إدگار أدريان

The Right Honourable إدگار أدريان OM FRS
Edgar Adrian
49th President of the Royal Society
في المنصب 1950–1955
سبقه	Sir Robert Robinson
خلـَفه	Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
Master of Trinity College, Cambridge
في المنصب 1955–1965
سبقه	G. M. Trevelyan
خلـَفه	Rab Butler
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد	Edgar Douglas Adrian (1889-11-30)30 نوفمبر 1889 هامپستد, لندن, إنگلترة
توفي	4 أغسطس 1977(1977-08-04) (aged 87) كمبردج, كمبردج‌شاير
القومية	المملكة المتحدة
الزوج	Hester Adrian (m. 1923)
الأنجال	Anne Keynes Richard Adrian (1927–1995) Jennet Campbell (b. 1927)
المدرسة الأم	جامعة كمبردج
المدرسة الأم	Trinity College, Cambridge St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College
الجوائز	Fellow of the Royal Society Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1932) Royal Medal (1934) Copley Medal (1946) Albert Medal (1953) Karl Spencer Lashley Award (1961)
السيرة العلمية
المجالات	Biology (electrophysiology)
الهيئات	University of Cambridge

إدگار دوگلاس أدريان Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian (عاش 30 نوفمبر 1889 - 4 أغسطس 1977) كان طبيبًا بريطانيًا، حصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب لعام 1932 بالتشارك مع تشارلز شرنگتون لعملهم على وظيفة النيورون.

 التاريخ

Adrian was born in Hampstead, London, the youngest son of Alfred Douglas Adrian, legal adviser to the Local Government Board, and Flora Lavinia Barton.

He was educated at Westminster School and studied Natural Sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating in 1911. In 1913 he was elected to a fellowship of Trinity College on account of his research into the "all or none" law of nerves.

After completing a medical degree (MB BCh) in 1915, he undertook clinical work at St Bartholomew's Hospital London during World War I, treating soldiers with nerve damage and nervous disorders such as shell shock. Adrian returned to Cambridge as a lecturer gaining his doctorate (MD) in 1919 and in 1925 began research on the human sensory organs by electrical methods.

 السيرة

Continuing earlier studies of Keith Lucas, he used a capillary electrometer and cathode-ray tube to amplify the signals produced by the nervous system and was able to record the electrical discharge of single nerve fibres under physical stimulus. (It seems he used frogs in his experiments) An accidental discovery by Adrian in 1928 proved the presence of electricity within nerve cells. Adrian said,

I had arranged electrodes on the optic nerve of a toad in connection with some experiments on the retina. The room was nearly dark and I was puzzled to hear repeated noises in the loudspeaker attached to the amplifier, noises indicating that a great deal of impulse activity was going on. It was not until I compared the noises with my own movements around the room that I realised I was in the field of vision of the toad's eye and that it was signalling what I was doing.

A key result, published in 1928, stated that the excitation of the skin under constant stimulus is initially strong but gradually decreases over time, whereas the sensory impulses passing along the nerves from the point of contact are constant in strength, yet are reduced in frequency over time, and the sensation in the brain diminishes as a result.

Extending these results to the study of pain causes by the stimulus of the nervous system, he made discoveries about the reception of such signals in the brain and spatial distribution of the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex in different animals. These conclusions lead to the idea of a sensory map, called the homunculus, in the somatosensory system.

Later, Adrian used the electroencephalogram to study the electrical activity of the brain in humans. His work on the abnormalities of the Berger rhythm paved the way for subsequent investigation in epilepsy and other cerebral pathologies. He spent the last portion of his research career investigating olfaction.

Positions that he held during his career included Foulerton Professor 1929–1937; Professor of Physiology in the University of Cambridge 1937–1951; President of the Royal Society 1950–1955; Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1951–1965; president of the Royal Society of Medicine 1960–1962; Chancellor of the University of Cambridge 1967–1975; Chancellor of the University of Leicester 1957–1971. Adrian was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society in 1938. He was elected an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1941. In 1946 he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1942 he was awarded the Order of Merit and in the 1955 New Year Honours was created Baron Adrian of Cambridge in the County of Cambridge.

 العائلة

On 14 June 1923 Edgar Adrian married Hester Agnes Pinsent, who was the daughter of Ellen Pinsent and sister of David Pinsent. Together they had three children, first a daughter and then twins:

• Anne Pinsent Adrian, who married the physiologist Richard Keynes, who was the great-grandson of Charles Darwin. The couple had four children.
  • Adrian Keynes (1946–1974)
  • Randal Keynes (*1948)
  • Roger Keynes (*1951)
  • Simon Keynes (*1952)
• Richard Adrian, 2nd Baron Adrian (1927–1995)
  • The couple had no children.
• Jennet Adrian (b. 1927), who married Peter Watson Campbell
  • Further family details unknown.

 ببليوجرافيا

• The Basis of Sensation (1928)
• The Mechanism of Nervous Action (1932)
• Factors Determining Human Behavior (1937)

 انظر أيضاً

• List of presidents of the Royal Society

 وصلات خارجية

• Karl Grandin, ed. (1932). "Edgar Adrian Biography". Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-07-23. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• The Master of Trinity at ترينيتي كولدج، كمبردج

مناصب أكاديمية
سبقه George Macaulay Trevelyan	Master of Trinity College, Cambridge	تبعه The Lord Butler of Saffron Walden
سبقه منصب مستحدث	Chancellor of the جامعة لايسستر 1957-1971	تبعه ألان لويد هودجكن
سبقه اللورد تدر	Chancellor of the University of Cambridge 1967-1976	تبعه ص‌س‌م دوق إدنبره
Peerage of the United Kingdom
سبقه لقب مستحدث	بارون أدريان 1955-1977	تبعه ريتشارد أدريان

هذه بذرة مقالة عن حياة شخصية تحتاج للنمو والتحسين، فساهم في إثرائها بالمشاركة في تحريرها.

هذه بذرة مقالة عن العلوم الطبية تحتاج للنمو والتحسين، فساهم في إثرائها بالمشاركة في تحريرها.

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هذه بذرة مقالة عن حياة شخصية تحتاج للنمو والتحسين، فساهم في إثرائها بالمشاركة في تحريرها.

هذه بذرة مقالة عن العلوم الطبية تحتاج للنمو والتحسين، فساهم في إثرائها بالمشاركة في تحريرها.

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هذه بذرة مقالة عن جائزة نوبل، أو من حصل عليها وحول جميع أنواعها تحتاج للنمو والتحسين، فساهم في إثرائها بالمشاركة في تحريرها.