القسطنطينية

Coordinates: 41°00′45″N 28°58′48″E / 41.01250°N 28.98000°E / 41.01250; 28.98000
للاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر القسطنطينية (توضيح)
"Constantinopolis" و "Konstantinoupolis" يـُحوّلا إلى هنا. للاستخدامات الأخرى, انظر the town in ancient Osrhoene (توضيح).
Constantinople
Κωνσταντινούπολις (Ancient Greek)
Constantinopolis (لاتينية)
قسطنطينيه (التركية العثماثية)
Byzantine Constantinople-en.png
Map of Constantinople in the Byzantine period, corresponding to the modern-day Fatih and Beyoğlu district of Istanbul
A map of Byzantine Istanbul
A map of Byzantine Istanbul
Constantinople was founded on the former site of the Greek colony of Byzantium, which today is known as Istanbul in Turkey.
A map of Byzantine Istanbul
A map of Byzantine Istanbul
القسطنطينية (مرمرة)
A map of Byzantine Istanbul
A map of Byzantine Istanbul
القسطنطينية (تركيا)
المكانFatih and Beyoğlu, Istanbul, Turkey
المنطقةMarmara Region
الإحداثيات41°00′45″N 28°58′48″E / 41.01250°N 28.98000°E / 41.01250; 28.98000
النوعImperial city
جزء من
المساحة6 km2 (2.3 sq mi) enclosed within Constantinian Walls 14 km2 (5.4 sq mi) enclosed within Theodosian Walls
التاريخ
البانيConstantine the Great
تأسس11 May 330
الفتراتLate antiquity to Interwar period
الثقافات
الأحداثSieges of Constantinople, including fall of the city (1204 and 1453)
الاسم الرسميHistoric Areas of Istanbul
النوعCultural
المعيار(i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
التوصيف1985 (9th session)
الرقم المرجعي356bis
Extension2017
Area765.5 ha
UNESCO regionEurope and North America

قالب:Timeline of Constantinople Constantinople[أ] (see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman (including its eastern continuation), Latin, and Ottoman empires between its consecration in 330 and the formal abolishment of the Ottoman sultanate in 1922. Initially, as New Rome, Constantinople was founded in 324 during the reign of Constantine the Great on the site of the existing settlement of Byzantium and in 330 became the capital of the Roman Empire. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century, Constantinople remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire; 330–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). In the aftermath of the Turkish War of Independence, the Turkish capital moved to Ankara. Although the city had been known as Istanbul since 1453, it was officially renamed Istanbul on 28 March 1930. As of October 2025, it is the most populous city in Europe, with a population of more than 16 million residents,[2] straddling the Bosporus Strait and lying in both Europe and Asia, and is the financial center of Turkey.

In 324, following the reunification of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, the ancient city of Byzantium was selected to serve as the new capital of the Roman Empire, and the city was renamed Nova Roma, or 'New Rome', by Emperor Constantine the Great. On 11 May 330, it was renamed Constantinople and dedicated to Constantine. Shortly afterward, in 474 AD, the Great Fire of Constantinople erupted and consequently devastated the region.[3] Constantinople is generally considered to be the center and the "cradle of Orthodox Christian civilization."[4][5] From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe.[6] The city became famous for its architectural masterpieces, such as Hagia Sophia, the cathedral of the Eastern Orthodox Church, which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate; the sacred Imperial Palace, where the emperors lived; the Hippodrome; the Golden Gate of the Land Walls; and opulent aristocratic palaces. The University of Constantinople was founded in the 5th century and contained artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453,[7] including its vast Imperial Library. which contained more than 100,000 volumes.[8] The city was the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and guardian of Christendom's holiest relics, such as the Crown of Thorns and the True Cross.

