الحرب الفلپينية الأمريكية

الحرب الفلپينية الأمريكية Philippine-American War
معركة مانيلا، فبراير 1899.
التاريخ العصيان الفلپيني: 2 يونيو، 1899 – 4 يوليو، 1902 عصيان مورو: 1899–1913 الموقع الفلپين، جنوب شرق آسيا النتيجة انتصار الولايات المتحدة وسقوط الجمهورية الفلپينية الأولى. التغيرات الإقليمية احتلال الولايات المتحدة للفلپين.
المتحاربون
الجمهورية الفلپينية الأولى Katipunan Pulajanes سلطنة سولو شعب المورو	الولايات المتحدة Philippine Constabulary Philippine Scouts
القادة والزعماء
Emilio Aguinaldo Miguel Malvar Manuel Tinio Arcadio Maxilom Macario Sakay Dionisio Seguela Sultan of Sulu	William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Elwell Otis Arthur MacArthur John Pershing Jacob Smith
القوى
~12,000–20,000 killed	~126,000 اجمالي ~24,000 to ~44,000 field strength
الضحايا والخسائر
	4,165 قتيل (حوالي 75% من الأمراض)، ~3,000 جريح; 2,000 من الشرطة الفلپينية ما بين قتيل وجريح
a July 4, 1902 is the official ending date of the war, though the Moro, the Pulahanes, the remnants of the Katipunan, and the Tagalog Republic, continued hostilities until June 15, 1913.

الحرب الفلپينية الأمريكية، وتعرف أيضا بحرب استقلال الفلپين أو العصيان الفلپيني (1899–1902), كان صراع مسلح بين جماعة من الثوار الفلپينيون والولايات المتحدة والذي نشأ من نضال الجمهورية الفلپينية الأولى للحصول على الاستقلال بعد ضمها من قبل الولايات المتحدة. كانت الحرب جزء من سلسلة صراعات في النضال الفلپيني من أجل الاستقلال، سبقه الثورة الفلپينية والحرب الإسپانية الأمريكية.

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 خلفية

 الثورة الفلپينية

المقالة الرئيسية: الثورة الفلپينية

A late 19th century photograph of Filipino Katipuneros.

 نفي وعودة أگينالدو

إمليو أگينالدو في الحقل.

1899 political cartoon by Winsor McCay. Uncle Sam (representing the United States), gets entangled with rope around a tree labelled "Imperialism" while trying to subdue a bucking colt or mule labeled "Philippines" while a figure representing Spain walks off over the horizon carrying a bag labeled "$20,000,000".

 الحرب ضد الولايات المتحدة

 أصول الصراع

جنود فلپين في مانيلا عام 1899.

 مهمة الفلپين الأولى

المقالة الرئيسية: Schurman Commission

جنود أمريكان جرحى في سانتا ميسا، مانيلا عام 1899.

القيصر الألماني ڤلهلم الثاني كان قد دعا أيضا إلى مساندة إسبانيا في حربها ضد الولايات المتحدة في عام 1898 حيث أنه رفع شعار "لابد أن تكون مانيلا لنا" بل وحاول إمداد القوات الإسبانية بالسلاح عن طريق السفن الألمانية التى حاولت أيضا التحرش بالبحرية الأمريكية. إلا أن العم سام عندما كشر عن أنيابه في وجه القيصر إنسحبت السفن الألمانية وتركت الإسبان يلاقون مصيرهم في الفليبين. وهكذا سقطت آخر المستعمرات الإسبانية كوبا وبورتوريكو والفلپين وانتهى التاريخ الإستعماري الإسباني.

 استراتيجية الحرب الفلپينية

Manila — Filipino attack on the barracks of Co. C, 13th Minnesota Volunteers, during the Tondo Fire.

 مرحلة حرب العصابات

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 انحدار وسقوط الجمهورية الفلپينية الأولى

A group of Filipino combatants are photographed just as they lay down their weapons prior to their surrender.

 Pulajanes

Captain Cornelius C. Smith, a Medal of Honor recipient, with members of the 14th U.S. Cavalry in 1904.

