كلوج-ناپوكا

(تم التحويل من Cluj Napoca)
"Cluj" تحوِّل إلى هنا. إذا أردت the county، انظر Cluj County. إذا أردت الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر Cluj (توضيح).
كلوج-ناپوكا
Cluj-Napoca
مدينة ومقر مقاطعة
Panorama
St. Michael's Church
Babeș-Bolyai University
Matthias Corvinus House
Széki Palace
Palace of Justice
Romanian National Opera
Transfiguration Cathedral
Iuliu Maniu Street
Orthodox Cathedral
Central Park
From top and left: Cluj-Napoca panorama • Romanian National Opera • Tailors' Bastion • St. Michael's Church • Cluj Arena
درع كلوج-ناپوكا
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
Treasure City
(رومانية: orașul comoară;[1] مجرية: kincses város)[2]
Location in Cluj County
Location in Cluj County
كلوج-ناپوكا is located in رومانيا
كلوج-ناپوكا
كلوج-ناپوكا
Location within Romania
الإحداثيات: 46°46′N 23°35′E / 46.767°N 23.583°E / 46.767; 23.583
CountryFlag of Romania.svg رومانيا
المنطقةترانسلڤانيا
المقاطعة Cluj County
Founded1213 (first official record as Clus)
الحكومة
 • العمدة (2020–2024)Emil Boc[3] (PNL)
 • Deputy MayorDan Tarcea (PNL)
 • Deputy MayorEmese Oláh (UDMR)
 • City ManagerGheorghe Șurubaru (PNL)
المساحة
 • مدينة ومقر مقاطعة179٫5 كم² (69٫3 ميل²)
 • العمران
1٬537٫5 كم² (593٫6 ميل²)
المنسوب
340 m (1٬120 ft)
التعداد
 (2011)[5]
 • مدينة ومقر مقاطعة324٬576
 • Estimate 
(2016)[6]
321٬687
 • الكثافة1٬808/km2 (4٬680/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
411٬379[4]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+2 (EET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal Code
400xyz1
مفتاح الهاتف+40 x642
Car PlatesCJ-N3
الموقع الإلكترونيprimariaclujnapoca.ro
1x, y, and z are digits that indicate the street, part of the street, or even the building of the address
2x is a digit indicating the operator: 2 for the former national operator, Romtelecom, and 3 for the other ground telephone networks
3used just on the plates of vehicles that operate only within the city limits (such as trolley buses, trams, utility vehicles, ATVs, etc.)

كلوج-ناپوكا (النطق بالرومانية: [ˈkluʒ naˈpoka] ( استمع); ألمانية: Klausenburg; مجرية: Kolozsvár, النطق في المجرية: [ˈkoloʒvaːr] ( استمع); اللاتينية القروسطية: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; باليديشية: קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg) تقع شمال-غرب رومانيا وهي عاصمة محافظة كلوج في إقليم ترانسلڤانيا وتعتبر من أهم عواصم التاريخية لهذا الإقليم. تعتبر مركز إقتصادي وثقافي هام, بالإضافة كونها عقدة مواصلات مهمة في رومانيا. Geographically, it is roughly equidistant from Bucharest (445 كيلومتر (277 ميل)), Budapest (461 km (286 mi)) and Belgrade (483 km (300 mi)). Located in the Someșul Mic river valley, the city is considered the unofficial capital to the historical province of Transylvania. From 1790 to 1848 and from 1861 to 1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.

اعتبارا من 2011, 324,576 inhabitants lived within the city limits (making it the country's second most populous at the time, after the national capital Bucharest), marking a slight increase from the figure recorded at the 2002 census.[5][7] The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people,[4][8] while the population of the peri-urban area (Romanian: zona periurbană) exceeds 420,000 residents.[4][9] The new metropolitan government of Cluj-Napoca became operational in December 2008.[10] According to a 2007 estimate provided by the County Population Register Service, the city hosts a visible population of students and other non-residents—an average of over 20,000 people each year during 2004–2007.[11] The city spreads out from St. Michael's Church in Unirii Square, built in the 14th century and named after the Archangel Michael, the patron saint of Cluj-Napoca.[12] The boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 متر كيلومربع (69.31 sq mi).

