جيلين

(تم التحويل من جي‌لين)
هذا المقال هو عن المقاطعة. إذا كنت تريد المدينة، انظر مدينة جيلين.
"تشيلين" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة الحيوان الأسطوري، انظر چي‌لين.
For other uses, see جيلين (توضيح).
مقاطعة جي‌لين
吉林省
Jilin, Chi-lin, Kirin
مقاطعة
الترجمة اللفظية بالـ Name
 • Chinese吉林省 (Jílín Shěng)
 • AbbreviationJL / 吉 (پن‌ين: Jí�)
View of Heaven Lake
View of Heaven Lake
Map showing the location of Jilin Province
Map showing the location of Jilin Province
الإحداثيات: 43°42′N 126°12′E / 43.7°N 126.2°E / 43.7; 126.2Coordinates: 43°42′N 126°12′E / 43.7°N 126.2°E / 43.7; 126.2
CountryChina
السمِيْfrom girin ula, a Manchu phrase meaning "along the river"
Capital
(and largest city)
Changchun
Jilin (1949–1954)
Changchun (1954–present)
Divisions9 prefectures، 60 counties، 1006 townships
الحكومة
 • النوعProvince
 • الكيانJilin Provincial People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryJing Junhai
 • Congress chairmanJing Junhai
 • GovernorHan Jun
 • CPPCC chairmanJiang Zelin
المساحة
[1]
 • الإجمالي191٬126 كم² (73٬794 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة14th
أعلى منسوب
(Mount Paektu)
2٬744 m (9٬003 ft)
التعداد
 (2020)[2]
 • الإجمالي24٬073٬453
 • الترتيب21st
 • الكثافة130/km2 (330/sq mi)
 • ترتيب الكثافة23rd
Demographics
 • Ethnic composition
 • Languages and dialectsNortheastern Mandarin, Hamgyŏng Korean
ISO 3166 codeCN-JL
GDP (2020)CNY 1.231 trillion
USD 178 billion (26th)[3]
 - per capitaCNY 51,135
USD 7,410 (24th)
 • growth▲ 2.4%
HDI (2019)▲ 0.745[4] (high) (17th)
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.jl.gov.cn
جيلين
Jilin (Chinese characters).svg
"Jilin" in Chinese characters
Chinese name
الصينية吉林
البريدKirin
المعنى الحرفيtranscription of "girin (ula)"
a Manchu phrase meaning "along the river"
Chinese Korean name
تشوسونگول길림
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ
ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣ
RomanizationGirin golo

جيلين أو جي‌لين /dʒiːˈlɪn/[5] (吉林  (المساعدة·معلومات)�; alternately romanized as Kirin or Chilin) هي واحدة من ثلاث مقاطعات تكون شمال شرق الصين. عاصمتها وأكبر مدنها هي چانگ‌چون. تتاخم روسيا (كراي پريمورسكي)، وتجاور جمهورية كوريا الديمقراطية الشعبية (راسون، North Hamgyong, Ryanggang و Chagang) من الشرق وHeilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west. Along with the rest of Northeast China, Jilin underwent an early period of industrialization. However, Jilin's economy, characterized by heavy industry, has been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast". The region contains large deposits of oil shale.

مساحتها 187,400 كم²، تعداد سكانها حوالي 24,073,453 مليون نسمة عام 2020.

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الاسم

The name "Jilin" originates from girin ula (Girin ula.jpg) ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ, a Manchu phrase meaning "along the river", shortened to Kirin in English. This Manchu term was transcribed into jilin wula (t 吉林烏拉, s 吉林乌拉) in Chinese characters and shortened the first two characters, which are transcribed in English as Chi-lin (Wade-Giles) and later "Jilin" (Hanyu Pinyin).[6]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ جيلين

In ancient times, Jilin was inhabited by the Xianbei, Sushen, the Mohe, Jurchens, and the Wùjí (勿吉).[7] The kingdoms of Buyeo and Goguryeo ruled parts of this area.

