بات بيوكانن

(تم التحويل من Pat Buchanan)
پات بيوكانن
Pat Buchanan
مدير إعلام البيت الأبيض
في المنصب
6 فبراير 1985 – 1 مارس 1987
الرئيسرونالد ريگان
سبقهمايكل مكمانوس
خلـَفهجاك كويلر
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد
پاتريك جوسف بيوكانن

2 نوفمبر 1938 (العمر 87 سنة)
واشنطن العاصمة، الولايات المتحدة
الحزبجمهوري (قبل 1999، 2004–الحاضر)
ارتباطات
سياسية أخرى		الإصلاح (1999–2002)
الزوجشلي آن سكارني
التعليمجامعة جورجتاون (ب.ف.)
جامعة كلومبيا (م.ف.)
الموقع الإلكترونيOfficial website
جزء من سلسلة عن
التيار المحافظ
في الولايات المتحدة
كولاج من تسع محافظين أمريكان: رونالد ريگان، كالڤن كولدج، باري گولدواتر، وليام ف. بكلي، الابن، جاك كمپ، ملتون فريدمان، أنتونين سكاليا، كلارنس توماس، صاموِل أليتورونالد ريگانكالڤن كولدجباري گولدواتروليام ف. بكلي، الابنجاك كمپملتون فريدمانأنتونين سكالياكلارنس توماسصاموِل أليتو
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أحزاب
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منظمات أخرى
الإعلام
تنويعات وحركات
انظر أيضاً

پاتريك جوسف بيوكانن (Patrick Joseph Buchanan ؛ /bjuːˈkænən/؛ ولد في 2 نوفمبر 1938 في واشنطن العاصمة، وهو سياسي ومعلق وكاتب ومؤلف أمريكي كان من كبار المستشارين لرؤساء الولايات المتحدة الرؤساء مثل ريتشارد نيكسون، وجرالد فورد و رونالد ريگان.

وسعى بالفوز بترشيح الحزب الجمهوري في عام 1992 وعام 1996 وخاض الانتخابات عن حزب الإصلاح في انتخابات الرئاسة عام 2000.

الحياة المبكرة والتعليم

Patrick Joseph Buchanan was born in Washington, D.C., on November 2, 1938, to William Baldwin Buchanan (1905–1988), a partner in an accounting firm, and his wife Catherine Elizabeth Crum (1911–1995), a nurse and homemaker.[1][2]

Buchanan had six brothers, Brian, Henry, James, John, Thomas, and William Jr., and two sisters, Kathleen and Angela, who served as U.S. Treasurer during the Reagan administration. Buchanan's father was of Irish, English, and Scottish ancestry, and his mother was of German descent.[1][3] He had a great-grandfather who fought in the American Civil War in the Confederate States Army, which earned Buchanan membership in the Sons of Confederate Veterans.[4] He admires Robert E. Lee, Douglas MacArthur, and Joseph McCarthy.[5]

Buchanan described his Southern ancestry, writing:[6]

I have family roots in the South, in Mississippi. When the Civil War came, Cyrus Baldwin enlisted and did not survive Vicksburg. William Buchanan of Okolona, who would marry Baldwin's daughter, fought at Atlanta and was captured by General Sherman. William Baldwin Buchanan was the name given to my father and by him to my late brother. As a member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, I have been to their gatherings. I spoke at the 2001 SCV convention in Lafayette, LA. The Military Order of the Stars and Bars presented me with a battle flag and a wooden canteen like the ones my ancestors carried.[7]

Buchanan was born into a Catholic family and attended Catholic schools, including the Jesuit-run Gonzaga College High School in Washington, D.C. He then attended Georgetown University, where he participated in, but did not complete, the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program. In 1960, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in English. He subsequently received his draft notice, but the District of Columbia Draft Board exempted Buchanan from military service because of reactive arthritis, classifying him as 4-F. He then attended the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, where he wrote his thesis on the expanding trade between Canada and Cuba and was awarded a master's degree in journalism in 1962.[8]

