Z

هذا المقال هو عن حرف في الأبجدية اللاتينية. إذا كنت تريد الحرف اليوناني بنفس الرمز، انظر زيتا. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر Z (توضيح).

Z
Z z
الاستخدام
نظام الكتابة	الكتابة اللاتينية
النوع	أبجدي‌ و رسم معنوي
لغة المنشأ	اللغة اللاتينية
القيم الصوتية	[z] [d͡z] [t͡s] [d͡ʒ] [ð] [θ] [s] [ʃ] [j] /zɛd/ /ziː/
في اليونيكود	U+005A, U+007A
الموقع الأبجدي	26
التاريخ
التطور	Ζ ζ 𐌆 Z z
الفترة الزمنية	ح. 700 ق.م. حتى الحاضر
السلالة	Ʒ Ç Ƶ Ž Ż 𐌶 ℤ [ك‍] Ꮓ
الشقيقات	З Ѕ Ԑ Ԇ Ҙ ꙅ Ӡ ז ز ܙ ژ ࠆ ዘ 𐎇 Զ զ Ꮓ Ꮛ Ꮸ ડ ઢ ज़ مختلف عليه: ㄷ
أخرى
الرسوم المقترنة	z(x), cz, dž, dz, sz, dzs, tzsch

Z، أو z، هو الحرف السادس والعشرون وآخر حرف في الأبجدية اللاتينية. ويُستخدم في الأبجدية الإنجليزية الحديثة، وفي أبجديات اللغات الأوروبية الغربية، وفي أبجديات أخرى حول العالم. أسماؤه المعتادة في الإنجليزية هي zed (/ˈzɛd/), which is most commonly used in British English, and zee (/ˈziː/ ( استمع)), most commonly used in American English, with an occasional archaic variant izzard (/ˈɪzərd/).

 الاسم

The zebra is sometimes used as a memorization aid in English education.

في معظم البلدان الناطقة بالإنگليزية، ومنها بريطانيا، كندا، الهند، أيرلندا وأستراليا، يسمى بحرف 'الزد' /ˈzɛd/، عاكساً اشتقاقه من الكلمة اليونانية زيتا، لكنه في الإنگليزية الأمريكية يسمى 'زي' /ˈziː/، على غرار تسمية الحروف بي B، سي C، دي D، وهو مشتق من اللهجة الإنگليزية في أواخر القرن 17.

Another English dialectal form is izzard /ˈɪzərd/. This dates from the mid-18th century and probably derives from Occitan izèda or the French ézed, whose reconstructed Latin form would be *idzēta, perhaps a Vulgar Latin form with a prosthetic vowel. Outside of the anglosphere، تنويعاتها مازالت مستخدمة في إنجليزية هونج كونج والكانتونية.

Other languages spell the letter's name in a similar way: zeta in Italian, Basque, and Spanish, seta in Icelandic (no longer part of its alphabet but found in personal names), zê in Portuguese, zäta in Swedish, zæt in Danish, zet in Dutch, Indonesian, Polish, Romanian, and Czech, Zett in German (capitalized as a noun), zett in Norwegian, zède in French, zetto (ゼット) in Japanese, and giét in Vietnamese (not part of its alphabet). Several languages render it as /ts/ or /dz/, e.g. tseta /ˈtsetɑ/ or more rarely tset /tset/ in Finnish (sometimes dropping the first t altogether; /ˈsetɑ/, or /set/ the latter of which is not very commonplace). In Standard Chinese pinyin, the name of the letter Z is pronounced [tsɨ], as in "zi", although the English zed and zee have become very common. In Esperanto the name of the letter Z is pronounced /zo/.

 التاريخ

الفينيقية زين	اليونانية الغربية Zeta	الإتروسكية Z	اللاتينية Z

 السامية

كان الرمز السامي هو الحرف السابع، ويسمى زين، وربما يعني "السلاح". ويمثل الصوت /z/ كما في الإنگليزية والفرنسية وربما يكون أكثر شبهاً بالحرف /dz/ (كما في الإيطالية zeta زيتا و zero زيرو).

