–753
• راشتراكوتا • 753–982
• امبراطورية چالوكيا الغربية • 973–1189
• مملكة هويسالا 1040–1346
• امبراطورية كاكاتيا 1083–1323
السلطنات الإسلامية 1206–1596
• سلطنة دلهي • 1206–1526
• سلطنات الدكن • 1490–1596
مملكة أهوم 1228–1826
امبراطورية ڤيجايانگرا 1336–1646
سلطنة المغول 1526–1858
امبراطورية ماراثا 1674–1818
سلطنة دراني 1747–1823
اتحاد السيخ 1716–1799
امبراطورية السيخ 1801–1849
شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية 1757–1858
الراج البريطاني 1858–1947
الدول المعاصرة 1947–الحاضر
تواريخ الأمم
بنگلادش • بوتان • جمهورية الهند
المالديڤ • نيپال • پاكستان • سري لانكا
تواريخ إقليمية
تآريخ متخصصة
 ع • ن • ت

بدأت السلالة في أسرة من ملاك الأرض الأغنياء الذين سيطروا على ماگادا، وهي مملكةٌ صغيرة في وادي الغانج. وأصبحت پتالي‌پوترا (عاصمة ماگادا) عاصمة للمملكة الگوپتية. وقد أسَّس تشاندراگوپتا الأول، الذي قاد من حوالي عام 320 إلى 330م حُكْم أسرة گوپتا وسيطر على أراضٍ إضافية من خلال الزِّيجات. وكذلك سيطر سامودراگوپتا، الذي حكم من حوالي عام 330م إلى 375م، وخلفه تشاندراگوپتا الثاني، الذي حكم حتى حوالي عام 415م، مناطق إضافية كثيرة، خصوصاً في جهتي الغرب والجنوب. وبعد عام 450م، كان الهُون في وسط آسيا يهاجمون المملكة من وقت لآخر. وهزم سكانداگوپتا، الذي استمر حكمه من حوالي عام 454م حتى 467م، الغزاة الهون الأوائل. لكنَّ الهون استطاعوا في النهاية اختراق تحصينات الگوپتا في حوالي عام 500م واستولوا على معظم شمال الهند. لكن دويلاتٍ صغيرةٍ للگوپتا ظلَّت باقيةً في شرقيّ الهند حتى منتصف القرن السادس.

سري‌گوپتا وغاتوت‌كاتشا

رأس بوذا، عصر گوپتا، القرن السادس.

تشاندراگوپتا الأول

المقالة الرئيسية: تشاندراگوپتا الأول

Gupta (Gupta script: gu-pta, اِزد. late 3rd century CE) is the earliest known king of the Gupta dynasty. Different historians variously date the beginning of his reign from the mid-to-late 3rd century CE.[31][32] Gupta founded the Gupta Empire 240ح. 240-280 CE, and was succeeded by his son, Ghatotkacha, 280ح. 280-319 CE, followed by Ghatotkacha's son, Chandragupta I, 319ح. 319-335 CE. "Che-li-ki-to", the name of a king mentioned by the 7th century Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing, is believed to be a transcription of "Shri-Gupta" (IAST: Śrigupta), "Shri" being an honorific prefix.[33] According to Yijing, this king built a temple for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims near "Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no" (believed to be a transcription of Mṛgaśikhāvana).[34][ذو صلة؟]

الملكة كومارادڤي والملك تشاندراگوپتا الأول، مُصوّران على عملة لابنهما سامودراگوپتا, 350-380 م.

