عليا

(تم التحويل من Aliyah)
أول عليا (هجرة يهودية) إلى فلسطين، يهود يرتدون الزي العربي التقليدي
100 years of Aliyah (immigration) to Mandatory Palestine and Israel, between 1919 and 2020
ايجوز (سفينة)
عليا قبل الصهيونية
العودة إلى صهيون • اليشوڤ القديم
قبل تأسيس إسرائيل
بعد تأسيس إسرائيل
مواضيع ذات علاقة

تاريخ اليهود • شتات اليهود • تاريخ اليهود في الأرض إسرائيل • تاريخ الصهيونية (الجدول الزمني) • إحياء اللغة العبرية

عرض • نقاش • تعديل

عليا (بالعبرية עלייה الصعود) كلمة عبرية تشير للهجرة اليهودية لأرض إسرائيل أو فلسطين (وإلى دولة إسرائيل منذ تأسيسها في 1948). Traditionally described as "the act of going up" (towards the Jewish holy city of Jerusalem), moving to the Land of Israel or "making aliyah" is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism. أما هجرة اليهود من إسرائيل لخارجها فتسمى يريدا (النزول) (حرفياً 'descent').[1]

تعتبر عليا فكرة يهودية مهمة وهي حجر أساس في الفكر الصهيوني حيث يسمح قانون العودة الإسرائيلي لأي يهودي بحق العودة والمساعدة على الهجرة والاستقرار في إسرائيل بالإضافة للجنسية الإسرائيلية. يعتبرها كثير من اليهود عودة لللأرض الموعودة وتحقيقًا لوعد الله في التوراة لإبراهيم وإسحاق ويعقوب، وهي من ضمن الأوامر اليهودية ال613.

في الفكر الصهيوني تشمل عليا الهجرة الجماعية لليهود المضطهدين بالإضافة للهجرة الفردية الاختيارية.

For much of their history, most Jews have lived in the diaspora outside of the Land of Israel due to various historical conflicts that led to their persecution alongside multiple instances of expulsions and exoduses. In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the population of the Palestine region.[2][3] Despite its historical value as a national aspiration for the Jewish people, aliyah was acted upon by few prior to the rise of a national awakening among Jews worldwide and the subsequent development of the Zionist movement in the late 19th century;[4] the large-scale immigration of Jews to Palestine had consequently begun by 1882.[5] Since the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948, more than 3 million Jews have made aliyah.[6] اعتبارا من 2014, Israel and the Israeli-occupied territories contain approximately 42.9 percent of the world's Jewish population.[7]

Since 2024, Israel has seen net negative migration: yerida is higher than aliyah.[8]

مصطلحات

"Olim" redirects here. For other uses, see Olim (توضيح).

The Hebrew word aliyah means "ascent" or "going up". Jewish tradition views traveling to the Land of Israel as an ascent, both geographically and metaphysically. In one opinion, the geographical sense preceded the metaphorical one, as most Jews going on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, which is situated at approximately 750 meters (2,500 feet) above sea level, had to climb to a higher geographic elevation. The reason is that many Jews in early rabbinic times used to live either in Egypt's Nile Delta and on the plains of Babylonia, which lay relatively low; or somewhere in the Mediterranean Basin, from where they arrived by ship.[9]

It is noteworthy that various references in the earlier books of the Bible indicate that Egypt was considered as being "below" other countries, so that going to Egypt was described as "going down to Egypt" while going away from Egypt (including Hebrews going out of Egypt to Canaan) was "going up out of Egypt". Thus, in the Book of Genesis 46 God speaks to Jacob and says “Do not be afraid to go down to Egypt, for I will make you into a great nation there. I will go down to Egypt with you." And in the Book of Exodus 1, the oppressive new King of Egypt suspects the Hebrews of living in Egypt of being enemies who in time of war might "Fight against us, and so get them up out of the land".

