الأعداد الرومانية

Entrance to section LII of the Colosseum, with numerals still visible

الأعداد الرومانية من 1 إلى مليون

الأرقام الرومانية Romanian numbers رموز تُعبِّر عن أرقام، وتُكتب كل الأعداد الرومانية باستخدام سبعة رموز أساسية، إما منفردة وإما مـركّبة. وتشمل هذه الرموز السبعة:

M ، (500) D ، (100) C ، (50) L ، (10) X ، (5) V ، (1) I (ألف).

وتُكتب الأعداد الرومانية من اليسار إلى اليمين، باستخدام مبدأ الإضافة في معظم الحالات، فتُكتب الآلاف أولا تليها المئات ثم العشرات وأخيراً الآحاد. ويكتب اليوم الوطني الماسي للمملكة العربية السعودية، (مرور 75 عامًا على تأسيسها) بالتقويم الميلادي، الذي يصادف سنة 2007، كالآتي: MMVII.

في نظام الأعداد الرومانية ، يكون وضع عدد أصغر قبل عدد أكبر، معناه أن الرقم الأصغر مطروح من الرقم الأكبر. ويُستخدم هذا المبدأ عموماً في الأربعات والتسعات. وعلى ذلك فإن رقم 4 يُكتب IV 1-5 ، كما يكتب رقم 9 بالشكل IX 1-10 وعادة ما ينطبق هذا المبدأ على أي رقم يبدأ بعدد 4، أو 9 مثل؛ 40 XI، و 90 XC ، ومع ذلك ، يمكن أيضًا استخدام مبدأ الجمع في كتابة مثل هذه الأعداد. فمثلا يمكن كتابة 400 بالشكل CCCC بدلاً من CD .

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 رموز

Symbol	Value
I	1 (one) ([unus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
V	5 (five) ([quinque] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
X	10 (ten) ([decem] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
L	50 (fifty) ([quinquaginta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
C	100 (one hundred) ([centum] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
D	500 (five hundred) ([quingenti] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))
M	1000 (one thousand) ([mille] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))

• V or (V) for five thousand
• X or (X) for ten thousand
• L or (L) for fifty thousand
• C or (C) for one hundred thousand
• D or (D) for five hundred thousand
• M or (M) for one million

المضاعفات الأساسية للالأرقام الرومانية

	×1	×2	×3	×4	×5	×6	×7	×8	×9
Ones	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII	IX
Tens	X	XX	XXX	XL	L	LX	LXX	LXXX	XC
Hundreds	C	CC	CCC	CD	D	DC	DCC	DCCC	CM
Thousands	M	MM	MMM	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII	IX
Ten thousands	X	XX	XXX	XL	L	LX	LXX	LXXX	XC
Hundred thousands	C	CC	CCC	CD	D	DC	DCC	DCCC	CM

 الكسور

A [triens] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) coin (1/3 or 4/12 of an [as] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). Note the four dots •••• indicating its value.

A [semis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) coin (1/2 or 6/12 of an [as] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). Note the S indicating its value.

Fraction	Roman Numeral	Name (nominative and genitive)	Meaning
1/12	•	[uncia, unciae] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"ounce"
2/12 = 1/6	•• or :	[sextans, sextantis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"sixth"
3/12 = 1/4	••• or ∴	[quadrans, quadrantis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"quarter"
4/12 = 1/3	•••• or ::	[triens, trientis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"third"
5/12	••••• or :•:	[quincunx, quincuncis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"five-ounce" (quinque unciae → quincunx)
6/12 = 1/2	S	[semis, semissis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"half"
7/12	S•	[septunx, septuncis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"seven-ounce" (septem unciae → septunx)
8/12 = 2/3	S•• or S:	[bes, bessis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"twice" (as in "twice a third")
9/12 = 3/4	S••• or S:•	[dodrans, dodrantis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) or [nonuncium, nonuncii] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"less a quarter" (de-quadrans → dodrans) or "ninth ounce" (nona uncia → nonuncium)
10/12 = 5/6	S•••• or S::	[dextans, dextantis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) or [decunx, decuncis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"less a sixth" (de-sextans → dextans) or "ten ounces" (decem unciae → decunx)
11/12	S••••• or S:•:	[deunx, deuncis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"less an ounce" (de-uncia → deunx)
12/12 = 1	I	[as, assis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	"unit"

An inscription on Admiralty Arch, London. The numeral translates to 1910.

The Shepherd gate clock with Roman numbers up to XXIII (and 0), in Greenwich

 الأستخدامات الحديثة

Roman numbers on stern of Cutty Sark, Greenwich

Roman numeral	I	ii	iii	IV	V	vi	vii°
Scale degree (major mode)	tonic	supertonic	mediant	subdominant	dominant	submediant	leading tone

Roman numeral	i	ii°	III	iv	v	VI	(♭)VII	vii°
Scale degree (minor mode)	tonic	supertonic	mediant	subdominant	dominant	submediant	subtonic	leading tone

 الاستخدام لغير الناطقين بللغة الإنجليزية

I	9:30-17:30
II	9:30-19:00
III	9:30-17:30
IV	9:30-17:30
V	9:30-19:00
VI	9:30-13:00
VII	—

A five–watt resistor as per GOST 2.728–74.