The region then fell successively under the domination of the Xiongnu, Xianbei state, Bohai Kingdom, Khitan Liao Dynasty, the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, and the Mongol Yuan dynasty.[8] During the Qing Dynasty, much of the area was under the control of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose area of control extended to the to encompass much of what is Russia's Primorsky Krai today.

After the Primorsky Krai area was ceded to Russia in 1860, the government began to open the area up to Han Chinese migrants, most of whom came from Shandong. By the beginning of the 20th century, Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group of the region. In 1932, the area was incorporated into Manchukuo, a puppet state set up by Japan. Changchun (then called Hsinking), capital of Jilin today, was made the capital of Manchukuo. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, the Red Army captured Jilin after Operation August Storm.[9] The region, with the rest of northeastern China, was ceded to the Communists by the Soviet Union. Manchuria was the staging ground from which the communists eventually conquered the rest of China in the Chinese Civil War.

In 1949, Jilin province was smaller, encompassing only the environs of Changchun and Jilin City, and the capital was at Jilin City, while Changchun was a municipality independent from the province. In the 1950s, Jilin was expanded to its present borders. During the Cultural Revolution, Jilin was expanded again to include a part of Inner Mongolia, giving it a border with the independent state of Mongolia, though this was later reversed.

In recent times Jilin has, with the rest of heavy industry-based Northeast China, been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast".

الجغرافيا

Jilin lies in the central part of northeastern China, bordering Russia and North Korea in the east and southeast respectively. Jilin has an area of 190,000 km2 (73,000 sq mi) and a population of 24 million. Its capital is Changchun, which lies 113 km (70 mi) west of Jilin City. Jilin is rich in natural mineral deposits with 136 types of minerals, of which 70 have been extracted. Jilin has an abundance of Traditional Chinese medicine resources, with approximately 27,000 kinds of wild plants and 9,000 kinds of medicinal herbs.[10]

The province is rich in large reserves of oil, gas, coal, iron, nickel, molybdenum, talc, graphite, gypsum, cement rock, gold and silver; its reserves of oil shale are the largest in the country.[11]

Jilin is highest in altitude in the southeast and drops gently towards the northwest. The Changbai Mountains run through its southeastern regions and contains the highest peak of the province, Paektu Mountain at 2,744 m (9,003 ft). Other ranges include the Jilinhada Mountains, Zhang Guangcai Mountains, and Longgang Mountains.

Jilin is drained by the Yalu and Tumen rivers in the extreme southeast (which together form parts of the border between the People's Republic of China and North Korea), by tributaries of the Liao River in the southwest, and by the Songhua and Nen rivers in the north, both eventually flowing into the Amur.

Jilin has a northerly continental monsoon climate, with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Average January temperatures range from −20 to −14 °C (−4 to 7 °F). Rainfall averages at 350 to 1,000 mm (13.8 to 39.4 in).

Winter rime trees of Jilin City

Major cities in this province include Changchun, Jilin City, Baishan, Baicheng, Siping, Yanji, Songyuan, Tonghua and Liaoyuan.[12]

التقسيمات الإدارية

المقالة الرئيسية: List of administrative divisions of Jilin and List of township-level divisions of Jilin

تنقسم جيلين إلى تسع prefecture-level divisions: ثمان مدن على مستوى محافظة (تضم sub-provincial city) ومحافظة واحدة ذاتية الحكم.