 الأعمال الوحشية

 الأعمال الوحشية الأمريكية

Enraged by a guerrilla massacre of U.S. troops on the Island of Samar, General Jacob H. Smith retaliated by carrying out an indiscriminate attack upon its inhabitants. His order "KILL EVERY ONE OVER TEN" became a caption in the New York Journal cartoon on May 5, 1902. The Old Glory draped an American shield on which a vulture replaced the bald eagle. The bottom caption exclaimed, "Criminals Because They Were Born Ten Years Before We Took the Philippines". Published in the New York Journal-American, May 5, 1902. Smith was eventually court-martialed by the American military and forced to retire.

 الأعمال الوحشية الأمريكية

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 العواقب

Coffins of fallen Americans in c. 1906. More than 4200 Americans gave their life in the war.

 انظر أيضا

• معارك الحرب الحرب الفلپينية الأمريكية
• Benevolent assimilation
• أمريكي فلپيني
• تاريخ الفلپين
• List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Philippine-American War
• Lodge Committee
• Moro Rebellion
• Battle of Cagayan de Misamis, now the City of Cagayan de Oro
• شرطة الفلپين
• Philippine Scouts
• خط زمني للحرب الفلپينية الأمريكية
• The White Man's Burden, written in regard to the U.S. conquest of the Philippines and other former Spanish colonies

 الهوامش

• Philip A.(2004) COLONIALISM IN DENIAL: US PROPAGANDA IN THE PHILIPPINE—AMERICAN WAR. Social Alternatives Vol. 23 No.3, Third Quarter, 2004. (Abstract at research.usc.edu.au).
• “Race-Making and Colonial Violence in the U. S. Empire: The Philippine-American War as Race War,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (April 2006), 169-210. (Adapted version at Japanfocus.org).

• Dead for a Century, Twain Says What He Meant. The New York Times, July 9, 2010.