العمل المهني

محرر St. Louis Globe-Democrat

After receiving his master's degree, at age 23, Buchanan joined the St. Louis Globe-Democrat. In 1961, during the first year of the U.S. embargo against Cuba following the Cuban Revolution, trade between Canada and Cuba tripled. The Globe-Democrat published a rewrite of Buchanan's Columbia master's project under the eight-column banner "Canada sells to Red Cuba — And Prospers" eight weeks after Buchanan started at the paper. In his memoir, Right from the Beginning, he considered the column a career milestone, though he later said the embargo against Cuba strengthened the communist regime and opposed it.[9] In 1964, Buchanan was promoted to assistant editorial page editor, and he supported Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign that year, though the Globe-Democrat did not endorse Goldwater. Buchanan speculated there was a clandestine agreement between the newspaper and incumbent U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson. Buchanan recalled, "the conservative movement has always advanced from its defeats...I can't think of a single conservative who was sorry about the Goldwater campaign."[5]

Buchanan authored the foreword to several editions of Goldwater's book, The Conscience of a Conservative. He was a member of Young Americans for Freedom and wrote press releases for the organization. In 1965, he was executive assistant at Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander, and Mitchell, the law firm where Richard Nixon launched his political comeback following his losses in the 1960 presidential election and 1962 California gubernatorial election.

عمله في البيت الأبيض عهد نيكسون

Buchanan in 1969

The next year, he was the first adviser hired by Nixon's presidential campaign;[10] he worked primarily as an opposition researcher. The highly partisan speeches Buchanan wrote were consciously aimed at Richard Nixon's dedicated supporters, for which his colleagues soon nicknamed him Mr. Inside.[11] Buchanan traveled with Nixon throughout the campaigns of 1966 and 1968. He made tours around Western Europe, Africa, and following the Six-Day War, the Middle East.

During the course of Nixon's presidency, Buchanan became entrusted on press relations, policy positions, and political strategy.[12] Early on during Nixon's presidency, Buchanan worked as a White House assistant and speechwriter for Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew. He coined the phrase "Silent Majority," and helped shape the strategy that drew millions of Democrats to Nixon. In a 1972 memo, he suggested the White House "should move to re-capture the anti-Establishment tradition or theme in American politics."[13] His daily assignments included developing political strategy, publishing the President's Daily News Summary, and preparing briefing books for news conferences. He accompanied Nixon on his trip to China in 1972 and the summit in Moscow, Yalta and Minsk in 1974. He suggested that Nixon label Democratic opponent George McGovern an extremist and burn the White House tapes.[14] Buchanan later argued that Nixon would have survived the Watergate scandal with his reputation intact if he had burnt the tapes.[15]

Buchanan remained as a special assistant to Nixon through the final days of the Watergate scandal. He was not accused of wrongdoing, though some mistakenly suspected him of being Deep Throat. In 2005 when the actual identity of the press leak was revealed as Federal Bureau of Investigation Associate Director Mark Felt, Buchanan called him "sneaky," "dishonest" and "criminal."[16] Because of his role in the Nixon campaign's "attack group," Buchanan appeared before the Senate Watergate Committee on September 26, 1973. He told the panel: "The mandate that the American people gave to this president and his administration cannot, and will not, be frustrated or repealed or overthrown as a consequence of the incumbent tragedy".[14]

When Nixon resigned in 1974, Buchanan briefly stayed on as special assistant under incoming President Gerald Ford. Chief of Staff Alexander Haig offered Buchanan his choice of three open ambassador posts, including South Africa, for which Buchanan opted. President Ford initially signed off on the appointment, but then rescinded it after it was prematurely reported in the Evans-Novak Political Report and caused controversy, especially among the U.S. diplomatic corps.[17]

Buchanan remarked about Watergate: "The lost opportunity to move against the political forces frustrating the expressed national will ... To effect a political counterrevolution in the capital— ... there is no substitute for a principled and dedicated man of the Right in the Oval Office".[14]

Long after his resignation, Nixon called Buchanan a confidant and said he was neither a racist nor an antisemite nor a bigot or "hater," but a "decent, patriotic American." Nixon said Buchanan had "some strong views," such as his "isolationist" foreign policy, with which he disagreed. While Nixon did not think Buchanan should become president, he said the commentator "should be heard."[18][19] However, according to a memo President Nixon sent to John Ehrlichman in 1970, Nixon characterized Buchanan's attitude towards integration as "segregation forever."[20] Following Nixon's re-election in 1972, Buchanan himself had written in a memo to Nixon suggesting he should not "fritter away his present high support in the nation for an ill-advised governmental effort to forcibly integrate races."[21]

معلق اخباري

Buchanan greeting President George H. W. Bush in 1989

Buchanan returned to his column and began regular appearances as a broadcast host and political commentator. He co-hosted a three-hour daily radio show with liberal columnist Tom Braden called the Buchanan-Braden Program. He delivered daily commentaries on NBC radio from 1978 to 1984. Buchanan started his TV career as a regular on The McLaughlin Group and CNN's Crossfire (inspired by Buchanan-Braden) and Capital Gang, making him nationally recognizable. His several stints on Crossfire occurred between 1982 and 1999; his sparring partners included Braden, Michael Kinsley, Geraldine Ferraro, and Bill Press.