In the Allahabad Pillar inscription, Gupta and his successor Ghatotkacha are described as Maharaja ("Great King"), while the next king Chandragupta I is called a Maharajadhiraja ("King of Great Kings"). In the later period, the title Maharaja was used by feudatory rulers, which has led to suggestions that Gupta and Ghatotkacha were vassals (possibly of the Kushan Empire).[35] However, there are several instances of paramount sovereigns using the title Maharaja, in both pre-Gupta and post-Gupta periods, so this cannot be said with certainty. That said, there is no doubt that Gupta and Ghatotkacha held a lower status and were less powerful than Chandragupta I.[36]

Chandragupta I married the Licchavi princess Kumaradevi, which may have helped him extend his political power and dominions, enabling him to adopt the prestigious title Maharajadhiraja.[37] According to the dynasty's official records, he was succeeded by his son Samudragupta. However, the discovery of the coins issued by a Gupta emperor named Kacha have led to some debate on this topic: according to one theory, Kacha was another name for Samudragupta; another possibility is that Kacha was a rival claimant to the throne.[38]

سامودراگوپتا

المقالة الرئيسية: سامودراگوپتا
Gupta script inscription Maharaja Sri Gupta ("Great King, Lord Gupta"), mentioning the first ruler of the dynasty, king Gupta. Inscription by Samudragupta on the Allahabad Pillar, where Samudragupta presents king Gupta as his great-grandfather. Dated circa 350 CE.[39]
Coin of Samudragupta, with Garuda pillar. المتحف البريطاني.
عملة ذهبية من سامودراگوپتا لتخليد شعائر أشڤامضا. Tethered horse and queen carrying ritual equipment.

Samudragupta succeeded his father around 335 or 350 CE, and ruled until 375ح. 375.[40] The Allahabad Pillar inscription, composed by his courtier Harisena, credits him with extensive conquests.[41] The inscription asserts that Samudragupta uprooted 8 kings of Āryāvarta, the northern region, including the Nagas.[42] It further claims that he subjugated all the kings of the forest region, which was most probably located in central India.[43] It also credits him with defeating 12 rulers of Dakshinapatha, the southern region: the exact identification of several of these kings is debated among modern scholars,[44] but it is clear that these kings ruled areas located on the eastern coast of India.[45] The inscription suggests that Samudragupta advanced as far as the Pallava kingdom in the south, and defeated Vishnugopa, the Pallava regent of Kanchi.[46] During this southern campaign, Samudragupta most probably passed through the forest tract of central India, reached the eastern coast in present-day Odisha, and then marched south along the coast of the Bay of Bengal.[47]

The Allahabad Pillar inscription mentions that rulers of several frontier kingdoms and tribal aristocracies paid Samudragupta tributes, obeyed his orders, and performed obeisance before him.[48][49] These polities and tribes included Samatata, Davaka, Kamarupa, Nepal, Karttripura,[50] Malavas, Arjunayanas, Yaudheyas, Madrakas, and Abhiras.[49]

The inscription also mentions that several foreign kings tried to please Samudragupta by personal attendance, offered him their daughters in marriage (or according to another interpretation, gifted him maidens[51]), and sought the use of the Garuda-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories.[52] However, this is likely an exaggeration, and Samudragupta's panegyrist appears to have described acts of diplomacy as ones of subservience. For example, the King of Simhala is listed among these foreign rulers, but it is known that from Chinese sources that the Simhala king Meghavarna merely sent presents to the Gupta emperor requesting his permission to build a Buddhist monastery; he did not express subservience.[53]

Samudragupta appears to have been Vaishnavite, as attested by his Eran inscription,[54][55] and performed several Brahmanical ceremonies.[56] The Gupta records credit him with making generous donations of cows and gold.[54] He performed the Ashvamedha ritual (horse sacrifice), which was used by the ancient Indian kings and emperors to prove their imperial sovereignty, and issued gold coins (see Coinage below) to mark this performance.[57]

The Allahabad Pillar inscription presents Samudragupta as a wise king and strict administrator, who was also compassionate enough to help the poor and the helpless.[58] It also alludes to the king's talents as a musician and a poet, and calls him the "king of poets".[59] Such claims are corroborated by Samudragupta's gold coins, which depict him playing a veena.[60]