Cluj-Napoca experienced a decade of decline during the 1990s, its international reputation suffering from the policies of its mayor at the time, Gheorghe Funar.[13] Today, the city is one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University, with its botanical garden; nationally renowned cultural institutions; as well as the largest Romanian-owned commercial bank.[14][15] Cluj-Napoca held the titles of European Youth Capital in 2015,[16] and European City of Sport in 2018.[17]

التسمية

ناپوكا

On the site of the city was a pre-Roman settlement named Napoca. After the AD 106 Roman conquest of the area, the place was known as Municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napoca. Possible etymologies for Napoca or Napuca include the names of some Dacian tribes such as the Naparis or Napaei, the Greek term napos (νάπος), meaning "timbered valley" or the Indo-European root *snā-p- (Pokorny 971–972), "to flow, to swim, damp".[18]

كلوج

Romanian inscription of a religious book: "Tiperit en Klus en Anul Domnului 1703" (Translation: "Printed in Klus in the year of our Lord 1703").

The first written mention of the city's current name – as a Royal Borough – was in 1213 under the Medieval Latin name Castrum Clus.[19] Despite the fact that Clus as a county name was recorded in the 1173 document Thomas comes Clusiensis,[20] it is believed that the county's designation derives from the name of the castrum, which might have existed prior to its first mention in 1213, and not vice versa.[20] With respect to the name of this camp, there are several hypotheses about its origin. It may represent a derivation from the Latin term clausa – clusa, meaning "closed place", "strait", "ravine".[20] Similar meanings are attributed to the Slavic term kluč, meaning "a key"[20] and the German Klause – Kluse (meaning "mountain pass" or "weir").[21] The Latin and Slavic names have been attributed to the valley that narrows or closes between hills just to the west of Cluj-Mănăștur.[20] An alternative proposal relates the name of the city to its first magistrate, Miklus – Miklós / Kolos.[21]

The Hungarian form Kolozsvár, first recorded in 1246 as Kulusuar, underwent various phonetic changes over the years (uar / vár means "castle" in Hungarian); the variant Koloswar first appears in a document from 1332.[22] Its Saxon name Clusenburg/Clusenbvrg appeared in 1348, but from 1408 the form Clausenburg was used.[22] The Romanian name of the city used to be spelled alternately as Cluj or Cluș,[23] the latter being the case in Mihai Eminescu's Poesis.

Other historical names for the city, all related to or derived from "Cluj" in different languages, include Latin Claudiopolis, Italian Clausemburgo,[24] Turkish Kaloşvar[25] and Yiddish קלויזנבורג Kloyznburg or קלאזין Klazin.[23]

الاسم الرسمي الحالي

Napoca, the pre-Roman and Roman name of ancient settlements in the area of the modern city, was added to the historical and modern name of Cluj during Nicolae Ceaușescu's national-communist dictatorship as part of his myth-making efforts.[26] This happened in 1974, when the communist authorities made this nationalist gesture with the goal of emphasising the city's pre-Roman roots.[27][28] The full name of "Cluj-Napoca" is rarely used outside of official contexts.[29]

الكنية

The nickname "treasure city" was acquired in the late 16th century, and refers to the wealth amassed by residents, including in the precious metals trade.[30] The phrase is orașul comoară in Romanian,[31] given in Hungarian as kincses város.[32][33]

عدد السكان

في 2008 كان عدد سكانها 309,300 نسمة حيث هي في المرتبة الثالثة بعد بوخارست و تيميشوارا, يذكر أن حوالي 60.000 من الهنغار يعيشون في هذه المدينة.

التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Cluj-Napoca and Timeline of Cluj-Napoca

الامبراطورية الرومانية

Napoca on the Roman Dacia fragment of the 1st–4th century AD Tabula Peutingeriana (upper center)[34]

The Roman Empire conquered Dacia in AD 101 and 106, during the rule of Trajan, and the Roman settlement Napoca, established about 106, is first recorded on a milestone discovered in 1758 in the vicinity of the city.[35] Trajan's successor Hadrian granted Napoca the status of municipium as municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napocenses. Later, in the second century AD,[36] the city gained the status of a colonia as Colonia Aurelia Napoca. Napoca became a provincial capital of Dacia Porolissensis and thus the seat of a procurator. The colonia was evacuated in 274 by the Romans.[35] There are no references to urban settlement on the site for the better part of a millennium thereafter.[37]