Administrative divisions of Jilin
Division code[13] Division Area in km2[14] Population 2010[15] Seat Divisions[16]
Districts Counties Aut. counties CL cities
220000 Jilin Province 187,400.00 27,462,297 Changchun city 21 16 3 20
220100 Changchun city 24,734.13 7,677,089 Nanguan District 7 1 3
220200 Jilin city 27,659.79 4,414,681 Chuanying District 4 1 4
220300 Siping city 10,241.73 3,386,325 Tiexi District 2 1 1 1
220400 Liaoyuan city 5,140.45 1,176,645 Longshan District 2 2
220500 Tonghua city 15,607.80 2,325,242 Dongchang District 2 3 2
220600 Baishan city 17,473.73 1,295,750 Hunjiang District 2 2 1 1
220700 Songyuan city 21,089.38 2,881,082 Ningjiang District 1 2 1 1
220800 Baicheng city 25,692.29 2,033,058 Taobei District 1 2 2
222400 Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture 43,509.10 2,271,600 Yanji city 2 6
  Sub-provincial cities

These nine prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 60 county-level divisions (21 districts, 20 county-level cities, 16 counties, and three autonomous counties). (See List of administrative divisions of Jilin.) These administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China. At the end of the year 2017, the total population is 27.17 million.[1]

المناطق الحضرية

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# City Urban area[17] District area[17] City proper[17] Census date
1 Changchun[أ] 3,411,209 4,193,073 7,674,439 2010-11-01
(1) Changchun (new district)[أ] 198,851 611,670 see Changchun 2010-11-01
2 Jilin 1,469,722 1,975,121 4,413,157 2010-11-01
3 Siping 509,107 613,625 3,385,156 2010-11-01
4 Yanji 505,516 562,959 part of Yanbian Prefecture 2010-11-01
5 Baishan 503,287 619,016 1,296,127 2010-11-01
6 Tonghua 476,792 506,702 2,324,439 2010-11-01
7 Songyuan 464,999 612,816 2,880,086 2010-11-01
8 Liaoyuan 385,049 472,256 1,176,239 2010-11-01
9 Baicheng 359,492 517,434 2,032,356 2010-11-01
10 Gongzhuling 337,851 1,092,936 see Siping (now part of Changchun) 2010-11-01
11 Dunhua 293,396 483,464 part of Yanbian Prefecture 2010-11-01
12 Yushu 280,961 1,160,568 see Changchun 2010-11-01
13 Meihekou 268,259 615,154 see Tonghua 2010-11-01
14 Shulan 254,850 645,702 see Jilin 2010-11-01
15 Panshi 228,004 505,779 see Jilin 2010-11-01
16 Da'an 202,322 432,122 see Baicheng 2010-11-01
17 Jiaohe 201,712 447,226 see Jilin 2010-11-01
18 Huadian 193,537 444,843 see Jilin 2010-11-01
19 Dehui 187,956 748,369 see Changchun 2010-11-01
20 Shuangliao 180,700 420,720 see Siping 2010-11-01
21 Hunchun 174,355 241,777 part of Yanbian Prefecture 2010-11-01
22 Taonan 164,976 431,017 see Baicheng 2010-11-01
(23) Fuyu[ب] 164,673 718,987 see Songyuan 2010-11-01
24 Linjiang 133,435 174,970 see Baishan 2010-11-01
25 Longjing 122,065 177,234 part of Yanbian Prefecture 2010-11-01
26 Helong 112,337 189,532 part of Yanbian Prefecture 2010-11-01
27 Tumen 109,342 134,452 part of Yanbian Prefecture 2010-11-01
28 Ji'an 95,971 232,278 see Tonghua 2010-11-01
  1. ^ أ ب New district established after census: Jiutai (Jiutai CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  2. ^ Fuyu County is currently known as Fuyu CLC after census.
 
أكبر cities في Jilin
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[18]
الترتيب التعداد الترتيب التعداد
Changchun
Changchun
Jilin
Jilin 		1 Changchun 4,564,000 11 Baicheng 257,200 Siping
Siping
Yanji
Yanji
2 Jilin 1,269,100 12 Dehui 256,000
3 Siping 591,600 13 Hunchun 215,000
4 Yanji 553,800 14 Dunhua 201,900
5 Liaoyuan 493,100 15 Shulan 186,100
6 Songyuan 484,900 16 Gongzhuling 182,000
7 Tonghua 461,100 17 Huadian 161,300
8 Baishan 405,000 18 Da'an 158,500
9 Meihekou 325,500 19 Jiaohe 140,200
10 Yushu 296,500 20 Taonan 139,500


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السياسة

المقالة الرئيسية: سياسة جيلين and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
Statue of Mao Zedong in Jilin

The politics of Jilin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Jilin is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jilin. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jilin Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jilin CCP Party Chief".