 المصادر

• Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, ISBN 971-1024-15-2 
• Agoncillo, Teodoro (1997), Malolos: The crisis of the republic, University of the Philippines Press, ISBN 971-542-096-6  Kenton J. Clymer States “The book provides the best account to date of the inner dynamics of the Filipino side of the war.” — Review: Not so Benevolent Assimilation: The Philippine–American War, Reviews in American History Vol. 11, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 547–52
• Aguinaldo, Emilio (1899), "Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató", True Version of the Philippine Revolution, http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-2.html, retrieved on 2007-11-16 
• Aguinaldo, Emilio (1899), "Chapter III. Negotiations", True Version of the Philippine Revolution, Authorama: Public Domain Books, http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-3.html, retrieved on 2008-02-07 
• Bautista, Veltisezar (May 1998), The Filipino Americans from 1763 to the Present: Their History, Culture, and Traditions, Bookhaus Publishers, ISBN 978-0931613140, http://books.google.com/?id=F8wJAAAACAAJ 
• Anderson, Gerald R. (2009), Subic Bay from Magellan to Pinatubo: The History of the U. S. Naval Station, Subic Bay, Gerald Anderson, ISBN 9781441444523 
• Bayor, Ronald H. (June 23, 2004), The Columbia Documentary History of Rac e and Ethnicity in America, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-11994-1 
• Blitz, Amy (2000), The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0847699358 
• Boot, Max (2003), The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-00720-1 
• Brands, H. W. (1992), Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195071042 
• Brooks, Van Wyck (1920), Ordeal of Mark Twain, E.P. Dutton & Company, http://ia331313.us.archive.org/0/items/ordealofmark00broorich/ordealofmark00broorich_djvu.txt 
• Burdeos, Ray L. (2008), Filipinos in the U.S. Navy & Coast Guard During the Vietnam War, AuthorHouse, ISBN 9781434361417, http://books.google.com/?id=tN__4jLTnd8C .
• Chambers, John W.; Anderson, Fred (1999), The Oxford Companion to American Military History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-507198-0 
• Chapman, William (1988), Inside the Philippine revolution, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 9781850431145, http://books.google.com/?id=7weXwfdLp8wC 
• Constantino, Renato (1975), The Philippines: A Past Revisited, ISBN 971-8958-00-2 
• Deady, Timothy K. (Spring 2005), "Lessons from a Successful Counterinsurgency: The Philippines, 1899–1902" (PDF), Parameters' 35 (1), http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/05spring/deady.pdf 
• Escalante, Rene R. (2007), The Bearer of Pax Americana : The Philippine Career of William Howard Taft, New Day Publishers, ISBN 9789711011666, http://books.google.com/?id=obZwAAAAMAAJ 
• Feuer, A. B. (2002), America at War: The Philippines, 1898-1913, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0275968219, http://books.google.com/?id=pg-SZanwnuIC 
• Gates, John M. (1973), Schoolbooks and Krags: The United States Army in the Philippines, 1898–1902, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-8371-5818-4 
• Gates, John M. (1983), "War-Related Deaths in the Philippines, 1898–1902", Pacific Historical Review 53 (367) 
• Gates, John M. (2002), "Chapter 3: The Pacification of the Philippines", The US Army and Irregular Warfare, The College of Wooster, http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html 
• Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005), The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898-1899., Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972), http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;iel=1;view=toc;idno=aab1246.0001.001, retrieved on 2008-03-26 . (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
• Hack, Karl; Rettig, Tobias (2006), Colonial armies in Southeast Asia, Routledge, ISBN 9780415334136, http://books.google.com/books?id=IFNrC0lVLvAC 
• Halstead, Murat (1898), "XII. The American Army in Manila", The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico, http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=122 
• Halstead, Murat (1898), "XXVIII. Battles with the Filipinos before Manila", The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico, http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=307 
• Hamilton, Richard F. (2007), President McKinley and America's "New Empire"., Transaction Publishers, ISBN 9780765803832, http://books.google.com/?id=YrFALYTl_l8C 
• Joaquin, Nicomedes (1977), A Question of Heroes, ISBN 971-27-1545-0 
• Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1926), The Development of Philippine Politics, Oriental commercial, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=17, retrieved on 2008-02-07 
• Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), "Appendix C. Aguinaldo's Proclamation of June 23, 1898, Establishing the Revolutionary Government", The Development of Philippine Politics, Oriental commercial, pp. 423–429, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=17, retrieved on 2009-09-07 
• Karnow, Stanley (1990), In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines, Ballantine Books, ISBN 0345328167, http://books.google.com/?id=pJqMAAAACAAJ 
• Kumar, Amitava (October 29, 1999), Poetics/Politics: Radical Aesthetics for the Classroom, Palgrave, ISBN 0-312-21866-4 
• Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (1990), Philippine History and Government (Second ed.), Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., ISBN 9710618946 
• Linn, Brian McAllister (2000), The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-4948-0, http://books.google.com/?id=-5WOrmt_VxcC&printsec=frontcover 
• Lone, Stewart (2007), Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War, Greenwood, ISBN 0-313-33684-9 
• May, Glenn Anthony (1991), Battle for Batangas: A Philippine Province at War, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-04850-5 
• Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982), Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-02697-8, http://books.google.com/?id=Zj6g2ag47TwC  Kenton J. Clymer States “The War Miller describes is a more believable one than the one Gates pictures.”
• Paine, Albert Bigelow (1912), Mark Twain: A Biography: The Personal and Literary Life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, Harper & Brothers, http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/9/8/2988/2988.txt 
• Painter, Nell Irvin (May 1, 1989), Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-30588-0 
• Ramsey, Robert D. III (2007), Savage Wars of Peace: Case Studies of Pacification in the Philippines, 1900–1902, Combat Studies Institute Press, http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/ramsey_24.pdf , ISBN 978-0-16-078950-2.
• Shaw, Angel Velasco (2002), Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream, 1899–1999, New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-9791-1 
• Schirmer, Daniel B. (1972), Republic or Empire: American Resistance to the Philippine War, Schenkman, ISBN 0-87073-105-X 
• Schirmer, Daniel B.; Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm (1987), The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance, South End Press, ISBN 0-89608-275-X 
• Sexton, William Thaddeus (2008), Soldiers in the Sun, READ BOOKS, ISBN 9781443731232, http://books.google.com/?id=vCTmJeh1OHwC 
• Silbey, David J. (2007), A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 9780809096619, http://books.google.com/?id=6Vp63xXFh64C&dq 
• Simmons, Edwin H. (2003), The United States Marines: a history, Naval Institute Press, ISBN 9781557508683, http://books.google.com/books?id=-3SWUovKGzIC 
• Smallman-Raynor, Matthew; Andrew D Cliff (January 1998), "The Philippines Insurrection and the 1902–4 cholera epidemic: Part I — Epidemiological diffusion processes in war", Journal of Historical Geography 24 (1): 69–89, doi:10.1006/jhge.1997.0077 
• Steinberg, David Joel (Summer 1972), "An Ambiguous Legacy: Years at War in the Philippines", Pacific Affairs 45 (2) 
• Wildman, E. (1901), Aguinaldo: A Narrative of Filipino Ambitions, Norwood, Massachusetts: Norwood Press 
• Wolff, Leon (1960), Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century's Turn, Doubleday & Company, Inc, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 61-6528 
• Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), "IV. The Premeditated Insurgent Attack", The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, pp. 75–89, ISBN 141917715X, http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=83, retrieved on 2008-02-07 
• Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), "IX, The conduct of the war", The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, pp. 168–184, ISBN 141917715X, http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=168, retrieved on 2008-02-07 
• Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), "XIV, The Philippine Constabulary and Public Order", The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, pp. 233–247, ISBN 141917715X, http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=233, retrieved on 2008-02-07 
• Young, Kenneth Ray (1994), The General's General: The Life and Times of Arthur Macarthur, Westview Press 
• Zinn, Howard (1999), A People’s History of the United States, Harper Collins 
• Zwick, Jim (1992), Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 0-8156-0268-5 
• Zwick, Jim, Friends of the Filipino People Bulletin 
• Zwick, Jim (1982), Militarism and Repression in the Philippines, Centre for Developing-Area Studies, McGill University, ISBN 0888190549 
• Zwick, Jim (January 1, 1992), Prodigally Endowed with Sympathy for the Cause: Mark Twain's Involvement with the Anti-Imperialist League, Ephemera Society of America, ASIN B0006R8RJ8 