العصور الوسطى

الانتماءات التاريخية
مملكة المجر 1213–1526
المملكة المجرية الشرقية 1526–1570
إمارة ترانسلڤانيا 1570–1804
 الإمبراطورية النمساوية 1804–1867
 النمسا-المجر 1867–1918 (المجر الشرعية حتى 1920)
 مملكة رومانيا 1920–1940 (de facto منذ 1918 إلى 1940)
مملكة المجر (1920–1946) مملكة المجر 1940–1945
 مملكة رومانيا 1945–1947
 رومانيا 1947–1965
 رومانيا 1965–1989
 رومانيا 1989–present

At the beginning of the Middle Ages, two groups of buildings existed on the current site of the city: the wooden fortress at Cluj-Mănăștur (Kolozsmonostor) and the civilian settlement developed around the current Piața Muzeului (Museum Place) in the city centre.[20][38] Although the precise date of the conquest of Transylvania by the Hungarians is not known, the earliest Hungarian artifacts found in the region are dated to the first half of the tenth century.[39] In any case, after that time, the city became part of the Kingdom of Hungary. King Stephen I made the city the seat of the castle county of Kolozs, and King Saint Ladislaus I of Hungary founded the abbey of Cluj-Mănăștur (Kolozsmonostor), destroyed during the Tatar invasions in 1241 and 1285.[20] As for the civilian colony, a castle and a village were built to the northwest of the ancient Napoca no later than the late 12th century.[20] This new village was settled by large groups of Transylvanian Saxons, encouraged during the reign of Crown Prince Stephen, Duke of Transylvania.[19] The first reliable mention of the settlement dates from 1275, in a document of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, when the village (Villa Kulusvar) was granted to the Bishop of Transylvania.[40] On 19 August 1316, during the rule of the new king, Charles I of Hungary, Cluj was granted the status of a city (Latin: civitas), as a reward for the Saxons' contribution to the defeat of the rebellious Transylvanian voivode, Ladislaus Kán.[40]

The couple buried together and known as the Lovers of Cluj-Napoca are believed to have lived between 1450 and 1550.[41][42]

Many craft guilds were established in the second half of the 13th century, and a patrician stratum based in commerce and craft production displaced the older landed elite in the town's leadership.[43] Through the privilege granted by Sigismund of Luxembourg in 1405, the city opted out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtained the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year.[44] In 1488, King Matthias Corvinus (born in Kolozsvár in 1443) ordered that the centumvirate—the city council, consisting of one hundred men—be half composed from the homines bone conditiones (the wealthy people), with craftsmen supplying the other half; together they would elect the chief judge and the jury.[44] Meanwhile, an agreement was reached providing that half of the representatives on this city council were to be drawn from the Hungarian, half from the Saxon population, and that judicial offices were to be held on a rotating basis.[45] In 1541, Kolozsvár became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (that transformed to Principality of Transylvania in 1570) after the Ottoman Turks occupied the central part of the Kingdom of Hungary; a period of economic and cultural prosperity followed.[45] Although Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár) served as a political capital for the princes of Transylvania, Cluj (Kolozsvár) enjoyed the support of the princes to a greater extent, thus establishing connections with the most important centres of Eastern Europe at that time, along with Košice (Kassa), Kraków, Prague and Vienna.[44]

القرون 16–18

كلوج-ناپوكا في خرائط گراندوقية ترانسلڤانيا، 1769–1773. Josephinische Landesaufnahme

In terms of religion, Protestant ideas first appeared in the middle of the 16th century. During Gáspár Heltai's service as preacher, Lutheranism grew in importance, as did the Swiss doctrine of Calvinism.[46] By 1571, the Turda (Torda) Diet had adopted a more radical religion, Ferenc Dávid's Unitarianism, characterised by the free interpretation of the Bible and denial of the dogma of the Trinity.[46] Stephen Báthory founded a Catholic Jesuit academy in the city in order to promote an anti-Reform movement; however, it did not have much success.[46] For a year, in 1600–1601, Cluj became part of the personal union of Michael the Brave.[47][48] Under the Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699, it became part of the Habsburg monarchy.[49]