Samudragupta appears to have directly controlled a large part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain in present-day India, as well as a substantial part of central India.[61] His empire comprised a number of monarchical and tribal tributary states of northern India, and of the south-eastern coastal region of India.[62][45]

راماگوپتا

Standing Buddha in red sandstone, Art of Mathura, Gupta period 5th century CEح. 5th century CE. Mathura Museum[63]
المقالة الرئيسية: راماگوپتا

Ramagupta is known from a sixth-century play, the Devichandragupta, in which he surrenders his queen to the enemy Sakas, forcing his brother Chandragupta to sneak into the enemy camp to rescue her and kill the Saka king. The historicity of these events is unclear, but Ramagupta's existence is confirmed by three Jain statues found at Durjanpur, with inscriptions referring to him as the Maharajadhiraja. A large number of his copper coins also have been found from the Eran-Vidisha region and classified in five distinct types, which include the Garuda,[64] Garudadhvaja, lion and border legend types. The Brahmi legends on these coins are written in the early Gupta style.[65]

تشاندراگوپتا الثاني "ڤيكراماديتيا"

المقالة الرئيسية: تشاندراگوپتا الثاني
عملة من تشاندراگوپتا الثاني.

حسب سجلات جوبتا، فمن بين أبنائه العديدين، اختار سامودراگوپتا الأمير تشاندراگوپتا الثاني، ابن الملكة داتـّادڤي، كخليفته. Chandragupta II, Vikramaditya (Brave as the Sun), ruled from 375 until 415. He married a Kadamba princess of Kuntala and of Naga lineage (Nāgakulotpannnā), Kuberanaga. His daughter Prabhavatigupta from this Naga queen was married to Rudrasena II, the Vakataka king of Deccan.[66] His son Kumaragupta I was married to a Kadamba princess of the Karnataka region. Chandragupta II expanded his realm westwards, defeating the Saka Western Kshatrapas of Malwa, Gujarat and Saurashtra in a campaign lasting until 409. His main opponent Rudrasimha III was defeated by 395, and he crushed the Bengal chiefdoms. This extended his control from coast to coast, established a second capital at Ujjain and was the high point of the empire.[citation needed] Kuntala inscriptions indicate rule of Chandragupta II in Kuntala country of Karnataka.[67] Hunza inscription also indicate that Chandragupta was able to rule north western Indian subcontinent and proceeded to conquer Balkh, although some scholars have also disputed the identity of the Gupta emperor.[68] Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI (r. 1076 – 1126 CE) mentions Chandragupta with his title and states: "Why should the glory of the Kings Vikramaditya and Nanda be a hindrance any longer? He with a loud command abolished that (era), which has the name of Saka, and made that (era) which has the Chalukya counting".[69]

Gold coins of Chandragupta II

Despite the creation of the empire through war, his reign is remembered for its very influential style of Hindu art, literature, culture and science. Some excellent works of Hindu art such as the panels at the Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh serve to illustrate the magnificence of Gupta art during his reign. Above all, it was the synthesis of elements that gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour. During this period, the Guptas were supportive of thriving Buddhist and Jain cultures as well, and for this reason, there is also a long history of non-Hindu Gupta period art. In particular, Gupta period Buddhist art was to be influential in most of East and Southeast Asia. Many advances were recorded by the Chinese scholar and traveller Faxian in his diary and published afterwards.

The court of Chandragupta II was made even more illustrious by the fact that it was graced by the Navaratna (Nine Jewels), a group of nine who excelled in the literary arts. Among these men was Kālidāsa, whose works dwarfed the works of many other literary geniuses, not only in his own age but in the years to come. Kalidasa was mainly known for his subtle exploitation of the shringara (romantic) element in his verse.

Campaigns against foreign tribes

Sculpture of Vishnu (red sandstone), 5th century CE.