Buchanan was a regular panelist on The McLaughlin Group. He appeared most Sundays alongside John McLaughlin and the more liberal Newsweek journalist Eleanor Clift. His columns are syndicated nationally by Creators Syndicate.[22]


عمله في البيت الأبيض عهد ريگان

بيوكانن في 1985

Buchanan served as White House Communications Director from February 1985 to March 1987.[23] In a speech to the National Religious Broadcasters in 1986, Buchanan said of the Reagan administration: "Whether President Reagan has charted a new course that will set our compass for decades — or whether history will see him as the conservative interruption in a process of inexorable national decline — is yet to be determined".[14]

A year later, he remarked that "the greatest vacuum in American politics is to the right of Ronald Reagan."[14] While her brother was working for Reagan, Bay Buchanan started a "Buchanan for President" movement in June 1986. She said the conservative movement needed a leader, but Buchanan was initially ambivalent.[14] After leaving the White House, he returned to his column and Crossfire. Out of respect for Jack Kemp he sat out the 1988 race, although Kemp later became his adversary.[13]


عمله السياسي

الانتخابات الرئاسية التمهيدية 1992

Buchanan was highly critical of the foreign and economic policies of the George H.W. Bush administration, particularly Bush's breaking of his 1988 "Read my lips: no new taxes" pledge.[24] In 1990, Buchanan published a newsletter called Patrick J. Buchanan: From the Right; it sent subscribers a bumper sticker reading: "Read Our Lips! No new taxes."[25] In the 1992 Republican Party presidential primaries, Buchanan challenged Bush in his bid for re-nomination by the Republican Party, launching his campaign in December 1991 chaired by William von Raab.[26][27] Buchanan failed to win any primaries, but finished a strong second in the New Hampshire primary and was regarded as forcing Bush to walk back his economic policies.[24][28] The Buchanan campaign ran a number of radio and TV spots criticizing Bush's policies; in one, Buchanan accused Bush of being a "trade wimp", while another attacked him for presiding over the National Endowment of the Arts, which he said "invested our tax dollars in pornographic and blasphemous art too shocking to show."[29]

In 1992, Buchanan explained his reasons for challenging the incumbent, President George H. W. Bush:

If the country wants to go in a liberal direction, if the country wants to go in the direction of [Democrats] George Mitchell and Tom Foley, it doesn't bother me as long as I've made the best case I can. What I can't stand are the back-room deals. They're all in on it, the insider game, the establishment game — this is what we're running against.[5]

Buchanan ran on a platform of immigration reduction and social conservatism, including opposition to multiculturalism, abortion, and gay rights. Buchanan challenged Bush (whose popularity was waning) when he won 38% of the New Hampshire primary. In the primary elections, Buchanan garnered three million total votes or 23% of the vote.

Buchanan later threw his support behind Bush and delivered an address at the 1992 Republican National Convention, which became known as the culture war speech, in which he described "a religious war going on in our country for the soul of America."[30] In the speech, he said of Bill and Hillary Clinton:

The agenda Clinton & Clinton would impose on America — abortion on demand, a litmus test for the Supreme Court, homosexual rights, discrimination against religious schools, women in combat units — that's change, all right. But it is not the kind of change America needs. It is not the kind of change America wants. And it is not the kind of change we can abide in a nation we still call God's country.[31]

Buchanan also said, in reference to the then recently held 1992 Democratic National Convention, "Like many of you last month, I watched that giant masquerade ball at Madison Square Garden—where 20,000 radicals and liberals came dressed up as moderates and centrists—in the greatest single exhibition of cross-dressing in American political history."[32]

The contents of Buchanan's speech prompted his detractors to claim that the speech alienated moderate voters from the Bush-Quayle ticket.[33] The newspaper columnist Molly Ivins wrote: "Many people did not care for Pat Buchanan's speech; it probably sounded better in the original German."[34]