Aerial view of Byzantine Constantinople and the Propontis (Sea of Marmara)

Constantinople was famous for its massive and complex fortifications, which ranked among the most sophisticated defensive architecture of antiquity. The Theodosian Walls consisted of a double wall lying about 2 كيلومتر (1.2 mi) to the west of the first wall and a moat with palisades in front.[9] Constantinople's location between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara reduced the land area that required defensive walls. The city was constructed intentionally to rival Rome, and it was claimed that several elevations within its walls matched Rome's seven hills.[10] The impenetrable defenses enclosed magnificent palaces, domes, and towers, the result of the prosperity Constantinople achieved as the gateway between two continents (Europe and Asia) and two seas (the Mediterranean and the Black Sea). Although besieged on numerous occasions by various armies, the defenses of Constantinople proved impenetrable for nearly nine hundred years.

In 1204, however, the armies of the Fourth Crusade took and devastated the city, and for six decades its inhabitants resided under Latin occupation in a dwindling and depopulated city. In 1261, the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos liberated the city, and after the restoration under the Palaiologos dynasty, it enjoyed a partial recovery. With the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1299, the Byzantine Empire began to lose territories, and the city began to lose population. By the early 15th century, the Byzantine Empire was reduced to just Constantinople and its environs, along with the territories of the despotate of Morea, in Peloponnese, Greece, making it an enclave inside the Ottoman Empire. The city was finally besieged and conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453, remaining under its control until the early 20th century, after which it was renamed Istanbul under the Empire's successor state, the Republic of Turkey.

Names

Hagia Sophia was built in AD 537, during the reign of Justinian

Before Constantinople

According to Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was Lygos,[11] a settlement likely of Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th centuries BC.[12] The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded Byzantium (Ancient Greek: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion) in around 657 BC,[13] across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus.

The origins of the name "Byzantion", more commonly known by the later Latin Byzantium, are not entirely clear, although some suggest it is of Thracian origin.[14][15] According to the founding myth of the city, the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian colonists, Byzas. The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honor of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion.[16]

The city was briefly renamed Augusta Antonina in the early 3rd century AD by the Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211), who razed the city to the ground in 196 for supporting a rival contender in the civil war. He then had it rebuilt in honour of his son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (who succeeded him as Emperor), popularly known as Caracalla.[16][17] The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned, and the city reverted to Byzantium/Byzantion after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235.

Names of Constantinople

المقالة الرئيسية: Names of Constantinople
The Column of Constantine, built by Constantine I in 330 to commemorate the establishment of Constantinople as the new capital of the Roman Empire

Byzantium took on the name of Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις, romanized: Kōnstantinoupolis, lit. 'city of Constantine') after its refoundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium in 330 and designated his new capital officially as Nova Roma (Νέα Ῥώμη) 'New Rome'. During this time, the city was also called 'Second Rome', 'Eastern Rome', and Roma Constantinopolitana (Latin for 'Constantinopolitan Rome').[15] As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population, and influence grew, the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames.

This huge keystone found in Çemberlitaş, Fatih, might have belonged to a triumphal arch at the Forum of Constantine, built by Constantine I.

As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th–13th centuries and a center of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin, Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as Basileuousa (Queen of Cities) and Megalopolis (the Great City) and was, in colloquial speech, commonly referred to as just Polis (ἡ Πόλις) 'the City' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike.[18]

In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently. The medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion in eastern Europe (Varangians), used the Old Norse name Miklagarðr (from mikill 'big' and garðr 'city'), and later Miklagard and Miklagarth.[16] In Arabic, the city was sometimes called Rūmiyyat al-Kubra (the Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as Takht-e Rum (Throne of the Romans).

In East and South Slavic languages, including in Kievan Rus', Constantinople has been referred to as Tsargrad (Царьград) or Carigrad, 'City of the Caesar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words tsar ('Caesar' or 'King') and grad ('city'). This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as Βασιλέως Πόλις (Vasileos Polis), 'the city of the emperor [king]'.