The 4th century Sanskrit poet Kalidasa credits Chandragupta Vikramaditya with conquering about twenty-one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in East and West India, Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) proceeded northwards, subjugated the Parasika, then the Huna and Kamboja tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys respectively. Thereafter, the king proceeded into the Himalaya mountains to reduce the mountain tribes of the Kinnaras, Kiratas, as well as India proper.[7][بحاجة لمصدر غير رئيسي] In one of his works Kalidasa also credits him with the removal of the Sakas from the country. He wrote 'Wasn't it Vikramaditya who drove the Sakas out from the lovely city of Ujjain?'.[70]

The Brihatkathamanjari of the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra states, King Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the barbarians like the Sakas, Mlecchas, Kambojas, Greeks, Tusharas, Saka-Greeks, Hunas, and others, by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely".[71][بحاجة لمصدر غير رئيسي][72][73]

Faxian

Faxian, a Chinese Buddhist monk, was one of the pilgrims who visited India during the reign of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II. He started his journey from China in 399 CE and reached India in 405 CE. During his stay in India up to 411 CE, he went on a pilgrimage to Mathura, Kannauj, Kapilavastu, Kushinagar, Vaishali, Pataliputra, Kashi, and Rajagriha, and made careful observations about the empire's conditions. Faxian was pleased with the mildness of administration. The penal code was mild, and offences were punished by fines only. From his accounts, the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period. His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period.[74]

Faxian on reaching Mathura comments––

"The snow and heat are finely tempered, and there is neither hoarfrost nor snow. The people are numerous and happy. They have not to register their households. Only those who cultivate the royal land have to pay (a portion of) the gain from it. If they want to go, they go. If they want to stay on, they stay on. The king governs without decapitation or (other) corporal punishments. Criminals are simply fined according to circumstances. Even in cases of repeated attempts at wicked rebellion, they only have their right-hand cut off. The king's bodyguards & attendants all have salaries. Throughout the whole country, the people do not kill any living creature, not drink any intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic."[74]

كوماراگوپتا الأول

المقالة الرئيسية: كوماراگوپتا الأول
عملة ذهبية لكوماراگوپتا الأول.
Silver coin of the Gupta King كوماراگوپتا الأول AD (414-455) (عملة أقاليمه الغربية، التصميم مشتق من الساتراپات الغربية).
Obv: Bust of king with crescents, with traces of corrupt Greek script.[75][76]
Rev: گارودا standing facing with spread wings. Brahmi legend: Parama-bhagavata راجاضي‌راجا Sri Kumaragupta Mahendraditya.[77]

Skandagupta

المقالة الرئيسية: Skandagupta

Skandagupta, son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta emperors. He assumed the titles of Vikramaditya and Kramaditya.[78] He defeated the Pushyamitra threat, but then was faced with invading Kidarites (sometimes described as the Hephthalites or "White Huns", known in India as the Sweta Huna), from the northwest.

He repelled a Huna attack around 455 CE, but the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline. The Bhitari Pillar inscription of Skandagupta, the successor of Chandragupta, recalls the near annihilation of the Gupta Empire following the attacks of the Kidarites.[79] The Kidarites seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire.[79]

Skandagupta died in 467 and was succeeded by his agnate brother Purugupta.[80]

Decline of the empire

Jain tirthankara relief Parshvanatha on Kahaum pillar erected by person named Madra during the reign of Skandagupta[81]

Following Skandagupta's death, the empire was clearly in decline,[82] and the later Gupta coinage indicates their loss of control over much of western India after 467–469.[83] Skandagupta was followed by Purugupta (467–473), Kumaragupta II (473–476), Budhagupta (476–495), Narasimhagupta (495–530), Kumaragupta III (530–540), Vishnugupta (540–550), two lesser known kings namely, Vainyagupta and Bhanugupta.