 اليونانية

الشكل اليوناني لحرف Z نسخة قريبة من الزين الفينيقية ()، لكن الشكل اليوناني ظل كما هو عبر العصور القديمة. وسماه اليونانيون زيتا، فكان حرفاً جديداً مقلّداً للحرفين إيتا (η) و ثيتا (θ).

In earlier Greek of Athens and Northwest Greece, the letter seems to have represented /dz/; in Attic, from the 4th century BC onwards, it seems to have stood for /zd/ and /dz/ – there is no consensus concerning this issue. In other dialects, such as Elean and Cretan, the symbol seems to have been used for sounds resembling the English voiced and voiceless th (IPA /ð/ and /θ/, respectively). في اللهجة الشائعة (كوينى) that succeeded the older dialects, ζ became /z/، كما تبقى في اليونانية الحديثة.

 الإتروسكية

الحرف الإتروسكية Z مشتق من الأبجدية الفينيقية، ومن المرجع أنه كان يستخدم من خلال الأبجدية اليونانية في جزيرة إسكيا. في الإتروسكية فلعل هذا الحرف قد مثّله /ts/.

 اللاتينية

كان حرف z جزءاً من الصيغ الأقدم للأبجدية اللاتينية، والذي تم أخذه من الإتروسكية. ولأن نُطق حرف /z/ باللاتينية قد تغير إلى /r/ في القرن الخامس ق.م، فقد تم إسقاط حرف z وحل محله حرف g. في القرن الأول ق.م.، أُدخل حرف z مرة أخرى في نهاية الأبجدية اللاتينية ليمثل صوت زيتا اليوناني /dz/، حيث كان الحرف y قد أُدخل ليمثل حرف /y/ اليوناني.

تواجد الحرف Z في صيغ أكثر قِدماً للاتينية، ولكن في 300 ق.م.ح. 300 ق.م.، أزال آپيوس كلاوديوس كايكس، الرقيب الضرير، الحرف Z من الأبجدية، لأن مظهر الحرف أثناء نطقه بدا وكأنه جمجمة متجهمة. A more likely explanation is that the /z/ sound that it probably represented had disappeared from Latin after turning into /r/ due to a rhotacism process, making the letter useless for spelling Latin words. Whatever the case may be, Appius Claudius's distaste for the letter Z is today credited as the reason for its removal. A few centuries later, after the Roman Conquest of Greece, Z was again borrowed to spell words from the prestigious Attic dialect of Greek.

Before the reintroduction of z, the sound of zeta was written s at the beginning of words and ss in the middle of words, as in sōna for ζώνη "belt" and trapessita for τραπεζίτης "banker".

In some inscriptions, z represented a Vulgar Latin sound, likely an affricate, formed by the merging of the reflexes of Classical Latin /j/, /dj/ and /gj/: for example, zanuariu for ianuariu "January", ziaconus for diaconus "deacon", and oze for hodie "today". Likewise, /di/ sometimes replaced /z/ in words like baptidiare for baptizare "to baptize". In modern Italian, z represents /ts/ or /dz/, whereas the reflexes of ianuarius and hodie are written with the letter g (representing /dʒ/ when before i and e): gennaio, oggi. In other languages, such as Spanish, further evolution of the sound occurred.

 الإنگليزية القديمة

Old English used S alone for both the unvoiced and the voiced sibilant. The Latin sound imported through French was new and was not written with Z but with G or I. The successive changes can be seen in the doublet forms jealous and zealous. Both of these come from a late Latin zelosus, derived from the imported Greek ζῆλος zêlos. The earlier form is jealous; its initial sound is the [dʒ], which developed to Modern French [ʒ]. John Wycliffe wrote the word as gelows or ielous.

Z at the end of a word was pronounced ts, as in English assets, from Old French asez "enough" (Modern French assez), from Vulgar Latin ad satis ("to sufficiency").