 أشكال بديلة

Roman numerals, 16th century

Base number		CIƆ = 1,000	CCIƆƆ = 10,000	CCCIƆƆƆ = 100,000
1 extra Ɔ	IƆ = 500	CIƆƆ = 1,500	CCIƆƆƆ = 10,500	CCCIƆƆƆƆ = 100,500
2 extra Ɔs	IƆƆ = 5,000		CCIƆƆƆƆ = 15,000	CCCIƆƆƆƆƆ = 105,000
3 extra Ɔs	IƆƆƆ = 50,000			CCCIƆƆƆƆƆƆ = 150,000

 الأرقام الرومانية في القرون الوسطى

Modern number	Medieval abbreviation	Notes
5	A	Resembles an upside-down V. Also said to equal 500.
6	ↅ	Either a ligature of VI, or the Greek letter stigma (Ϛ), having the same numerical value.
7	S, Z	Presumed abbreviation of septem, Latin for 7.
11	O	Presumed abbreviation of (e.g.) onze, French for 11.
40	F	Presumed abbreviation of English forty.
70	S	Also could stand for 7, and has same etymology.
80	R
90	N	Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta, Latin for 90.
150	Y	Possibly derived from the lowercase y's shape.
151	K	This unusual abbreviation's origin is unknown; it has also been said to stand for 250.
160	T	Possibly derived from Greek tetra, as 4 x 40 = 160.
200	H
250	E
300	B
400	P, G
500	Q	Redundant with D, abbreviation for quingenti, Latin for 500.
800	W	More properly, the Greek ω, as W was a fairly new creation.
900	ĵ, ↑	Resembled a crooked up arrow.
2000	Z

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 الأرقام الرومانية الحديثة

Standard	Arabic	Notes
none	0	N for nulla was used at least once (by Bede about 725).
I	1
II	2
III	3
IV	4	IIII is still used on clock and Tarot card faces. See Calendars and clocks above.
V	5	IIIII was used rarely in the Middle Ages.
VI	6
VII	7
VIII	8	IIX was used rarely in the Middle Ages.
IX	9
X	10	VV was used rarely in the Middle Ages.
XI	11
XII	12
XIII	13
XIV	14
XV	15
XVI	16
XVII	17
XVIII	18
XIX	19
XX	20
XXI	21
XXV	25
XXX	30
XXXV	35
XL	40
XLV	45
XLIX	49	Per rule above, IL would not be generally accepted.
L	50
LX	60
LXIX	69
LXX	70	The abbreviation for the Septuagint
LXXVI	76
LXXX	80
XC	90
XCIX	99	As opposed to the "shortcut" way IC seen above.
C	100	This is the origin of using the slang term "C-bill" or "C-note" for "$100 bill".
CL	150
CC	200
CCC	300
CD	400
D	500
DC	600
DCLXVI	666	Using every symbol except M in descending order gives the beast number.
DCC	700
DCCC	800
CM	900
M	1,000
MCDXLIV	1,444	Smallest pandigital number (each symbol is used)
MDCLXVI	1,666	Largest efficient pandigital number (each symbol occurs exactly once)
MDCCCLXXXVIII	1,888	Longest number when written (excluding multiple M's)
MCMXC	1,990	Shortcuts like XMM and MXM disagree with the rule stated above
MCMXCVII	1,997
MCMXCIX	1,999	Shortcuts like IMM and MIM disagree with the rule stated above
MM	2,000
MMI	2,001
MMIX	2,009
MMD	2,500
MMM	3,000
IV	4,000	sometimes MMMM or MV
V	5,000
VMDCLXVI	6,666	This number uses every symbol up to V once.
X	10,000
L	50,000
C	100,000
D	500,000
M	1,000,000

An accurate way to write large numbers in Roman numerals is to handle first the thousands, then hundreds, then tens, then units.
Example: the number 1988.
One thousand is M, nine hundred is CM, eighty is LXXX, eight is VIII.
Put it together: MCMLXXXVIII.

 Unicode

Table of Roman numerals in Unicode

Code	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
Value	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	50	100	500	1,000
U+2160	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	Ⅴ	Ⅵ	Ⅶ	Ⅷ	Ⅸ	Ⅹ	Ⅺ	Ⅻ	Ⅼ	Ⅽ	Ⅾ	Ⅿ
U+2170	ⅰ	ⅱ	ⅲ	ⅳ	ⅴ	ⅵ	ⅶ	ⅷ	ⅸ	ⅹ	ⅺ	ⅻ	ⅼ	ⅽ	ⅾ	ⅿ
Value	1000	5000	10,000	–	–	6	50	50,000	100,000
U+2180	ↀ	ↁ	ↂ	Ↄ	ↄ	ↅ	ↆ	ↇ	ↈ

 أنظر أيضاً

• Kharoṣṭhī numerals
• Urnfield culture numerals

 المصادر

• الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة
• Menninger, Karl (1992). Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-27096-3.

 وصلات خارجية

ابحث عن roman numeral في
قاموس المعرفة.

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• Minor history of the rules of Roman Numerals and an Arabic to Roman Numeral Converter
• Online Converter for Decimal/Roman Numerals (JavaScript, GPL)
• Roman Numeral Conversion Exercises (Java)
• Romance in Numbers by Paul Niquette
• Simple Roman Numeral Converter in C (C)
• Web Based Converter - Decimal to Roman Numerals
• French book with 841 chapters, numbered up to DCCCXLI