Widespread use of the term Aliyah to describe ideologically inspired Jewish immigration to Palestine / Israel is due to Arthur Ruppin's 1930 work Soziologie der Juden.[10] Aliyah has also been defined, by sociologists such as Aryeh Tartakower, as immigration for the good of the community, regardless of the destination.[11]

Aliyah is an important Jewish cultural concept and a fundamental component of Zionism. It is enshrined in Israel's Law of Return, which accords any Jew (deemed as such by halakha and/or Israeli secular law) and eligible non-Jews (a child and a grandchild of a Jew, the spouse of a Jew, the spouse of a child of a Jew and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew), the legal right to assisted immigration and settlement in Israel, as well as Israeli citizenship. Someone who "makes aliyah" is called an oleh (m.; pl. olim) or olah (f.; pl. olot). Many religious Jews espouse aliyah as a return to the Promised Land, and regard it as the fulfillment of God's biblical promise to the descendants of the Hebrew patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Nachmanides (the Ramban) includes making aliyah in his enumeration of the 613 commandments.[12]

Sifre says that the mitzvah (commandment) of living in Eretz Yisrael is as important as all the other mitzvot put together. There are many mitzvot such as shmita, the sabbatical year for farming, which can only be performed in Israel.[13]

For generations of religious Jews, aliyah was associated with the coming of the Jewish Messiah. Jews prayed for their Messiah to come, who was to redeem the "Land of Israel" (Eretz Yisrael, commonly known in English as the region of Palestine) from gentile rule and return world Jewry to the land under a Halachic theocracy.[14]

In Zionist discourse, the term aliyah (plural aliyot) includes both voluntary immigration for ideological, emotional, or practical reasons and, on the other hand, mass flight of persecuted populations of Jews. The vast majority of Israeli Jews today trace their family's recent roots to outside the country. While many have actively chosen to settle in Israel rather than some other country, many had little or no choice about leaving their previous home countries.[citation needed] While Israel is commonly recognized as "a country of immigrants", it is also, in large measure, a country of refugees, including internal refugees.

عليا قبل الصهيونية

ازداد عدد اليهود المهاجرين لأرض إسرائيل من الشتات بشكل هام فيما بين القرنين الثالث عشر والتاسع عشر لأسباب أهمها صعوبة حياة اليهود في أوروبا وتزايد الاضطهاد الديني فيها. وقد اعتبر البعض أن طرد اليهود من إنكلترا (1290) ومن فرنسا (1391) ومن النمسا (1421) ومن اسبانيا (مرسوم الطرد أو مرسوم الحمراء في 1492) علامات على اقتراب خلاص اليهود مما رفع من توقعاتهم بمجيء المسيح وبمملكة اليهود في ذلك الوقت.

حرضت الهجرات في ذلك الوقت بحمى توقع مجيء المسيح لدى اليهود في فرنسا وإيطاليا والولايات الألمانية وبولندا وروسيا وشمال أفريقيا. حيث أن الاعتقاد بالمجيء الوشيك لمسيح اليهود وأن المنفيين يتجمعون وأن مملكة إسرائيل ستعود شجع الكثير ممن لم تكن أمامهم خيارات أخرى على تلك الرحلة الشاقة إلى أرض إسرائيل.

لاقت المستعمرات اليهودية في فلسطين درجات مختلفة من النجاح، فلا يعرف الكثير مثلًا عن مصير هجرة سنة 1210 لثلاثمائة حاخام وأولادهم، بل يعتقد أنهم هلكوا بسبب الغزو الصليبي في 1229 وطرد المسلمين لهم في 1291. وبعد سقوط الإمبراطورية البيزنطية في 1453 وطرد اليهود من اسبانيا (1492) ومن البرتغال (1498) هاجر الكثير من اليهود إلى الأرض المقدسة. وهاجر أيضًا الآلاف من أتباع حاخامات من القبالاه والحسيدية ومن تلاميذ فيلنا غاون Vilna Gaon وتلاميذ موسى سوفر مما أدى إلى زيادة ملحوظة لعدد السكان اليهود في القدس وطبرية والخليل وصفد.

وقد ألهمت أحلام فيلنا غاون المسيحية إحدى أكبر موجات الهجرة، واستوطن مئات من تلاميذه في 1808 في طبرية وصفد، وكونوا لاحقًا نواة يشوف في القدس.

وجرت محاولات لاستئجار شمال فلسطين لتوطين اليهود كما فعل البريطاني الصوفي لورنس أوليفانت في 1879.

