اتفاقية التجارة الحرة في أوروبا الوسطى

(تم التحويل من Central European Free Trade Agreement)
Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
علم اتفاقية التجارة الحرة في أوروبا الوسطى
العلم
Map of Europe (grey) indicating the members of CEFTA (blue).
Map of Europe (grey) indicating
the members of CEFTA (blue).
لغة العملالإنگليزية
اللغات الرسمية
للدول المتعاقدة
Typeاتفاقية تجارة
العضوية
الزعماء
• Chair-in-Office
ألبانيا Albania
• Secretary-General
سلوڤنيا Renata Vitez
التأسيس
• Agreement signed
21 December 1992
المساحة
• إجمالي
252,428 km2 (97,463 sq mi)
التعداد
• تقدير 2018
21.4 million[1]
• Density
85/km2 (220.1/sq mi)
ن.م.إ.  (PPP)تقدير 2018
• الإجمالي
$290 billion[2]
• للفرد
$13,500
ن.م.إ.  (اسمي)تقدير 2018
• إجمالي
$120 billion
• للفرد
$5,600
العملة
منطقة التوقيتCET / EET (UTC+1 / +2)
• الصيفي (DST)
CEST / EEST (UTC+2 / +3)

اتفاقية التجارة الحرة في أوروبا الوسطى (Central European Free Trade Agreement؛ CEFTA) هي اتفاقية تجارة بين بلدان خارج الاتحاد الأوروپي، وأعضاء به يقع معظمهم في جنوب شرق أوروپا. Founded by representatives of Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, CEFTA expanded to Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and the UNMIK (on behalf of Kosovo in accordance with UNSCR 1244).

Once a participating country joins the European Union (EU), its CEFTA membership ends. As of 1 July 2013, the parties of the CEFTA agreement are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and the UNMIK on behalf of Kosovo.

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الأعضاء

As of 1 July 2013, the parties of the CEFTA agreement are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, مولدوڤا, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and UNMIK (on behalf of Kosovo).

Former parties are Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. Their CEFTA memberships ended when they became member states of the European Union (EU).

Parties of agreement Joined Left
Flag of Poland.svg بولندا 1992 2004
Flag of Hungary.svg المجر 1992 2004
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg تشيكوسلوفاكيا Flag of the Czech Republic.svg التشيك (1993) 1992 2004
Flag of Slovakia.svg سلوفاكيا (1993) 2004
Flag of Slovenia.svg سلوفينيا 1996 2004
Flag of Romania.svg رومانيا 1997 2007
 بلغاريا 1999 2007
Flag of Croatia.svg كرواتيا 2003 2013
 شمال مقدونيا 2006 —
ألبانيا ألبانيا 2007 —
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg البوسنة والهرسك 2007 —
 مولدوڤا 2007 —
 الجبل الأسود 2007 —
Flag of Serbia.svg صربيا 2007 —
الأمم المتحدة UNMIK (كوسوڤو Kosovo) 2007 —


Membership criteria

Former Poznań Declaration criteria:

Current criteria since Zagreb meeting in 2005:

الأعضاء الحاليون

العلم الطرف المتعاقد الانضمام التعداد المساحة (كم²) العاصمة GDP in millions (PPP)[3] GDP per capita (PPP)[3]
ألبانيا Republic of Albania 2007-01-01 &&&&&&&&02787615.&&&&&02٬787٬615 &&&&&&&&&&028748.&&&&&028٬748 Tirana 38.526 13,396
البوسنة والهرسك Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007-01-01 &&&&&&&&03839265.&&&&&03٬839٬265 &&&&&&&&&&051209.&&&&&051٬209 Sarajevo 47.048 12,260
مولدوڤا Republic of Moldova 2007-01-01 &&&&&&&&03559500.&&&&&03٬559٬500 &&&&&&&&&&033843.&&&&&033٬843 Chişinău 21.424 7,044
الجبل الأسود Montenegro 2007-01-01 &&&&&&&&&0621240.&&&&&0621٬240 &&&&&&&&&&014026.&&&&&014٬026 Podgorica 11.555 18,539
جمهورية مقدونيا Republic of North Macedonia 2006-01-01 &&&&&&&&02059794.&&&&&02٬059٬794 &&&&&&&&&&025713.&&&&&025٬713 Skopje 33.748 16,243
صربيا Republic of Serbia 2007-01-01 &&&&&&&&07241295.&&&&&07٬241٬295 &&&&&&&&&&088361.&&&&&088٬361 Belgrade 120.466 18,285
الأمم المتحدة (كوسوڤو) UNMIK (on behalf of Kosovo) 2007-01-01 &&&&&&&&01798645.&&&&&01٬798٬645 &&&&&&&&&&010908.&&&&&010٬908 Pristina 19.672 9,383[4]