الاقتصاد

المقالة الرئيسية: اقتصاد جيلين

In 2011, the nominal GDP of Jilin province totaled RMB 1053.1 billion (US$167.1 billion). Its GDP has been rising at a double-digit rate since 2003, growing 51 percent from 2003 to 2007. Per capita nominal GDP increased to RMB 26,289 (US$3,848) in 2009. Meanwhile, the incremental value and profit of large enterprises witnessed an increase of 19 percent and 30 percent respectively, compared with 2005 figures.[19]

Jilin's agricultural production is centered upon rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum. Rice is mostly cultivated in the eastern parts, such as Yanbian Prefecture. The Changbai Mountains are an important source of lumber. Sheep herding is an important activity in the western parts, such as Baicheng.

Among its natural resources, Jilin has the largest reserves of shale oil and one of the top five largest mineral reserves in China.[20] Compared to other provinces of China, Jilin has extensive deposits of Kieselguhr, wollastonite, floatstone, and molybdenum.

Industry in Jilin is concentrated on automobiles, train carriages, and iron alloy.

Jilin is one of the most important commodity grain bases in China. It is ranked 6th in timber production.[11]

Traditionally, Jilin has been known as a major pharmaceutical center, with yields of ginseng and deer antlers among the largest in China, being used extensively in the field of Chinese medicine.[10][20]

Economic and technological development zones

Jilin New and Hi-tech Industry Development Zone

The zone was founded in 1992 and is in Jilin city, covering 818 km2 (316 sq mi) of planned area with 242 km2 (93 sq mi) established. The leading industries in the zone are new materials, refined chemical products, integration of photoelectron and mechanism, electronics, medicine and bioengineering. A mere 14 km (8.7 mi) from Songhua Lake, the nearest bus and train stations are within 3 km (1.9 mi).[21]

The Jilin Economic and Technological Development Zone was founded in May 1998 and is in the northeast of Jilin city. The zone has a total planned area of 28 km2 (11 sq mi). It is 90 km (56 mi) from Changchun, 5 km (3.1 mi) from Jilin Airport, and 8 km (5.0 mi)from Jilin Railway Station.

Ji lin is a very good sided hotel.It would have been Major industries. Major industries include refined chemicals, bioengineering, fine processing of chemical fiber, and farm products. It is divided into four parts: the Chemical Industrial Park, the Food Industrial Park, the Textile Industrial Park, and the Medical Industrial Park. The latter specializes in the development of traditional Chinese pharmaceuticals, mini molecule medicine, bio-pharmaceuticals and health products.

State-level ETDZs Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone

In 1993, with the approval of the state, Changchun Economic & Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) became a state-level economic and technological development zone. The total area of CETDZ is 112.72 km2 (43.52 sq mi), of which 30 km2 (12 sq mi) has been set aside for development and use. By the end of 2006, the total fixed assets investment of the Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone reached 38.4 billion yuan. There were 1656 registered enterprises in this zone including 179 foreign-funded enterprises. The regional gross product of the zone reached 101.8 billion yuan; industrial output value reached 233.0 billion Yuan; overall financial revenue reached 15.7 billion yuan.[22]

Changchun is also the location of one of the largest factories where CRRC manufactures bullet trains. In November 2016, CRCC Changchun unveiled the first bullet train carriages in the world that would have sleeper berths, and would be capable of running in ultra low temperature environments. Nicknamed Panda, they are capable of running at 250 kmph, operate at -40 degrees Celsius, have Wi-Fi hubs and contain sleeper berths that fold into seats during the day.[23]