1200-1882

عليا 1948–2000: بالأرقام والمصادر.


عليا الصهيونية (منذ 1882)

في تاريخ الصهيونية بدأت موجات الهجرة بوصول البيليوم اليهود من روسيا في 1882

عليا الأولى (1882-1903)

هاجر نحو 35000 يهودي إلى فلسطين فيما بين 1882-1903 والتي كانت ضمن الإمبراطورية العثمانية.

عليا الثانية (1904-1914)

هاجر نحو 40000 يهودي معظمهم من روسيا

عليا الثالثة (1919-1923)

هاجر نحو 40000 يهودي معظمهم من الإمبراطورية الروسية وشرق أوروبا بسبب وعد بلفور وهربا من النظام الشيوعي الذي اراد دمجهم واغلاق الولايات الامركية أبواب الهجرة.

عليا الرابعة (1924-1929)

وصل 82000 يهودي

عليا الخامسة (1929-1939)

موجة من ربع مليون يهودي

عليا بت: الهجرة غير الشرعية (1933-1948)

15 يوليو 1945. الناجون من بوخن‌ڤالد يصلون إلى حيفا لتلقي السلطات البريطانية القبض عليهم

بسبب حد الحكومة البريطانية لأعداد المهاجرين The British government limited Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine with quotas, and following the rise of Nazism to power in Germany, illegal immigration to Mandatory Palestine commenced.[15] The illegal immigration was known as Aliyah Bet ("secondary immigration"), or Ha'apalah, and was organized by the Mossad Le'aliyah Bet, as well as by the Irgun. Immigration was done mainly by sea, and to a lesser extent overland through Iraq and Syria. During World War II and the years that followed until independence, Aliyah Bet became the main form of Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine.[citation needed]

Following the war, Bricha ("escape"), an organization of former partisans and ghetto fighters was primarily responsible for smuggling Jews from Eastern Europe through Poland. In 1946 Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah to Mandate Palestine without visas or exit permits.[16] By contrast, Stalin forcibly brought Soviet Jews back who lived in occupied or soviet territory to USSR, as agreed by the Allies during the Yalta Conference.[17] The refugees were sent to the Italian ports from which they traveled to Mandatory Palestine. More than 4,500 survivors left the French port of Sète aboard President Warfield (renamed Exodus). The British turned them back to France from Haifa, and forced them ashore in Hamburg. Despite British efforts to curb the illegal immigration, during the 14 years of its operation, 110,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine. In 1945 reports of the Holocaust with its 6 million Jewish killed, caused many Jews in Palestine to turn openly against the British Mandate, and illegal immigration escalated rapidly as many Holocaust survivors joined the aliyah.[citation needed]

بعد إنشاء الدولة (1948-1950)

انظر أيضاً: Bricha
Immigration to Israel in the years following the May 1948
Israeli Declaration of Independence.[18]
1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1948-53
Eastern Europe
Romania 17678 13595 47041 40625 3712 61 122712
Poland 28788 47331 25071 2529 264 225 104208
Bulgaria 15091 20008 1000 1142 461 359 38061
Czechoslovakia 2115 15685 263 150 24 10 18247
Hungary 3463 6842 2302 1022 133 224 13986
Soviet Union 1175 3230 2618 689 198 216 8126
Yugoslavia 4126 2470 427 572 88 14 7697
Total 72436 109161 78722 46729 4880 1109 313037
Other Europe
Germany 1422 5329 1439 662 142 100 9094
France 640 1653 1165 548 227 117 4350
Austria 395 1618 746 233 76 45 3113
United Kingdom 501 756 581 302 233 140 2513
Greece 175 1364 343 122 46 71 2121
Italy 530 501 242 142 95 37 1547
Netherlands 188 367 265 282 112 95 1309
Belgium - 615 297 196 51 44 1203
Total 3851 12203 5078 2487 982 649 25250
Asia
Iraq 15 1708 31627 88161 868 375 122754
Yemen 270 35422 9203 588 89 26 45598
Turkey 4362 26295 2323 1228 271 220 34699
Iran 43 1778 11935 11048 4856 1096 30756
Aden - 2636 190 328 35 58 3247
India 12 856 1105 364 49 650 3036
China - 644 1207 316 85 160 2412
Other - 1966 931 634 230 197 3958
Total 4702 71305 58521 102667 6483 2782 246460
Africa
Tunisia 6821 17353 3725 3414 2548 606 34467
Libya 1064 14352 8818 6534 1146 224 32138
Morocco - - 4980 7770 5031 2990 20771
Egypt - 7268 7154 2086 1251 1041 18800
Algeria - - 506 272 92 84 954
South Africa 178 217 154 35 11 33 628
Other - 382 5 6 3 9 405
Total 8063 39572 25342 20117 10082 4987 108163
Unknown 13827 10942 1742 1901 948 820 30180
All countries 102879 243183 169405 173901 23375 10347 723090