التاريخ

History of CEFTA members from 1992 to 2013. All of the original members of the trade pact became members of the European Union (EU), and because of such, Southeast European nations, such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, UNMIK (on behalf of Kosovo),[a] Montenegro, and Serbia, joined in and carried the CEFTA.
  CEFTA member states
  EU member states

الاتفاقية الأصلية

The original CEFTA agreement was signed by the Visegrád Group countries, that is by Poland, Hungary and Czech and Slovak republics (at the time parts of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic) on 21 December 1992 in Kraków, Poland. It came into force in July 1994. Through CEFTA, participating countries hoped to mobilize efforts to integrate into Western European institutions and through this, to join European political, economic, security and legal systems, thereby consolidating democracy and free-market economics.

The agreement was amended by the agreements signed on 11 September 1995 in Brno and on 4 July 2003 in Bled.

Slovenia joined CEFTA in 1996, Romania in 1997, Bulgaria in 1999, Croatia in 2003 and North Macedonia in 2006.

اتفاقية 2006

All of the parties of the original agreement had now joined the EU and thus left CEFTA. Therefore, it was decided to extend CEFTA to cover the rest of the Balkan states, which already had completed a matrix of bilateral free trade agreements in the framework of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. On 6 April 2006, at the South East Europe Prime Ministers Summit in Bucharest, a joint declaration on expansion of CEFTA to Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Serbia, Montenegro and UNMIK (on behalf of Kosovo) was adopted.[5] Accession of Ukraine has also been discussed.[6] The new enlarged agreement was initialled on 9 November 2006 in Brussels and was signed on 19 December 2006 at the South East European Prime Ministers Summit in Bucharest.[7] The agreement went into effect on 26 July 2007 for Albania, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro and North Macedonia, on 22 August for Croatia, on 24 October for Serbia, and on 22 November 2007 for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of the agreement was to establish a free trade zone in the region by 31 December 2010.

After the declaration of independence of Kosovo on 17 February 2008 UNMIK continued to represent Kosovo at all CEFTA meetings. At the end of 2008 Kosovo changed its customs stamps replacing UNMIK with Kosovo. This resulted in a trade blockade from Serbia and Bosnia that do not recognise the Republic of Kosovo.[8] The government in Pristina retaliated by imposing its own blockade on imports from Serbia. This led to clashes at border posts in July 2011.[9]

Relations with the European Union

All former participating countries had previously signed association agreements with the EU, so in fact CEFTA has served as a preparation for full European Union membership. Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia joined the EU on 1 May 2004, with Bulgaria and Romania following suit on 1 January 2007. Croatia joined the EU on 1 July 2013.

Montenegro and Serbia have been undergoing EU accession talks since 2012 and 2013, whereas Albania and North Macedonia are official candidate countries of the EU.

At the EU's recommendation, the future members prepared for membership by establishing free trade areas. A large proportion of CEFTA foreign trade is with EU countries.

See also


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Notes and references

Notes

a. ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between Serbia and the local Albanian majority. The Assembly of Kosovo declared its independence on 17 February 2008, a move that is recognised and the Republic of China (Taiwan), but not by Serbia, which claims it as part of its sovereign territory.

References

  1. ^ https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=18&c=914%2C962%2C921%2C943%2C963%2C942%2C967&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CLP&grp=0&a=
  2. ^ https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=90&pr1.y=18&c=914%2C962%2C921%2C943%2C963%2C942%2C967&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CLP&grp=0&a=
  3. ^ أ ب Data for 2015. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database
  4. ^ ( http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=43&pr.y=14&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=967&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= ) International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  5. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2006-06-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ Ukraine, Croatia broaden ties
  7. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-04-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ GAP Policy brief #17: Kosovo and CEFTA: In or Out? March 2011 [1][dead link]
  9. ^ "Kosovo Serbs block disputed border crossings". The Australian. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2013.

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