In the late 490's the Alchon Huns under Toramana and Mihirakula broke through the Gupta defences in the northwest, and much of the empire in the northwest was overrun by the Huns by 500. According to some scholars the empire disintegrated under the attacks of Toramana and his successor Mihirakula.[84][85] It appears from inscriptions that the Guptas, although their power was much diminished, continued to resist the Huns. The Hun invader Toramana was defeated by Bhanugupta in 510.[86][87] The Huns were defeated and driven out of India in 528 by King Yashodharman from Malwa, and possibly Gupta emperor Narasimhagupta.[88]

These invasions, although only spanning a few decades, had long term effects on India, and in a sense brought an end to Classical Indian civilisation.[89] Soon after the invasions, the Gupta Empire, already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers such as Yashodharman, ended as well.[90] Following the invasions, northern India was left in disarray, with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas.[91] The Huna invasions are said to have seriously damaged India's trade with Europe and Central Asia.[89] In particular, Indo-Roman trade relations, which the Gupta Empire had greatly benefited from. The Guptas had been exporting numerous luxury products such as silk, leather goods, fur, iron products, ivory, pearl, and pepper from centres such as Nasik, Paithan, Pataliputra, and Benares. The Huna invasion probably disrupted these trade relations and the tax revenues that came with them.[citation needed]

Furthermore, Indian urban culture was left in decline, and Buddhism, gravely weakened by the destruction of monasteries and the killing of monks by the hand of the vehemently anti-Buddhist Shaivist Huna king Mihirakula, started to collapse.[89] Great centres of learning were destroyed, such as the city of Taxila, bringing cultural regression.[89] During their rule of 60 years, the Alchons are said to have altered the hierarchy of ruling families and the Indian caste system. For example, the Hunas are often said to have become the precursors of the Rajputs.[89]

قالب:South Asia in 600 CE The succession of the 6th-century Guptas is not entirely clear, but the tail end recognised ruler of the dynasty's main line was King Vishnugupta, reigning from 540 to 550. In addition to the Huna invasion, the factors, which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the Vakatakas and the rise of Yashodharman in Malwa.[92]

The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is from the reign of Vishnugupta (the Damudarpur copper-plate inscription),[93] in which he makes a land grant in the area of Kotivarsha (Bangarh in West Bengal) in 542/543 CE.[94] This follows the occupation of most of northern and central India by the Aulikara King Yashodharman 532 CEح. 532 CE.[94]

Archaeologist Shanker Sharma concluded, based on a 2019 study, that the cause of the Gupta Empire's downfall was a devastating flood which happened around the middle of the 6th century in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.[citation needed]

Chandragupta II was succeeded by his second son Kumaragupta I, born of Mahadevi Dhruvasvamini. Kumaragupta I assumed the title, Mahendraditya.[95] He ruled until 455. Towards the end of his reign a tribe in the Narmada valley, the Pushyamitras, rose in power to threaten the empire. The Kidarites as well probably confronted the Gupta Empire towards the end of the rule of Kumaragupta I, as his son Skandagupta mentions in the Bhitari pillar inscription his efforts at reshaping a country in disarray, through reorganisation and military victories over the Pushyamitras and the Hunas.[96]

He was the founder of Nalanda University which on 15 July 2016 was declared as a UNESCO world heritage site.[97] Kumaragupta I was also a worshipper of Kartikeya.

الأسر الحاكمة بعد گوپتا

In the heart of the former Gupta Empire, in the Gangetic region, the Guptas were succeeded by the Maukhari dynasty and the Pushyabhuti dynasty.[98] The coinage of the Maukharis and Pushyabhutis followed the silver coin type of the Guptas, with portrait of the ruler in profile (although facing in the reverse direction compared to the Guptas, a possible symbol of antagonism)[99] and the peacock on the reverse, the Brahmi legend being kept except for the name of the ruler.[98]

In the western regions, they were succeeded by Gurjaradesa, the Gurjara-Pratiharas, and later the Chaulukya-Paramara dynasties, who issued so-called Indo-Sasanian coinage, on the model of the coinage of the Sasanian Empire, which had been introduced in India by the Alchon Huns.[98]