 قراءات إضافية

• Delmendo, Sharon (2004), The Star-Entangled Banner: One Hundred Years of America in the Philippines, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0813534119, http://books.google.com/?id=N6nkB_PDdXcC 
• Legarda, Benito J. Jr. (2001). The Hills of Sampaloc: the Opening Actions of the Philippine-American War, February 4–5, 1899. Makati: Bookmark. ISBN 9789715694186.
• Linn, Brian McAllister. The Philippine War 1899–1902. University Press of Kansas, 2002. ISBN 0-7006-0990-3.
• Linn, Brian McAllister. The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899-1902 (2000)
• Silbey, David J. A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902 (2008)
• Stewart, Richard W. General Editor, Ch. 16, Transition, Change, and the Road to war, 1902-1917", in "American Military History, Volume I: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775-1917", Center of Military History, United States Army, ISBN 0-16-072362-0.
• Wilcox, Marrion. Harper's History of the War. Harper, New York and London 1900, reprinted 1979. [Alternate title: Harper's History of the War in the Philippines]. Also reprinted in the Philippines by Vera-Reyes.

 مراجع أساسية

• The "Lodge Committee" (a.k.a. Philippine Investigating Committee) hearings and a great deal of documentation were published in three volumes (3000 pages) as S. Doc. 331, 57th Cong., 1st Session An abridged version of the oral testimony can be found in: American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection: Testimony Taken from Hearings on Affairs in the Philippine Islands before the Senate Committee on the Philippines—1902; edited by Henry F Graff; Publisher: Little, Brown; 1969. ASIN: B0006BYNI8
• Storey, Moorfield and Julian Codman legal counsel for the Philippine Investigating Committee. (1902). Secretary Root's Record:"Marked Severities" in Philippine Warfare — Wikisource.

 وصلات خارجية

• "Images from the Philippine-United States War". historicaltextarchive.com. Retrieved 2006-05-20.
• "The Philippine Centennial Celebration". MSC Computer Training Center. Retrieved 2006-05-20.
• A brief description of the war between the United States and the Philippines, which began in 1899.
• [1] The Matter of the Philippines, from Birth of an American Empire, EDSITEment]
• El Primer Genocido (Spanish) (archived from the original on 2006-10-15)
• "August 13, 1898 and RP’s short-lived republic" by Mariano "Anong" Santos, Pinoy Newsmagazine, August 2006 (archived from the original on 2008-02-13)
• "Imperial Amnesia" by John B. Judis, Foreign Policy, July/August 2004
• The Philippine Revolutionary Records at Filipiniana.net (archived from the original on 2009-05-25).
• "Battle of Paceo", 1899 painting by Kurz and Allison
• "Battle Of Quingua", 1899 painting by Kurz and Allison
• Images of Philippine-American War