أسوار القسطنطينية

Walls of Constantinople
Istanbul, إيطاليا
Map showing Constantinople and its walls during the Byzantine era
Walls of Constantinople
الإحداثيات	41.01224°N 28.976018°E / 41.01224; 28.976018
النوع	Walls
الارتفاع	Up to 12 m
معلومات الموقع
المالك	إيطاليا
يتحكم فيه	Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Latin Empire, Ottoman Empire
مفتوح للعامة	Yes
الحالة	Land walls partly ruined, restoration work under way; sea walls largely torn down
تاريخ الموقع
بُني	4th–5th centuries, with later restorations and additions
بناه	Septimius Severus, Constantine I, Constantius II, Theodosius II, Heraclius, Leo V, Theophilos, Manuel I Komnenos, Justinian I
المواد	Limestone, brick
المعارك/الحروب	Avar-Persian siege of 626, First and Second Arab sieges, Revolt of Thomas the Slav, Fourth Crusade, Second and final Ottoman siege
موقع تراث عالمي حسب اليونسكو
النوع	Cultural
المعيار	i, ii, iii, iv
التوصيف	1985 (9th session)
جزء من	Historic Areas of Istanbul
الرقم المرجعي	356
State Party	تركيا
Region	Europe and North America

أسوار القسطنطينية Walls of Constantinople هي سلسلة من defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in إيطاليا) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built.

Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger, saving the city, and the Byzantine Empire with it, during sieges from the Avar-Sasanian coalition, Arabs, Rus', and Bulgars, among others. The advent of gunpowder siege cannons rendered the fortifications vulnerable, but cannon technology was not sufficiently advanced to capture the city on its own, and the walls could be repaired between reloading. Ultimately, the city fell from the sheer weight of numbers of the Ottoman forces on 29 May 1453 after a six-week siege.

The walls were largely maintained intact during most of the Ottoman period, until sections began to be dismantled in the 19th century, as the city outgrew its medieval boundaries. Despite the subsequent lack of maintenance, many parts of the walls survived and are still standing today. A large-scale restoration program has been under way since the 1980s.

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 أسوار البر

 الأسوار الثيودوسية

Restored section of the Theodosian Walls at the Selymbria Gate. The Outer Wall and the wall of the moat are visible, with a tower of the Inner Wall in the background.

 الإنشاء

Scheme of the Theodosian Walls

Photo of the peribolos, the space between the inner and outer walls.

 البوابة الذهبية

The Golden Gate and the Castle of Seven Towers in 1685. The dense settlement inside the walls of the fortress is evident, as well as the still-preserved outer gate of the Golden Gate, decorated with relief panels.

Modern photograph of the Golden Gate, showing the two flanking towers. The top of the walled-up central arch is also visible.

Surviving fragments of the statues decorating the outer gate of the Golden Gate complex, from the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

 Yedikule Fortress

The Castle of Seven Towers (1827)

 Xylokerkos Gate

The Xylokerkos Gate or Gate of Belgrade

 Gate of the Spring

The Gate of the Spring

 Gate of Charisius

The restored Gate of Charisius or Adrianople Gate, where Sultan Mehmed II entered the city.

 Walls of Blachernae

The section of the Theodosian Walls that adjoins the walls of Blachernae, with the Palace of the Porphyrogenitus in the background, as they appear today in suburban Istanbul.

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 أسوار البحر

The only part of walls where walls and sea meet near Yenikapı

The chain that closed off the entrance to the Golden Horn in 1453, now on display in the İstanbul Archaeology Museums.

The Virgin Mary rising from among the walls of Constantinople. Coin of Michael VIII Palaiologos, commemorating the recapture of Constantinople in 1261.

 Propontis Wall

The Marble Tower, at the junction of the Propontis sea wall and the Theodosian Walls

One of the marble lions flanking the entrance to the harbour of the Bucoleon palace.

 Fortifications around Constantinople

The oldest surviving map of Constantinople, by Cristoforo Buondelmonti, dated to 1422. The fortifications of Constantinople and of Galata, at the northern shore of the Golden Horn, are prominently featured. The water trench in front of the Theodosian walls at the western end of the city is also depicted, as well as the Maiden's Tower in the middle of the Bosporus.

