W

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين We (Cyrillic).

هذا المقال هو عن the letter of the Latin alphabet. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر W (توضيح).

"Double U" redirects here. For the DJ, see Double U (DJ).

W
W w
الاستخدام
نظام الكتابة	Latin script
النوع	Alphabetic and logographic
القيم الصوتية	[w] [v] [β] [u] [uː] [ʊ] [ɔ] [ʋ] [ʕʷ] [ʙ] [◌ʷ] [ɣ] [f]
في اليونيكود	U+0057, U+0077
الموقع الأبجدي	23
التاريخ
التطور	Υ υ 𐌖 Y V W w
الفترة الزمنية	ح. 600 CE to present
السلالة	• ʍ  • ɯ ɰ  • ₩
الشقيقات	F U Ѵ У Ў Ұ Ү ו و ܘ וּ וֹ ࠅ 𐎆 𐡅 ወ વ ૂ ુ उ
أخرى
الرسوم المقترنة	w(x)

W (يسمى دبل-يو، plural double-ues)، هو الحرف الثالث والعشرون في الأبجدية الإنگليزية الحديثة والأبجدية اللاتينية.

W, or w, is the twenty-third letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is double-u, plural double-ues.

 الاسم

The name 'double-u' reflects stages in the letter's evolution when it was considered two of the same letter, a double U.

Some speakers shorten the name "double u" into "dub-u" or just "dub"; for example, University of Wisconsin, University of Washington, University of Wyoming, University of Waterloo, University of the Western Cape and University of Western Australia are all known colloquially as "U Dub", and the automobile company Volkswagen, abbreviated "VW", is sometimes pronounced "V-Dub". The fact that many website URLs require a "www." prefix has been influential in promoting these shortened pronunciations.

In other West Germanic languages, its name is monosyllabic: German We /veː/, Dutch wee /ʋeː/. In Polish is called "wu" (as "v" and "u"). In many languages, its name literally means "double v": Portuguese duplo vê, Spanish doble ve (though it can be spelled uve doble), French double vé, Icelandic tvöfalt vaff, Czech dvojité vé, Estonian kaksisvee, Finnish kaksois-vee, etc.

 التاريخ

Proto-Sinaitic	Phoenician Waw	Western Greek Upsilon	Latin V	Latin W

This cursive 'w' was popular in calligraphy of the eighteenth century; a late appearance in a font of 1816ح. 1816.

The classical Latin alphabet, from which the modern European alphabets derived, did not have the "W" character. The "W" sounds were represented by the Latin letter "V" (at the time, not yet distinct from "U").

The sounds /w/ (spelled ⟨V⟩) and /b/ (spelled ⟨B⟩) of Classical Latin developed into the voiced bilabial fricative /β/ between vowels in Early Medieval Latin. Therefore, ⟨V⟩ no longer adequately represented the voiced labial-velar approximant sound /w/ of Germanic phonology.

A letter W appearing in the coat of arms of Vyborg

The Germanic /w/ phoneme was, therefore, written as ⟨VV⟩ or ⟨uu⟩ (⟨u⟩ and ⟨v⟩ becoming distinct only by the Early Modern period) by the earliest writers of Old English and Old High German, in the 7th or 8th centuries. Gothic (not Latin-based), by contrast, had simply used a letter based on the Greek Υ for the same sound in the 4th century. The digraph ⟨VV⟩/⟨uu⟩ was also used in Medieval Latin to represent Germanic names, including Gothic ones like Wamba.

It is from this ⟨uu⟩ digraph that the modern name "double U" derives. The digraph was commonly used in the spelling of Old High German but only in the earliest texts in Old English, where the /w/ sound soon came to be represented by borrowing the rune ⟨ᚹ⟩, adapted as the Latin letter wynn: ⟨ƿ⟩. In early Middle English, following the 11th-century Norman Conquest, ⟨uu⟩ regained popularity; by 1300, it had taken wynn's place in common use.

Scribal realisation of the digraph could look like a pair of Vs whose branches crossed in the middle: both forms (separate and crossed) appear, for instance, in the "running text" (in Latin) of the Bayeux tapestry in proper names such as EDVVARDVS and VVILLELMVS (or the same with crossed Vs). Another realisation (common in roundhand, kurrent and blackletter) takes the form of an ⟨n⟩ whose rightmost branch curved around, as in a cursive ⟨v⟩ (viz. ${\mathfrak {w}}.$) It was used up to the nineteenth century in Britain and continues to be familiar in Germany.

Thus, the shift from the digraph ⟨VV⟩ to the distinct ligature ⟨W⟩ was gradual and was only apparent in abecedaria, explicit listings of all individual letters. It was probably considered a separate letter by the 14th century in both Middle English and Middle German orthography. However, it remained an outsider, not really considered part of the Latin alphabet proper, as expressed by Valentin Ickelshamer in the 16th century, who complained that:

Poor w is so infamous and unknown that many barely know either its name or its shape, not those who aspire to being Latinists, as they have no need of it, nor do the Germans, not even the schoolmasters, know what to do with it or how to call it; some call it we, [... others] call it uu, [...] the Swabians call it auwawau

In Middle High German (and possibly already in late Old High German), the West Germanic phoneme /w/ became realized as [v]; this is why, today, the German ⟨w⟩ represents that sound.

طباعة كتابة عام 1693 تستخدم حرف "دبليو" بجانب الحرف الحديث.

أصوات نطق /w/ (تُنطق ⟨V⟩) و/b/ (تُنطق ⟨B⟩) من اللاتينية الكلاسيكية تطورت إلى الاحتكاكي الشفهي /β/ بين الحروف الصائتة في اللاتينية القروطسية المبكرة.

 الاستخدام في نظم الكتابة

Pronunciation of ⟨w⟩ by language

Orthography	Phonemes
Standard Chinese (Pinyin)	/w/
Cornish	/ʊ/ (archaic), /w/
Dutch	/ʋ/
English	/w/
German	/v/
Irish	/w/
Indonesian	/w/
Japanese (Hepburn)	/w/
Kashubian	/v/
Kokborok	/ɔ/
Kurdish	/w/
Low German	/ʋ/
Lower Sorbian	/v/
North Frisian	/v/
Old Prussian	/w/ (archaic)
Polish	/v/
Saterlandic	/v/
Turkmen	/β/
Upper Sorbian	/β/
Walloon	/w/
Welsh	/ʊ/, /w/
West Frisian	/v/, /w/
Wymysorys	/v/
Zhuang	/ɯ/

 رموز الحوسبة

الحرف	W		w
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W		LATIN SMALL LETTER W
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
يونيكود	87	U+0057	119	U+0077
UTF-8	87	57	119	77
Numeric character reference	W	W	w	w
EBCDIC family	230	E6	166	A6
ASCII 1	87	57	119	77

 تمثيلات أخرى

نطق الناتو	رمز مورس
Whiskey	·––

العلم الدولي	سيمافور العلم	Braille dots-2456

 انظر أيضاً

• Voiced labio-velar approximant
• Wh (digraph)
• ω (أومـِگا)
• W رمز الشغل في الفيزياء
• W هو رمز "الواط" في النظام الدولي للوحدات (SI)

 وصلات خارجية

• The Wiktionary definition of W
• The Wiktionary definition of w