After Aliyah Bet, the process of numbering or naming individual aliyot ceased, but immigration did not. A major wave of Jewish immigration, mainly from post-Holocaust Europe and the Arab and Muslim world took place from 1948 to 1951. In three and a half years, the Jewish population of Israel, which was 650,000 at the state's founding, was more than doubled by an influx of about 688,000 immigrants.[19] In 1949, the largest-ever number of Jewish immigrants in a single year—249,954—arrived in Israel.[6] This period of immigration is often termed kibbutz galuyot (literally, ingathering of exiles), due to the large number of Jewish diaspora communities that made aliyah. However, kibbutz galuyot can also refer to aliyah in general.[citation needed]

At the beginning of the immigration wave, most of the immigrants to reach Israel were Holocaust survivors from Europe, including many from displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy, and from British detention camps on Cyprus. Large sections of shattered Jewish communities throughout Europe, such as those from Poland and Romania also immigrated to Israel, with some communities, such as those from Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, being almost entirely transferred. At the same time, the number of Jewish immigrants from Arab countries greatly increased. Special operations were undertaken to evacuate Jewish communities perceived to be in serious danger to Israel, such as Operation Magic Carpet, which evacuated almost the entire Jewish population of Yemen, and Operation Ezra and Nehemiah, which airlifted most of the Jews of Iraq to Israel.[19] Egyptian Jews were smuggled to Israel in Operation Goshen. Nearly the entire Jewish population of Libya left for Israel around this time, and clandestine aliyah from Syria took place, as the Syrian government prohibited Jewish emigration, in a process that was to last decades. Israel also saw significant immigration of Jews from non-Arab Muslim countries such as Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan in this period.[citation needed]

This resulted in a period of austerity. To ensure that Israel, which at that time had a small economy and scant foreign currency reserves, could provide for the immigrants, a strict regime of rationing was put in place. Measures were enacted to ensure that all Israeli citizens had access to adequate food, housing, and clothing. Austerity was very restrictive until 1953; the previous year, Israel had signed a reparations agreement with West Germany, in which the West German government would pay Israel as compensation for the Holocaust, due to Israel's taking in a large number of Holocaust survivors. The resulting influx of foreign capital boosted the Israeli economy and allowed for the relaxing of most restrictions. The remaining austerity measures were gradually phased out throughout the following years.[citation needed] When new immigrants arrived in Israel, they were sprayed with DDT, underwent a medical examination, were inoculated against diseases, and were given food. The earliest immigrants received desirable homes in established urban areas, but most of the immigrants were then sent to transit camps, known initially as immigrant camps, and later as Ma'abarot. Many were also initially housed in reception centers in military barracks. By the end of 1950, some 93,000 immigrants were housed in 62 transit camps. The Israeli government's goal was to get the immigrants out of refugee housing and into society as speedily as possible. Immigrants who left the camps received a ration card, an identity card, a mattress, a pair of blankets, and $21 to $36 in cash. They settled either in established cities and towns, or in kibbutzim and moshavim.[19][20] Many others stayed in the Ma'abarot as they were gradually turned into permanent cities and towns, which became known as development towns, or were absorbed as neighborhoods of the towns they were attached to, and the tin dwellings were replaced with permanent housing.[citation needed]

In the early 1950s, the immigration wave subsided, and emigration increased; ultimately, some 10% of the immigrants would leave Israel for other countries in the following years. In 1953, immigration to Israel averaged 1,200 a month, while emigration averaged 700 a month. The end of the period of mass immigration gave Israel a critical opportunity to more rapidly absorb the immigrants still living in transit camps.[21] The Israeli government built 260 new settlements and 78,000 housing units to accommodate the immigrants, and by the mid-1950s, almost all were in permanent housing.[22] The last ma'abarot closed in 1963.