In the 17th century, Cluj suffered from great calamities, suffering from epidemics of the plague and devastating fires.[46] The end of this century brought the end of Turkish sovereignty, but found the city bereft of much of its wealth, municipal freedom, cultural centrality, political significance and even population.[50] It gradually regained its important position within Transylvania as the headquarters of the Gubernium and the Diets between 1719 and 1732, and again from 1790 until the revolution of 1848, when the Gubernium moved to Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt), present-day Sibiu).[51] In 1791, a group of Romanian intellectuals drew up a petition, known as Supplex Libellus Valachorum, which was sent to the Emperor in Vienna. The petition demanded the equality of the Romanian nation in Transylvania in respect to the other nations (Saxon, Szekler and Hungarian) governed by the Unio Trium Nationum, but it was rejected by the Diet of Cluj.[46]

القرن 19

Neolog Synagogue and Jewish school at the beginning of the 20th century
قصر العدالة

Beginning in 1830, the city became the centre of the Hungarian national movement within the principality.[52] This erupted with the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. The Austrian commander Karl von Urban took control of the city on 18 November 1848, following a battle.[53] Following this, the Hungarian army headed by the Polish general Józef Bem, launched an offensive into Transylvania, recapturing Klausenburg by Christmas 1848.[54]

After the 1848 revolution, an absolutist regime was established, followed by a liberal regime that came to power in 1860. In this latter period, the government granted equal rights to the ethnic Romanians, but only briefly. In 1865, the Diet in Cluj abolished the laws voted in Sibiu (Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt), and proclaimed the 1848 Law concerning the Union of Transylvania with Hungary.[52] A modern university was founded in 1872, with the intention of promoting the integration of Transylvania into Hungary.[55] Before 1918, the city's only Romanian-language schools were two church-run elementary schools, and the first printed Romanian periodical did not appear until 1903.[50]

After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Klausenburg and all of Transylvania were again integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary. During this time, Klausenburg was among the largest and most important cities of the kingdom and was the seat of Kolozs County. Ethnic Romanians in Transylvania suffered oppression and persecution.[56] Their grievances found expression in the Transylvanian Memorandum, a petition sent in 1892 by the political leaders of Transylvania's Romanians to the Austro-Hungarian Emperor-King Franz Joseph. It asked for equal rights with the Hungarians and demanded an end to persecutions and attempts at Magyarisation.[56] The Emperor forwarded the memorandum to Budapest—the Hungarian capital. The authors, among them Ioan Rațiu and Iuliu Coroianu, were arrested, tried and sentenced to prison for "high treason" in Kolozsvár/Cluj in May 1894.[57] During the trial, approximately 20,000 people who had come to Cluj demonstrated on the streets of the city in support of the defendants.[57] A year later, the King gave them pardon upon the advice of his Hungarian prime minister, Dezső Bánffy.[58] In 1897, the Hungarian government decided that only Hungarian place names should be used and prohibited the use of the German or Romanian versions of the city's name on official government documents.[59]

القرن العشرون

The New York Palace
Cluj-Napoca Neolog Synagogue
Central Cluj-Napoca in 1930
King Ferdinand Street

In the autumn of 1918, as World War I drew to a close, Cluj became a centre of revolutionary activity, headed by Amos Frâncu. On 28 October 1918, Frâncu made an appeal for the organisation of the "union of all Romanians".[60] Thirty-nine delegates were elected from Cluj to attend the proclamation of the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania in the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918;[60] the transfer of sovereignty was formalised by the Treaty of Trianon in June 1920.[61] The interwar years saw the new authorities embark on a "Romanianisation" campaign: a Capitoline Wolf statue donated by Rome was set up in 1921; in 1932 a plaque written by historian Nicolae Iorga was placed on Matthias Corvinus's statue, emphasising his Romanian paternal ancestry; and construction of an imposing Orthodox cathedral began, in a city where only about a tenth of the inhabitants belonged to the Orthodox state church.[62] This endeavour had only mixed results: by 1939, Hungarians still dominated local economic and (to a certain extent) cultural life: for instance, Cluj had five Hungarian daily newspapers and just one in Romanian.[62]