 آخر حروف الأبجدية

In earlier times, the English alphabets used by children terminated not with Z but with & or related typographic symbols.

Some Latin based alphabets have extra letters on the end of the alphabet. The last letter for the Icelandic, Finnish and Swedish alphabets is Ö, while it is Å for Danish and Norwegian. The German alphabet ends with Z, as the umlauts (Ä/ä, Ö/ö, and Ü/ü) and the letter ß (Eszett or scharfes S) are regarded respectively as modifications of the vowels a/o/u and as a (standardized) variant spelling of ss, not as independent letters, so they come after the unmodified letters in the alphabetical order.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 تنويعات الطباعة

The variant with a stroke ⟨Ƶƶ⟩ and the lower-case tailed Z ⟨ʒ⟩, though distinct characters, can also be considered to be allographs of ⟨Z⟩/⟨z⟩.

Tailed Z (German geschwänztes Z, also Z mit Unterschlinge) originated in the medieval Gothic minuscules and the Early Modern Blackletter typefaces. In some Antiqua typefaces, this letter is present as a standalone letter or in ligatures. Ligated with long s (ſ), it is part of the origin of the Eszett (ß) in the German alphabet. The character came to be indistinguishable from the yogh (ȝ) in Middle English writing, leading to the apparently anomalous pronunciation of the surname Menzies.

Unicode assigns codepoints U+2128 ℨ black-letter capital z (HTML ℨ) and U+1D537 𝔷 mathematical fraktur small z (HTML 𝔷) in the Letterlike Symbols and Mathematical alphanumeric symbols ranges respectively.

• 

  lowercase cursive z

• 

  tailed z in a sans-serif typeface

 الاستخدام في نظم الكتابة

Pronunciation of ⟨z⟩ by language

Orthography	Phonemes
Basque	/s̻/
Cantonese (Jyutping)	/ts/
Catalan	/z/, /s/
Standard Chinese (Pinyin)	/ts/
Czech	/z/
Finnish	/ts/
French	/z/ (often /s/ or silent, but /ts/ in loanwords from German and /dz/ in loanwords from Italian)
German	/ts/
Galician	/θ/, /s/
Hungarian	/z/
Inari Sámi	/dz/
Indonesian	/z/
Italian	/dz/, /ts/
Japanese (Hepburn)	/z/~/dz/
Northern Sami	/dz/
Polish	/z/
Portuguese	/z/, /s/~/ʃ/
Scots	/z/, /g/, /j/
Spanish	/θ/, /s/
Turkish	/z/
Turkmen	/ð/
Venetian	/z/, /dz/, /ð/, /d/

 الإنگليزية

In modern English orthography, the letter ⟨z⟩ usually represents the sound /z/.

It represents /ʒ/ in words like seizure. More often, this sound appears as ⟨su⟩ or ⟨si⟩ in words such as measure, decision, etc. In all these words, /ʒ/ developed from earlier /zj/ by yod-coalescence.

Few words in the Basic English vocabulary begin or end with ⟨z⟩, though it occurs within other words. It is the least frequently used letter in written English, with a frequency of about 0.08% in words. ⟨z⟩ is more common in the Oxford spelling of British English than in standard British English, as this variant prefers the more etymologically 'correct' -ize endings, which are closer to Greek, to -ise endings, which are closer to French; however, -yse is preferred over -yze in Oxford spelling, as it is closer to the original Greek roots of words like analyse. The most common variety of English it is used in is American English, which prefers both the -ize and -yze endings. One native Germanic English word that contains 'z', freeze (past froze, participle frozen) came to be spelled that way by convention, even though it could have been spelled with 's' (as with choose, chose and chosen).

⟨z⟩ is used in writing to represent the act of sleeping (often using multiple z's, like zzzz), as an onomatopoeia for the sound of closed-mouth human snoring.