In the mid-1950s, a smaller wave of immigration began from North African countries such as Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Egypt, many of which were in the midst of nationalist struggles. Between 1952 and 1964, some 240,000 North African Jews came to Israel. During this period, smaller but significant numbers arrived from other places such as Europe, Iran, India, and Latin America.[22] In particular, a small immigration wave from then communist Poland, known as the "Gomulka Aliyah", took place during this period. From 1956 to 1960, Poland permitted free Jewish emigration, and some 50,000 Polish Jews immigrated to Israel.[23]

Since the founding of the State of Israel, the Jewish Agency for Israel was mandated as the organization responsible for aliyah in the diaspora.[24]

عليا من البلدان العربية

هجرة اليهود
من الدول العربية
1947–1972
المواضيع الأساسية

• معبروت

الخلفيات
أحداث مفتاحية

• عدن (اليمن)

• بغداد (العراق)

• تأميم قناة السويس

• حرب الأيام الستة
التحكيم

• خيمينا

الهجرة
مواضيع مرتبطة
المقالة الرئيسية: الخروج اليهودي من البلدان العربية
يهود يمنيون في طريقهم لإسرائيل
1952. Ma'abarah, a tent city for Jewish refugees in Israel

From 1948 until the early 1970s, around 900,000 Jews from Arab lands left, fled, or were expelled from various Arab nations, of which an estimated 650,000 settled in Israel.[25] In the course of Operation Magic Carpet (1949–1950), nearly the entire community of Yemenite Jews (about 49,000) immigrated to Israel. Its other name, Operation On Wings of Eagles (Hebrew: כנפי נשרים, Kanfei Nesharim), was inspired by

Exodus 19:4: "Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself."[26]

و

Isaiah 40:31: "But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint".[27]

Some 120,000 Iraqi Jews were airlifted to Israel in Operation Ezra and Nehemiah.

من 1990

إحصائيات

The number of immigrants to Israel during 1919–2006 period is given in the table below.[28] The table details the number of olim for the specific time periods by country of birth. (For the year 2006, the last country of residence is also given).