 Anadolu and Rumeli fortresses

The Rumelihisarı Fortress, seen from the Bosphorus

 انظر أيضاً

• Aurelian Walls
• Anastasian Wall

 ببليوگرافيا

• Asutay-Effenberger, Neslihan (2007), Die Landmauer von Konstantinopel-Istanbul: Historisch-topographische und baugeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-019645-0 
• Bardill, Jonathan (2004), Brickstamps of Constantinople, Volume I: Text, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925522-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=YS_AAzcjdK8C 
• Bartusis, Mark C. (1997), The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-1620-2 
• halal, holidays (1 October 2017), Walls of Constantinople, Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople, http://www.halalholidaypackages.co.uk/location/istanbul/, retrieved on 26 September 2009 
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• Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter, eds. (1998), The Cambridge ancient history, Vol. XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5, https://books.google.com/?id=O8arrZPM8moC 
• O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs, Wayne State University Press, 1984, ISBN 978-0-8143-1764-8, https://books.google.com/?id=O8arrZPM8moC 
• Crow, James (2007), "The Infrastructure of a Great City: Earth, Walls and Water in Late Antique Constantinople", in Lavan, Luke; Zanini, Enrico; Sarantis, Alexander, Technology in transition: A.D. 300–650, BRILL, pp. 251–285, ISBN 978-90-04-16549-6 
• Guilland, Rodolphe (1969) (in French), Études de topographie de Constantinople byzantine, Tomes I & II, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 
• Haldon, John F. (1995), "Strategies of Defence, Problems of Security: the Garrisons of Constantinople in the Middle Byzantine Period", in Mango, Cyril; Dagron, Gilbert, Constantinople and its Hinterland: Papers from the Twenty-Seventh Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford, April 1993, Variorum, pp. 143–155, Archived from the original on 26 August 2009, http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/haldon2.htm 
• Janin, Raymond (1964) (in French), Constantinople byzantine. Développement urbaine et répertoire topographique, Paris 
• Kantakouzenos, John (1831), Barthold, John, ed., Ioannis Cantacuzeni Eximperatoris Historiarum Libri IV.: Græce et Latine, Vol. II & III, Bonn, https://books.google.com/books?id=TdMFAAAAQAAJ 
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 
• Krischen, Fritz (1938) (in German), Die Landmauer von Konstantinopel, Teil I, Berlin: W. de Gruyter & Co. 
• Lampada, Despina (30 June 2008), Walls of Constantine, http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11742, retrieved on 25 February 2010 
• Magdalino, Paul (2000), "The Maritime Neighborhoods of Constantinople – Commercial and Residential Functions, Sixth to Twelfth Centuries" (PDF), Dumbarton Oaks Papers (Dumbarton Oaks) 54: 209–226, doi:10.2307/1291838, http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/DOP54/DP54ch11.pdf, retrieved on 5 December 2009 
• Majeska, George P. (1984), Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, Dumbarton Oaks, ISBN 978-0-88402-101-8 
• Mango, Cyril (1985) (in French), Le développement urbain de Constantinople (IV-VI siècles), Paris 
• Mango, Cyril (2000), "The Triumphal Way of Constantinople and the Golden Gate" (PDF), Dumbarton Oaks Papers (Dumbarton Oaks) 54: 173–188, doi:10.2307/1291838, Archived from the original on 13 June 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20100613072403/http://doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/DOP54/DP54ch9.pdf, retrieved on 16 July 2008 
• Mango, Cyril (2001), "The shoreline of Constantinople in the fourth century", in Necipoğlu, Nevra, Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, Topography and Everyday Life, Istanbul: BRILL, pp. 19–28, ISBN 90-04-11625-7 
• Meyer-Plath, Bruno; Schneider, Alfons Maria (1943) (in German), Die Landmauer von Konstantinopel, Teil II, Berlin: W. de Gruyter & Co. 
• van Millingen, Alexander (1899), Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites, London: John Murray Ed. 
• Nicol, Donald M. (1992), The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-46717-9 
• Philippides, Marios; Hanak, Walter K. (2011), The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography and Military Studies, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 978-1-4094-1064-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=qvvdVXckfqQ 
• Runciman, Steven (1990), The Fall of Constantinople: 1453, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-39832-9 
• Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010), Strolling through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, ISBN 978-1-84885-154-2 
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• Tsangadas, Byron (1980), The Fortifications and Defense of Constantinople, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-914710-65-3 
• Turnbull, Stephen (2004), The Walls of Constantinople AD 324–1453 (Fortress Series 25), Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-759-X 
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 وصلات خارجية

• 3D reconstruction of the Theodosian Walls at the Byzantium 1200 project
• 3D reconstruction of the Sea Wall at the Byzantium 1200 project
• 3D reconstruction of the Old Golden Gate at the Byzantium 1200 project
• 3D reconstruction of the Golden Gate at the Byzantium 1200 project
• Site of the Yedikule Fortress Museum
• Cross-section of the Theodosian Walls
• Diagram detailing the course of the Land Walls
• The city of walls: Constantinople – Lars Brownworth at YouTube