 لغات أخرى

⟨z⟩ stands for a voiced alveolar or voiced dental sibilant /z/, in Albanian, Breton, Czech, Dutch, French, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovak. It stands for /t͡s/ in Chinese pinyin and Jyutping, Finnish (occurs in loanwords only), and German, and is likewise expressed /ts/ in Old Norse. In Italian, it represents two phonemes, /t͡s/ and /d͡z/. In Portuguese, it stands for /z/ in most cases, but also for /s/ or /ʃ/ (depending on the regional variant) at the end of syllables. In Basque, it represents the sound /s/.

Castilian Spanish uses the letter to represent /θ/ (as English ⟨th⟩ in thing), though in other dialects (Latin American, Andalusian) this sound has merged with /s/. Before voiced consonants, the sound is voiced to [ð] or [z], sometimes debbucalized to [ɦ] (as in the surname Guzmán [ɡuðˈman], [ɡuzˈman] or [ɡuɦˈman]). This is the only context in which ⟨z⟩ can represent a voiced sibilant [z] in Spanish, though ⟨s⟩ also represents [z] (or [ɦ], depending on the dialect) in this environment.

In Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, ⟨z⟩ usually stands for the sound /s/ and thus shares the value of ⟨s⟩; it normally occurs only in loanwords that are spelt with ⟨z⟩ in the source languages.

The letter ⟨z⟩ on its own represents /z/ in Polish. It is also used in four of the seven officially recognized digraphs: ⟨cz⟩ (/t͡ʂ/), ⟨dz⟩ (/d͡z/), ⟨rz⟩ (/ʐ/ or /ʂ/) and ⟨sz⟩ (/ʂ/), and is one of the most frequently used of the consonant letters in that language. (Other Slavic languages avoid digraphs and mark the corresponding phonemes with the háček (caron) diacritic: ⟨č⟩, ⟨ď⟩, ⟨ř⟩, ⟨š⟩; this system has its origin in Czech orthography of the Hussite period.) ⟨z⟩ can also appear with diacritical marks, namely ⟨ź⟩ and ⟨ż⟩, which are used to represent the sounds /ʑ/ and /ʐ/. They also appear in the digraphs ⟨dź⟩ (/d͡ʑ/) and ⟨dż⟩ (/d͡ʐ/).

Hungarian uses ⟨z⟩ in the digraphs ⟨sz⟩ (expressing /s/, as opposed to the value of ⟨s⟩, which is ʃ), and ⟨zs⟩ (expressing ʒ). The letter ⟨z⟩ on its own represents /z/.

In Modern Scots, ⟨z⟩ usually represents /z/, but is also used in place of the obsolete letter ⟨ȝ⟩ (yogh), which represents /g/ and /j/. Whilst there are a few common nouns which use ⟨z⟩ in this manner, such as brulzie (pronounced 'brulgey' meaning broil), ⟨z⟩ as a yogh substitute is more common in people's names and placenames. Often the names are pronounced to follow the apparent English spelling, so Mackenzie is commonly pronounced with /z/. Menzies, however, retains the pronunciation of 'Mingus'.

Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet, ⟨z⟩ usually stands for [z], such as in Azerbaijani, Igbo, Indonesian, Shona, Swahili, Tatar, Turkish, and Zulu. ⟨z⟩ represents [d͡z] in Northern Sami and Inari Sami. In Turkmen, ⟨z⟩ represents [ð].

In the Nihon-shiki, Kunrei-shiki, and Hepburn romanisations of Japanese, ⟨z⟩ stands for a phoneme whose allophones include [z] and [dz] (see Yotsugana). Additionally, in the Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki systems, ⟨z⟩ is used to represent that same phoneme before /i/, where it's pronounced [d͡ʑ ~ ʑ].

In the Jyutping romanization of Cantonese, ⟨z⟩ represents /ts/. Other romanizations use either ⟨j⟩, ⟨ch⟩, or ⟨ts⟩.