بعيدا عن الانتخابات الرئاسية

After the campaign, Buchanan returned to Crossfire,[35] The McLaughlin Group, and his column. To promote the principles of federalism, traditional values, and anti-intervention, he founded The American Cause, a conservative educational foundation, in 1993. His sister Angela serves as the Vienna, VA-based foundation's president and Pat is its chairman.[36]

Buchanan returned to radio as host of Buchanan and Company, a three-hour talk show for Mutual Broadcasting System on July 5, 1993. It pitted him against liberal co-hosts, including Barry Lynn, Bob Beckel, and Chris Matthews, in a time slot opposite Rush Limbaugh's show. To launch his 1996 campaign, Buchanan left the program on March 20, 1995.

الانتخابات الرئاسية التمهيدية 1996

المقالة الرئيسية: 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries and Pat Buchanan 1996 presidential campaign

Buchanan ran for the Republican nomination again in 1996. He was endorsed by conservative Phyllis Schlafly, and others.

In February, the liberal Center for Public Integrity issued a report claiming Buchanan's presidential campaign co-chairman, Larry Pratt, appeared at two meetings organized by white supremacist and militia leaders. Pratt denied any ties to these individuals, calling the report an orchestrated smear before the New Hampshire primary. Buchanan told the conservative Manchester Union Leader he believed Pratt. Pratt took a leave of absence "to answer these charges," "so as not to have distraction in the campaign."[37]

In the February New Hampshire primary, Buchanan defeated front-runner Bob Dole by about 3,000 votes. Buchanan won three other states (Alaska, Missouri, and Louisiana), and finished only slightly behind Dole in the Iowa caucus. His insurgent campaign used his soaring rhetoric to mobilize grass-roots right-wing opinion against what he saw as the bland Washington establishment (personified by Dole) which he believed had controlled the party for years. At a rally later in Nashua, he said:

We shocked them in Alaska. Stunned them in Louisiana. Stunned them in Iowa. They are in a terminal panic. They hear the shouts of the peasants from over the hill. All the knights and barons will be riding into the castle pulling up the drawbridge in a minute. All the peasants are coming with pitchforks. We're going to take this over the top.[38]

ڤيديو خارجي
Booknotes interview with Buchanan on The Great Betrayal, May 17, 1998, C-SPAN

In the Super Tuesday primaries Dole defeated Buchanan by large margins. Having collected only 21%, or 3.1 million, of the total votes in Republican primaries, Buchanan suspended his campaign in March. He declared that, if Dole were to choose a pro-choice running mate, he would run as the US Taxpayers Party (now Constitution Party) candidate.[39] Dole chose Jack Kemp, and he received Buchanan's endorsement.


After the 1996 campaign

After the campaign, Buchanan returned to Crossfire,[40] The McLaughlin Group, and his column. He also began a series of books with 1998's The Great Betrayal.

الحملة الانتخابية الرئاسية 2000

المقالة الرئيسية: 2000 Reform Party presidential primaries and Pat Buchanan 2000 presidential campaign
The logo used by Buchanan and the Reform Party in the 2000 presidential election

Buchanan announced his departure from the Republican Party in October 1999, disparaging them (along with the Democrats) as a "beltway party." He sought the nomination of the Reform Party. Many reformers backed Iowa physicist John Hagelin, whose platform was based on Transcendental Meditation. Party founder Ross Perot did not endorse either candidate for the Reform Party's nomination. (In late October 2000, Perot publicly endorsed George W. Bush, but Perot's 1996 running-mate, Pat Choate, would go on to endorse Buchanan.)

Supporters of Hagelin charged the results of the party's open primary, which favored Buchanan by a wide margin, were "tainted." The Reform Party divisions led to dual conventions being held simultaneously in separate areas of the Long Beach Convention Center complex. Both conventions' delegates ignored the primary ballots and voted to nominate their presidential candidates from the floor, similar to the Democratic and Republican conventions. One convention nominated Buchanan while the other backed Hagelin, with each camp claiming to be the legitimate Reform Party.

Ultimately, when the Federal Elections Commission ruled Buchanan was to receive ballot status as the Reform candidate, as well as about $12.6 million in federal campaign funds secured by Perot's showing in the 1996 election, Buchanan won the nomination. In his acceptance speech, Buchanan proposed US withdrawal from the United Nations and expelling the United Nations Headquarters from New York, abolishing the Internal Revenue Service, Department of Education, Department of Energy, Department of Housing and Urban Development, taxes on inheritance and capital gains, and affirmative action programs.