المنطقة 2006 LCR 2006 COB 2005 2000–2004 1990–1999 1980–1989 1972–1979 1961–1971 1952–1960 1948–1951 1919–1948 TOTAL
الإجمالي العام 19,269 19,269 21,180 60,647 956,319 153,833 267,580 427,828 297,138 687,624 482,857 3,374,275
آسيا 1,777 1,261 2,239 8,048 61,305 14,433 19,456 56,208 37,119 237,704 40,895 478,668
إيران 74 90 146 449 0 8,487 9,550 19,502 15,699 21,910 75,833
أفغانستان 0 0 2 0 0 57 132 516 1,106 2,303 4,116
الهند 304 308 61 211 1,717 1,539 3,497 13,110 5,380 2,176 27,999
Israel 0 192 105 69 954 288 507 1,021 868 411 4,415
لبنان 0 7 8 4 0 179 564 2,208 846 235 4,051
سوريا 0 0 4 16 0 995 842 3,121 1,870 2,678 9,526
الصين 10 14 4 16 192 78 43 96 217 504 1,164
العراق 11 11 12 50 0 111 939 3,509 2,989 123,371 130,992
اليمن 9 10 4 3 0 17 51 1,066 1,170 48,315 50,636
Other 14 26 18 29 7,362 594 213 349 103 1,254 9,948
الاتحاد السوفيتي (As) 1,287 533 1,814 7,069 49,524 58,940
أفريقيا 3,801 4,508 4,518 2,912 48,558 28,664 19,273 164,885 143,485 93,282 4,041 514,126
Ethiopia 3,595 3,595 3,573 2,213 39,651 16,965 306 98 59 10 66,470
جنوب أفريقيا 114 139 135 202 2,918 3,575 5,604 3,783 774 666 17,796
ليبيا 0 3 3 6 0 66 219 2,466 2,079 30,972 35,814
مصر/ السودان 0 19 17 15 176 352 535 2,963 17,521 16,024 37,622
المغرب 53 233 284 205 2,623 3,809 7,780 130,507 95,945 28,263 269,649
الجزائر 0 275 280 131 1,317 1,830 2,137 12,857 3,433 3,810 26,070
تونس 32 236 218 125 1,251 1,942 2,148 11,566 23,569 13,293 54,348
غيرهم 6 8 8 15 888 125 544 645 105 244 2,582
اوروبا 9,872 10,063 10,736 46,516 812,079 70,898 183,419 162,070 106,305 332,802 377,381 2,112,269
النمسا 12 12 24 23 317 356 595 1,021 610 2,632 5,590
إيطاليا 42 37 35 40 595 510 713 940 414 1,305 4,589
Nordic 36 34 35 41 1,071 1,178 903 886 131 85 4,364
Bulgaria 22 19 38 199 3,673 180 118 794 1,680 37,260 43,961
Belgium 91 78 70 102 891 788 847 1,112 394 291 4,573
الاتحاد السوفيتي (Eu) 6,185 7,069 7,763 43,801 772,239 29,754 137,134 29,376 13,743 8,163 1,049,042
ألمانيا 112 87 112 177 2,150 1,759 2,080 3,175 1,386 8,210 19,136
هولندا 50 45 36 30 926 1,239 1,170 1,470 646 1,077 6,639
Hungary 63 63 108 180 2,150 1,005 1,100 2,601 9,819 14,324 31,350
Yugoslavia 25 26 7 98 1,894 140 126 322 320 7,661 10,594
Greece 3 8 7 6 121 147 326 514 676 2,131 3,936
UK 594 506 341 318 4,851 7,098 6,171 6,461 1,448 1,907 29,101
Spain 33 20 23 16 242 321 327 406 169 80 1,604
بولندا 36 90 94 169 2,765 2,807 6,218 14,706 39,618 106,414 172,881
تشكوسلوفاكيا 16 26 15 61 479 462 888 2,754 783 18,788 24,256
فرنسا 2,411 1,781 1,836 842 10,443 7,538 5,399 8,050 1,662 3,050 40,601
Romania 50 76 107 330 5,722 14,607 18,418 86,184 32,462 117,950 275,856
Switzerland 85 69 52 71 904 706 634 886 253 131 3,706
Turkey 67 70 61 131 1,095 2,088 3,118 14,073 6,871 34,547 62,054
Other 6 17 33 12 646 303 252 412 91 1,343 3,109
America/Oceania 3,813 3,437 3,687 21,718 33,367 39,369 45,040 42,400 6,922 3,822 7,754 211,329
Australia/NZL 66 44 53 68 1,017 959 1,275 833 120 119 4,488
Uruguay 73 76 107 105 724 2,014 2,199 1,844 425 66 7,560
Cen Am 91 120 77 102 125 8 104 129 43 17 725
Argentina 293 299 413 9,917 8,886 10,582 13,158 11,701 2,888 904 59,041
USA 2,159 1,809 1,706 1,098 15,480 18,904 20,963 18,671 1,553 1,711 81,895
Brazil 232 226 278 225 1,937 1,763 1,763 2,601 763 304 9,860
Venezuela 134 98 84 62 319 180 245 297 0 0 1,285
Mexico 72 76 56 70 916 993 861 736 168 48 3,924
Paraguay 4 3 6 7 21 62 73 210 42 0 424
Chile 61 56 77 85 521 1,040 1,180 1,790 401 48 5,198
Colombia 142 179 154 54 545 475 552 415 0 0 2,374
Canada 228 210 214 163 1,717 1,867 2,178 2,169 276 236 9,030
Other 258 241 462 94 1,159 522 500 1,125 91 327 4,521
Not known 6 0 3 4 419 469 394 911 3,307 20,014 52,786 78,307


 هذه المقالة عن إسرائيل هي بذرة. بإمكانك مساعدة المعرفة بإن تنميها.
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