نظام الحكم

على الرغم من أن الجبتا يُدْعون بلقب الأباطرة، فإن إمبراطوريتهم كانت غير محكمة التأسيس. وكانوا يسيطرون مباشرة على وادي الجانج؛ لكن المناطق النائية كانت تتمتع بدرجة كبيرة من الاستقلال، مادامت خاضعةً بالولاء لملوك الجبتا. وحتى في وادي الجانج، كانت القرى والمدن، تختار موظفيها الخاصِّين وتدير شؤونها الخاصة.

الحياة الثقافية

رسوم أجانتا رُسِمت في عهد گوپتا

كانت هذه الحياة مدعومةً من قِبَل الطبقات العليا الثّرية في المدن. وفي خلال حكم الجبتا، اكتسبت الموسيقى والرَّقص الأشكال المعقَّدة التي أصبحت أساس الموسيقى الهندية الكلاسيكية اليوم. وقد أصبح النَّحتُ الهنديُّ والبوذيُّ المفصَّل والمقيِّد في الوقت ذاته خلال فترة الجبتا، المثال الذي يحْتذيه الفن الهنديُّ فيما بعد وتُعتبر الإسطَبَّة البوذية، وهي نُصْب على شكل قبة في سارناث، من الأمثلة الممتازة لهذا النحت. وشملت رسومات الجدران الجبتية مناظر حيةً من الحياة الهندية، وتفاصيل الحياة البوذية. وتوجد معظم الرُّسومات الباقية في كهوف، كتلك الموجودة في أجانْتا.

وفي عهد الگوپتا، ازدهرت السنسكريتية، لغة الهند الكلاسيكية. كتب كالداسا، أكبر شعراء الأمة ومسرحييها، عن الحب والمغامرات وجمال الطبيعة. وكان العديد من الأعمال يصوِّر الدرس الأخلاقيّ. وكانت المدارس الهندوسية والأديرة البوذية تعلّم النَّحو والرياضيات، والطب والفلسفة والكتابات المقدَّسة. وكذلك كان الدَّير البوذيّ في نالاندا جامعةً بمكتباته الكبيرة. وقد جذب هذا الدير طلاباً من ديانات عديدة ومن بلاد بعيدة مثل الصِّين وجاوه.

وقد كان حكام گوپتا هندوسيين، لكن الهندوسيَّة والبوذية ازدهرتا معاً في المملكة، وشُيِّد كثير من المعابد والأديرة. وقد صار الصَّنم في الهندوسية مُهماً بوصفه شيئاً يُعبد. وكان الناس يقدِّمون الطَّعام للأصنام، كما كانوا يغسلونها ويغنون لها. وكان كثير من الناس يرفضون أكل اللحوم، أو تناول المشروبات الكحولية. وهذه الممارسات لاتزال سائدة بين الهندوس حتى اليوم. وقد امتدت الثقافة الهندية والممارسات الدينية في الفترة الجبتية إلى مناطق أخرى خصوصاً في جنوب شرقي آسيا. وقد تبنى الكثير من الملوك في جنوب شرقي آسيا اللغة السنسكريتية والطُّقوس الهندوسية لتُمارس في قصورهم.


حكام أسرة گوپتا

حكم الفرع الرئيسي من أسرة گوپتا الامبراطورية في الهند، من حوالي 320 إلى 550. هذه الأسرة أسسها سري‌گوپتا. الحكام هم:

سبقه
أسرة كانڤا 		أسر ماگادا
240-550 م 		تبعه
محتمل: إمبراطورية پالا

انظر أيضا

الهامش

قالب:الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة

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المراجع

  • Majumdar, R.C. (1977). Ancient India, New Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 8120804368

للاستزادة

  • Andrea Berens Karls & Mounir A. Farah. World History The Human Experience.

وصلات خارجية


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "note"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="note"/>

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