 نظم أخرى

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨z⟩ represents the voiced alveolar sibilant. The graphical variant ⟨ʒ⟩ was adopted as the sign for the voiced postalveolar fricative.

 استخدامات أخرى

• في الرياضيات، U+2124 ℤ (double-struck capital z) is used to denote the set of integers. Originally, $\mathbb {Z}$ was just a handwritten version of the bold capital Z used in printing but, over time, it has come to be used more frequently in printed works too. The variable z is also commonly used to represent a complex number.
• In geometry, z is used to denote the third axis in Cartesian coordinates when representing 3-dimensional space.
• In chemistry, the letter Z is used to denote the atomic number of an element (number of protons), such as Z=3 for lithium.
• In electrical engineering, Z is used to denote electrical impedance.
• In astronomy, z is a dimensionless quantity representing redshift.
• In nuclear physics, Z denotes the atomic number and Z0 denotes a Z boson.
• In computer programming, Z is the abbreviation for the zero flag.
• In Japan, the Z flag is a symbol in the national myth, representing the Battle of Tsushima.
• Z has been used by the Russian Armed Forces as an identifying symbol on its military vehicles, during Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Russian civilians have used the symbol to express support for the invasion.

 حروف متعلقة

 Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• Z with diacritics: Ź ź Ẑ ẑ Ž ž Ż ż Ẓ ẓ Ẕ ẕ Ƶ ƶ ᵶ Ᶎ ᶎ Ⱬ ⱬ
• ß : German letter regarded as a ligature of long s (ſ) and short s, called scharfes S or Eszett. (In some typefaces and handwriting styles, it is rather a ligature of long s and tailed z (ſʒ).)
• Ȥ ȥ: Latin letter z with a hook, intended for the transcription of Middle High German, for instances of the letter z with a sound value of /s/.
• Ɀ ɀ : Latin letter Z with swash tail
• Ʒ ʒ : Latin letter ezh
• Ꝣ ꝣ : Visigothic Z
• Ᶎ ᶎ : Z with hook, used for writing Mandarin Chinese using the early draft version of pinyin romanization during the mid-1950s
• International Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to Z: ʒ ʑ ʐ ɮ
• U+1D22 ᴢ latin letter small capital z is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
• Modifier letters ᶻ ᶼ ᶽ [ك‍] are used in phonetic transcription

 Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤆 : Semitic letter Zayin, from which the following letters derive:
  • Ζ ζ : Greek letter Zeta, from which the following letters derive:
    • Ⲍ ⲍ : Coptic letter Zēta
    • 𐌆 : Old Italic Z, which is the ancestor of modern Latin Z
    • 𐌶 : Gothic letter ezec
    • З з : Cyrillic letter Ze

 تمثيلات أخرى

 حوسبة

الحرف	Z		z		Ƶ		ƶ		ʒ		Ｚ		ｚ
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z		LATIN SMALL LETTER Z		LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH STROKE		LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH STROKE		LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH		FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z		FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER Z
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
يونيكود	90	U+005A	122	U+007A	437	U+01B5	438	U+01B6	658	U+0292	65338	U+FF3A	65370	U+FF5A
UTF-8	90	5A	122	7A	198 181	C6 B5	198 182	C6 B6	202 146	CA 92	239 188 186	EF BC BA	239 189 154	EF BD 9A
Numeric character reference	Z	Z	z	z	Ƶ	Ƶ	ƶ	ƶ	ʒ	ʒ	Ｚ	Ｚ	ｚ	ｚ
EBCDIC family	233	E9	169	A9
ASCII	90	5A	122	7A

 غيرهم

نطق الناتو	رمز مورس
Zulu	––··

العلم الدولي	سيمافور العلم	Braille dots-1356

 انظر أيضاً

• Bourbaki dangerous bend symbol, U+2621 ☡ caution sign
• زد
• زي

 وصلات خارجية

• وسائط متعلقة بـZ من مشاع المعرفة.
• The Wiktionary definition of Z
• The Wiktionary definition of z