معركة مانيلا (1899)

(تم التحويل من Battle of Manila (1899))
Battle of Manila
جزء من the Philippine–American War
Manila646 1899.jpg
U.S. soldiers of the First Nebraska volunteers, company B, near Manila in 1899.
التاريخFebruary 4–5, 1899
الموقع
Manila, Philippines
النتيجة American victory
المتحاربون
 الولايات المتحدة  جمهورية الفلپين الأولى
القادة والزعماء
Elwell S. Otis
Arthur MacArthur, Jr.
Thomas M. Anderson
Emilio Aguinaldo
Antonio Luna
Luciano San Miguel
القوى

19,000 U.S. troops


8,000 in Manila
11,000 outer defenses[1]
15,000–40,000 Filipino troops (estimates vary)[1]
الضحايا والخسائر
55 killed
204 wounded[2]
238 killed
306 captured[2]

قالب:Battles of Manila

The Battle of Manila (Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; إسپانية: Batalla de Manila), the first and largest battle of the Philippine–American War, was fought on February 4–5, 1899, between 19,000 American soldiers and 15,000 Filipino armed militiamen. Armed conflict broke out when American troops, under orders to turn away insurgents from their encampment, fired upon an encroaching group of Filipinos. Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo attempted to broker a ceasefire, but American General Elwell Stephen Otis rejected it and fighting escalated the next day. It ended in an American victory, although minor skirmishes continued for several days afterward.

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Disposition of forces

Filipino forces

After the surrender of Manila to American forces by the Spanish in 1898, General Aguinaldo demanded occupation of a line of blockhouses on the Zapote Line, which had been the Spanish defensive perimeter. General Otis initially refused this, but later said that he would not object unless overruled by higher authority.[3] It was estimated at the time that there were about 20,000 Filipino troops surrounding Manila, with their distribution and exact composition only partially known.[4]

American forces

U.S. Army forces numbered some 800 officers and 20,000 enlisted men. Of these, some 8,000 were deployed in Manila and 11,000 in a defensive line inside the Zapote line. The remaining American troops were in Cavite or in transports off Iloilo.[1]

First shots

Private William Walter Grayson who fired the first shots in the Battle of Manila (1899).
Plan of Maynila as it existed in 1851
Zapote Line blockhouse locations

Sources generally agree that the first shots were fired by Private William Walter Grayson, an Englishman who had migrated to America c. 1890, had enlisted as a volunteer soldier in Lincoln, Nebraska, in May 1898, a month after the Spanish–American War erupted, and had deployed with his unit to the Philippines in June 1898.[5] Grayson's unit, the First Nebraska Volunteer Infantry under Colonel John M. Stotsenburg, had been encamped in Santa Mesa, Manila, since December 5, 1898.[6] During the time of their encampment, there had been incidents on and around the San Juan Bridge, located just to the east of their encampment area.[7]


Reactions of Aguinaldo and Otis

U.S. battery in action at the Bridge of San Juan del Monte, 1899
The Bridge of San Juan del Monte in 1899

Aguinaldo was away in Malolos when the conflict started on the 4th. That same night, a Filipino captain in Manila wired him in Malolos, stating that the Americans had started the hostilities. Aguinaldo wanted to avoid open conflict with the Americans while maintaining his position of leadership with his nationalist followers. The next day (February 5) Aguinaldo sent an emissary to General Otis to mediate, saying "the firing on our side the night before had been against my order."[8]


See also

References

  1. ^ أ ب ت Linn 2000, p. 42.
  2. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة linn2000p52
  3. ^ Legarda 2001, pp. 10–12.
  4. ^ Legarda 2001, p. 15.
  5. ^ Medina & Medina 2002, p. 30.
  6. ^ Legarda 2001, pp. 22–24.
  7. ^ Legarda 2001, pp. 37–39, Agoncillo 1990, p. 217.
  8. ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 218.

Bibliography


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للاستزادة

  • Aguinaldo, Emilio (سبتمبر 23, 1899). "Chapter XIX. Outbreak of Hostilities". True Version of the Philippine Revolution. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  • Silbey, David J. (فبراير 4, 2013). "February 4, 1899: The Start of the Philippine-American War and Patron-Client Fighting". Command Posts. Archived from the original on مارس 16, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)