In 1940, Cluj, along with the rest of Northern Transylvania, became part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the Second Vienna Award arbitrated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.[63][64][65] After the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944 and installed a puppet government under Döme Sztójay,[66][67] they forced large-scale antisemitic measures in the city. The headquarters of the local Gestapo were located in the New York Hotel. That May, the authorities began the relocation of the Jews to the Iris ghetto.[64] Liquidation of the 16,148 captured Jews occurred through six deportations to Auschwitz in May–June 1944.[64] Despite facing severe sanctions from the Hungarian administration, some Jews escaped across the border to Romania, with the assistance of intellectuals such as Emil Hațieganu, Raoul Șorban, Aurel Socol and Dezső Miskolczy, as well as various peasants from Mănăștur.[64]

On 11 October 1944 the city was captured by Romanian and Soviet troops.[64][68] It was formally restored to the Kingdom of Romania by the Treaty of Paris in 1947. On 24 January 6 March and 10 May 1946, the Romanian students, who had come back to Cluj after the restoration of northern Transylvania, rose against the claims of autonomy made by nostalgic Hungarians and the new way of life imposed by the Soviets, resulting in clashes and street fights.[69]

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 produced a powerful echo within the city; there was a real possibility that demonstrations by students sympathising with their peers across the border could escalate into an uprising.[70][71] The protests provided the Romanian authorities with a pretext to speed up the process of "unification" of the local Babeș (Romanian) and Bolyai (Hungarian) universities,[72] allegedly contemplated before the 1956 events.[73][74] Hungarians remained the majority of the city's population until the 1960s. Then Romanians began to outnumber Hungarians,[75] due to the population increase as a result of the government's forced industrialisation of the city and new jobs.[76] During the Communist period, the city recorded a high industrial development, as well as enforced construction expansion.[76] On 16 October 1974, when the city celebrated 1850 years since its first mention as Napoca, the Communist government changed the name of the city by adding "Napoca" to it.[28]

ثورة 1989 وما بعدها

During the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Cluj-Napoca was one of the scenes of the rebellion: 26 were killed and approximately 170 injured.[77] After the end of totalitarian rule, the nationalist politician Gheorghe Funar became mayor and governed for the next 12 years. His tenure was marked by strong Romanian nationalism and acts of ethnic provocation against the Hungarian-speaking minority. This deterred foreign investment;[78] however, in June 2004, Gheorghe Funar was voted out of office, and the city entered a period of rapid economic growth.[78] From 2004 to 2009, the mayor was Emil Boc, concurrently president of the Democratic Liberal Party. He went on to be elected as prime minister, returning as mayor in 2012.[79][80]

الجغرافيا

Old casino in the Central Park
The banks of the Someșul Mic River
Main greenhouse within the local botanical garden


البلدات المحيطة

Turda Gorges (south-east of Cluj) seen from the west end
Bánffy Castle (north-east of Cluj) is currently being restored.
Typical rural houses in Mănăstireni, west of Cluj.


Salina Turda

المناخ

بيانات المناخ لـ كلوج-ناپوكا
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) 14.0
(57.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		26.6
(79.9) 		30.2
(86.4) 		32.5
(90.5) 		36.0
(96.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.0
(100.4) 		33.7
(92.7) 		32.6
(90.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		18.7
(65.7) 		38.0
(100.4)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) 0.3
(32.5) 		3.2
(37.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.3
(75.7) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		13.6
(56.5)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) −3.4
(25.9) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		4.1
(39.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		8.5
(47.3) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		8.2
(46.8)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) −6.5
(20.3) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.3
(52.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		12.2
(54.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		3.7
(38.7)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) −34.2
(−29.6) 		−32.5
(−26.5) 		−22.0
(−7.6) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		0.4
(32.7) 		5.2
(41.4) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−22.3
(−8.1) 		−27.9
(−18.2) 		−34.2
(−29.6)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 24
(0.9) 		20
(0.8) 		22
(0.9) 		48
(1.9) 		69
(2.7) 		95
(3.7) 		81
(3.2) 		60
(2.4) 		36
(1.4) 		31
(1.2) 		30
(1.2) 		32
(1.3) 		548
(21.6)
متوسط هطول الثلج cm (inches) 6.0
(2.4) 		11.5
(4.5) 		5.8
(2.3) 		1.3
(0.5) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.5
(0.2) 		2.6
(1.0) 		5.8
(2.3) 		33.5
(13.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6 5 5 9 11 11 10 8 6 6 7 7 91
Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس 70.9 98.8 165.2 174.7 230.8 238.6 273.8 261.6 204.8 166.2 74.9 54.7 2٬015
Source 1: NOAA[81]
Source 2: Romanian National Statistic Institute (extremes 1901–2000)[82]