In Persian, the city was also known as Asitane (the Threshold of the State), while in Armenian, it was called Gosdantnubolis (City of Constantine).[19]

Modern names of the city

The Obelisk of Theodosius, an ancient Egyptian obelisk dedicated to the Egyptian King Thutmose III, was re-erected in the Hippodrome of Constantinople by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in the 4th century AD.

The modern Turkish name for the city, İstanbul, derives from the Greek phrase eis tin Polin (εἰς τὴν πόλιν), meaning '(in)to the city'.[16][20] This name was used in colloquial speech in Turkish alongside Kostantiniyye, the more formal adaptation of the original Constantinople, during the period of Ottoman rule, while Western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century. In 1928, the Turkish alphabet was formally changed from Arabic script to Latin script. After that, as part of the Turkification movement, Turkey began to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities instead of other transliterations to Latin script that had been used in Ottoman times, and the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages.[21][22][23][24]

However, adherents of the Eastern Orthodox Church continue to use the name Constantinople for the title of one of their most important leaders, the Orthodox patriarch based in the city, referred to as "His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch". In Greece today, the city is still called Konstantinoúpoli(s) (Κωνσταντινούπολις/Κωνσταντινούπολη) or simply just "the City" (Η Πόλη).

History

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Constantinople and History of Istanbul

[[File:Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco.jpg|thumb|The four bronze horses that were once in the Hippodrome of Constantinople

  1. ^ Roach, Peter (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15253-2.
  2. ^ "Istanbul, Turkey Metro Area Population (1950-2025) | MacroTrends". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 9 أكتوبر 2025.
  3. ^ قالب:ODB
  4. ^ Parry, Ken (2009). Christianity: Religions of the World. Infobase Publishing. p. 139. ISBN 9781438106397.
  5. ^ Parry, Ken (2010). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 368. ISBN 9781444333619.
  6. ^ Pounds, Norman John Greville. An Historical Geography of Europe, 1500–1840, p. 124. CUP Archive, 1979. ISBN 0-521-22379-2.
  7. ^ Janin (1964), passim
  8. ^ "Preserving The Intellectual Heritage--Preface". CLIR. Archived from the original on 20 أكتوبر 2017. Retrieved 9 يونيو 2021.
  9. ^ Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 89.
  10. ^ John Julius Norwich writes: "To identity them all needs a good deal more credulity and imagination than is required for their Roman counterparts." Byzantium: The Early Centuries (1989), Guildhall Publishing, p. 76n
  11. ^ Pliny the Elder, book IV, chapter XI[Usurped!]. Quote: "On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes, ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn, on which is the town of Byzantium, a free state, formerly called Lygos; it is 711 miles from Durazzo,..."
  12. ^ Vailhé, S. (1908). "Constantinople". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from the original on 22 يوليو 2010. Retrieved 12 سبتمبر 2007.
  13. ^ Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites (2nd ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7.
  14. ^ Janin, Raymond (1964). Constantinople byzantine. Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines. p. 10f.
  15. ^ أ ب Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (The Johns Hopkins University Press) 78: 347–67. DOI:10.2307/283503. JSTOR 283503.
  16. ^ أ ب ت ث Harris 2017.
  17. ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu (1993/94a): "İstanbul'un adları" ["The names of Istanbul"]. In: 'Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi', ed. Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, Istanbul.
  18. ^ Harris, 2007, p. 5
  19. ^ Everett-Heath, John (24 أكتوبر 2019). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-188291-3. Archived from the original on 26 مارس 2023. Retrieved 19 مارس 2023.
  20. ^ قالب:OEtymD
  21. ^ Stanford and Ezel Shaw (1977): History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vol II, p. 386; Robinson (1965), The First Turkish Republic, p. 298
  22. ^ Tom Burham, The Dictionary of Misinformation, Ballantine, 1977.
  23. ^ Room, Adrian, (1993), Place Name changes 1900–1991, Metuchen, N.J., & London:The Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 0-8108-2600-3 pp. 46, 86.
  24. ^ Britannica, Istanbul Archived 2007-12-18 at the Wayback Machine.


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