State-level HIDZs Changchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area

Changchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area is connected by four roads and one light-rail line to the downtown area. The nearest train station, Changchun Station, is twenty minutes away by light rail. In 2002, Changchun HDA became the first area in Northeast China to qualify for the environmental certification of ISO14001. Its landscaping ratio reaches 38%.[24]

Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone

Huichun Border Economic Cooperation Zone was approved to be national-level border economic cooperation zone in 1992, with a planning area of 24 km2 (9.3 sq mi). In 2002 and 2001, the Huichun Export Processing Zone and Huichun Sino-Russia Trade Zone were set up in it. It has a strategic location at the junction of the borders of China, Russia and Korea. It focuses on the development of sea food processing, electronic product manufacture, bio-pharmaceuticals, textile industry and other industries.[25]

Hunchun Export Processing Zone

The Hunchun Export Processing Zone is in 5 km2 (1.93 sq mi) area is in the Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone. Its planned area is 2.44 km2 (0.94 sq mi). It relies on the same infrastructure and policies as its parent zone.[26]

الزراعة

تتميز منطقة "جيلين" بأراضيها السوداء الخصبة، وتعتبر من أهم مناطق إنتاج الحبوب في الصين. من أهم المنتجات الزراعية المحلية: الذرة، فول الصويا وغيرهما. تحتل جيلين المركز الأول في الصين من حيث متوسط نصيب الفرد من الحبوب الغذائية. مروج يانغتساو والتي تقع في شمال المقاطعة، تعد إحدى المناطق الرئيسية لإنتاج الحيواني - الأبقار والأغنام-. معدل نصيب الفرد من موارد الغابات في جيلين ضعف معدل المستوى الوطني، تتمركز الغابات في المنطقة الجبلية الشرقية، وهي موطن الكنوز الثلاثة لشمال شرقي الصين وهي الجنسن وفرو السمور وعشب وولا.

الصناعة

تملك جيلين احتياطات من الذهب والنيكل والنحاس والبترول، وللمنطقة تاريخ عريق في مجال تصنيع المعادن في الصين، وعدد المؤسسات المملوكة للدولة الكبيرة والمتوسطة بها كبير نسبيا. وتتفوق المنطقة في 6 (ستة) من الصناعات: الماكينات، البتروكيماويات، الطب والأدوية، الأطعمة، التعدين والغابات. وتعتبر صناعة السيارات والبتروكيماويات من ركائز الاقتصاد المحلي للمقاطعة.

البنية التحتية

There are 35,216 km (21,882 mi) of highways, including over 500 km (310 mi) of expressways.

The province has an excellent rail network, begun by the Japanese, with Changchun as its main hub. There are four major new railway projects which started construction in 2007. One of these, the Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway connecting Harbin with Dalian via Changchun was completed in 2012. Trains on the line can travel at up to 350 km/h (220 mph). The four railway projects were estimated to cost RMB13 billion, and the province urged foreign investors to invest in them. A line from Changchun to Jilin City, expected to be completed in 2015, was expected to cut the journey times between the cities from 96 minutes to 30. The railway network in Jilin can be divided into two directions in the northwest–southeast and southwest–northeast. The main trunk line Beijing-Harbin railway runs through the north and south of Jilin. From Jilin Province, it can go directly to Harbin, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, Tianjin, Xi'an, Shijiazhuang, Wuhan, Jinan, and so on. By the end of 2015, the railway business mileage of Jilin province reached 4,877.4 km (3,030.7 mi).