القانون والحكم

الادارة

Cluj-Napoca City Hall
Local council composition 2012 election:
  Social Liberal Union (12)
  Democratic Liberal Party (10)
  Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (4)
  People's Party - Dan Diaconescu (1)
Map of Cluj-Napoca's districts (2007)
    Party Seats Current Council
  Social Liberal Union 12                        
  Democratic Liberal Party 10                        
  Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania 4                        
  People's Party – Dan Diaconescu 1                        

Demographics

Historical population of Cluj-Napoca
Year Population %± Romanians Hungarians
1453 est. 6,000[83] — n/a n/a
1703 7,500[84] 25% n/a n/a
1714 5,000[85] −33.3% n/a n/a
1770 10,500[86] 110% n/a n/a
1785 9,703[84][87] −7.6% n/a n/a
1787 10,476[84][87] 7.9% n/a n/a
1835 14,000[84][88] 33.6% n/a n/a
1850 19,612 40% 21.0% 62.8%
1880 32,831 67.4% 17.1% 72.1%
1890 37,184 13.2% 15.2% 79.1%
1900 50,908 36.9% 14.1% 81.1%
1910 census[b] 62,733 23.2% 14.2% 81.6%
1920 85,509 36.3% 34.7% 49.3%
1930 census 100,844[89] 17.9% 34.6% 47.3%
1941[c][d] 114,984 14% 9.8% 85.7%
1948 census 117,915 2.5% 40% 57%
1956 census[e] 154,723 31.2% 47.8% 47.9%
1966 census 185,663 20% 56.5% 41.4%
1977 census 262,858 41.5% 65.8% 32.8%
1992 census 328,602 25% 76.6% 22.7%
2002 census 317,953[7] −3.2% 79.4% 19.0%
2011 census[f] 324,576[5][4][90] 2.1% 81.5% 16.4%

Source (if not otherwise specified):
Varga E. Árpád[91]


St. Michael's Church, the city's largest Gothic-style church


الجالية المجرية

Matthias Corvinus Alley, facing the birthplace of the eponymous King of Hungary

Economy

Eroilor Avenue, the largest and most expensive commercial street
The Ursus Brewery, where a popular Romanian beer is produced
Promenade area in Unirii Square, where scalpers once plied their trade
Regele Ferdinand Avenue, another large commercial street


الفنون والثقافة

View of central Cluj-Napoca from the Victor Babeș Street in the Hașdeu area


الفنون البصرية

Avram Iancu Square


الفنون الأدائية

Lucian Blaga National Theatre


العمارة المعاصرة

The "Biscuit Building"

الإعلام والثقافة الشعبية

A newspaper kiosk in the central area
Hungarian- and Romanian-language newspapers published in Cluj-Napoca

التعليم

The Central University Library
The main building of Babeș-Bolyai University


العلاقات الدولية

البلدات التوأم – المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Cluj-Napoca is twinned with:[92]

Footnotes

a.^  The engraving, dating back to 1617, was executed by Georg Houfnagel after the painting of Egidius van der Rye (the original was done in the workshop of Braun and Hagenberg).

b.^  After Transylvania united with Romania in 1918–1920, an exodus of Hungarian inhabitants occurred. Also, the city grew and many people moved in from the surrounding area and Cluj County as a whole, populated largely by Romanians.

c.^  In August 1940, as the second Vienna Award transferred the northern half of Transylvania to Hungary, an exile of Romanian inhabitants began.

d.^  The 1941 Hungarian census is considered unreliable by most historians. In 1941, Cluj had 16,763 Jews. They were forced into ghettos in 1944 by the Hungarian authorities and deported to Auschwitz in May–June 1944.

e.^  In the 1960s a determined policy of industrialisation was initiated. Many people from the surrounding rural areas (largely Romanian) moved into the city, giving Cluj a Romanian majority.

f.^  Data refer to those for whom ethnicity is available, and do not include the 23,165 individuals (7.1% of the city's population) for whom such data are unavailable.

انظر أيضاً

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المراجع

وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cluj-Napoca.
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Official websites

City guides

Photos

Panorama over western districts, taken from "Tăietura Turcului"

قالب:Cities in Cluj county قالب:PlacesCluj قالب:Companies in Cluj-Napoca

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