The main commercial airport is Changchun Longjia International Airport; other commercial airports include Yanji Chaoyangchuan International Airport, Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport, Baicheng Chang'an Airport, Songyuan Chaganhu Airport and Changbaishan Airport.[10]

Jilin is landlocked. River navigation is possible from April to November. The major river ports are at Da'an, Jilin city and Fuyu. In 2007, Jilin started construction on a two-phase RMB60 million comprehensive river port; the first phase is finished. The port is on the Songhua River, has an annual throughput of two million tons, and will connect to the waterways of Northeast China.[11] Aviation takes Changchun as the center, supplemented by Yanji and Baishan. It can go directly to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Haikou, Ningbo, Dalian, Kunming, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and so on. Changchun Longjia Airport, Yanji Airport, Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport and Changbaishan Airport, etc.


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النقل

تخترق خطوط السكة الحديدية جيلين، فهي تحتل المركز الثالث الوطني من حيث طول السكك الحديدية العاملة. عدد الموانئ 21 ميناء وممرا من الدرجة الأولى (على مستوى الدولة) والدرجة الثانية (محليا)، تنتشر رئيسيا في الحدود بين الصين وجمهورية كوريا الديمقراطية الشعبية وبين الصين وروسيا.

السكان

التعداد التاريخي
السنةتعداد±%
1912[27] 5٬580٬000—    
1928[28] 7٬635٬000+36.8%
1936-37[29] 7٬354٬000−3.7%
1947[30] 6٬465٬000−12.1%
1954[31] 11٬290٬073+74.6%
1964[32] 15٬668٬663+38.8%
1982[33] 22٬560٬053+44.0%
1990[34] 24٬658٬721+9.3%
2000[35] 26٬802٬191+8.7%
2010[36] 27٬462٬297+2.5%
2020 24٬073٬453−12.3%

Jilin is inhabited by Han Chinese, Manchus, Hui, Mongols and Xibe. Most ethnic Koreans live in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. The Manchu people were once the majority in the area of Jilin, making it part of their historical region. With the adoption of Han culture and the Chinese languages by the Manchu people, the Manchu language is considered a critically endangered language.[37] Koreans comprise about 4% of the population, owing to its proximity to the Korean Peninsula. The majority of the province speaks Mandarin.

الجماعات العرقية في جي‌لين (تعداد 2000)
القومية السكان النسبة
قومية الهان 24,348,815 90.85%
كوريون 1,145,688 4.27%
المانشو 993,112 3.71%
منغول 172,026 0.64%
الهوي 125,620 0.47%

لا يضم أفراد جيش التحرير الشعبي الناشطين في الخدمة.[38]

الثقافة

Jilin is part of Northeast China and shares many similarities in culture to neighbouring regions, such as Errenzhuan and Yangge. Among its music, Jiju, or Jilin Opera, is a form of traditional entertainment that Jilin has innovated over its short migrant history.

انظر أيضاً: Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Culture of Korea

The ethnic Koreans of Jilin have a distinct culture, closely tied to Korea.

اللغات

اللغات المستخدمة في جي‌لين: الأصفر: مندرينية؛ الأزرق: الكورية؛ الأحمر: المنغولية

The majority of the province speaks Mandarin, the official language of China. Closer to the east, many people speak Korean. Some people of Qian Gorlos autonomous county speak Mongolian.

المطبخ

المقالة الرئيسية: Jilin cuisine

السياحة

Goguryeo sites and tombs found in Ji'an, Jilin, including Hwando Mountain City, Gungnae City, and the pyramidal Tomb of the General, have been listed as part of the Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom, a World Heritage Site.

Paektu Mountain, especially Heaven Lake on the border with North Korea, are popular tourist destinations due to their natural scenery.

Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain, including the Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo, are royal tombs of Balhae found in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.

التعليم

الجامعات والكليات

انظر أيضاً: قائمة جامعات وكليات جيلين

الرياضة

Changchun Stadium.

Professional teams

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

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  21. ^ RightSite.asia | Jilin Hi-Tech Development Zone
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  26. ^ RightSite.asia | Huichun Export Processing Zone Archived 2010-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
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  32. ^ 第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14.
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  34. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2012-06-19.
  35. ^ 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2012-08-29.
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  39. ^ Changchun Institute of Technology Homepage

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