As his running mate, Buchanan chose Ezola B. Foster, an African American activist and retired teacher from Los Angeles. Buchanan was supported in this election run by future Socialist Party USA presidential candidate Brian Moore, who said in 2008 he supported Buchanan in 2000 because "he was for fair trade over free trade. He had some progressive positions that I thought would be helpful to the common man."[41] On August 19, the New York Right to Life Party, in convention, chose Buchanan as their nominee, with 90% of the districts voting for him.[42]

In a campaign speech at Bob Jones University in Greenville, South Carolina, Buchanan attempted to rally his conservative base:

God and the Ten Commandments have all been expelled from the public schools. Christmas carols are out. Christmas holidays are out. The latest decision of the United States Supreme Court said that children in stadiums or young people in high school games are not to speak an inspirational moment for fear they may mention God's name, and offend an atheist in the grandstand ... We may not succeed, but I believe we need a new fighting conservative traditionalist party in America. I believe, and I hope that one day we can take America back. That is why we are building this Gideon's army and heading for Armageddon, to do battle for the Lord.[43]

In the 2000 presidential election, Buchanan finished fourth with 449,895 votes, 0.4% of the popular vote. (Hagelin garnered 0.1% as the Natural Law Party candidate.) In Palm Beach County, Florida, Buchanan received 3,407 votes — which some saw as inconsistent with Palm Beach County's liberal leanings, its large Jewish population and his showing in the rest of the state. Bush spokesman Ari Fleischer stated, "Palm Beach county is a Pat Buchanan stronghold and that's why Pat Buchanan received 3,407 votes there." Reform Party officials strongly disagreed, estimating the number of supporters in the county at between 400 and 500. Appearing on The Today Show, Buchanan said: "When I took one look at that ballot on Election Night ... it's very easy for me to see how someone could have voted for me in the belief they voted for Al Gore".[44] Palm Beach County's butterfly ballot is credited with misdirecting over 2,000 votes from Al Gore to Pat Buchanan, tipping Florida — and the 2000 U.S. presidential election — to George W. Bush.[45]

Some observers said his campaign was aimed at spreading his message beyond his white conservative and populist base, while his views had not changed.[46]

Later presidential elections

Following the 2000 election, Reform Party members urged Buchanan to take an active role within the party. Buchanan declined, though he did attend their 2001 convention. In the next few years, he identified himself as a political independent, choosing not to align himself with what he viewed as the neo-conservative Republican party leadership. Prior to the 2004 election, Buchanan announced he once again identified himself as a Republican, declared that he had no interest in ever running for president again, and reluctantly endorsed Bush's 2004 reelection, writing: "Bush is right on taxes, judges, sovereignty, and values. Kerry is right on nothing".[47]

Buchanan also endorsed Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney in 2012, stating in an article that "Obama offers more of the stalemate America has gone through for the past two years" while "Romney alone offers a possibility of hope and change."[48]

Buchanan supported the nomination of Donald Trump, who ran on many of the same positions that Buchanan ran on twenty years prior, as Republican presidential candidate for the 2016 presidential election.[49][50] Buchanan further supported Trump in 2020 and 2024.[51][52]

عودة لحياته الخاصة

معلق MSNBC

بيوكانان في لقاء عام 2008


مجلة The American Conservative

في المحكمة العليا

مواقف سياسية

المقالة الرئيسية: المواقف السياسية لپات بيوكانان

جدل

تعليقات عن إسرائيل

المعتقل الإسرائيلي في غزة كيف تصنع حماس؟

In the context of the Gulf War, on August 26, 1990, Buchanan appeared on The McLaughlin Group and said: "there are only two groups that are beating the drums for war in the Middle East – the Israeli defense ministry and its 'amen corner' in the United States." Buchanan on The McLaughlin Group on June 15, 1990, asserted: "Capitol Hill is Israeli occupied territory".[53] He also said in the August 1990 program: "The Israelis want this war desperately because they want the United States to destroy the Iraqi war machine. They want us to finish them off. They don't care about our relations with the Arab world."[54] A. M. Rosenthal, in an article for The New York Times explicitly accused Buchanan of antisemitism on the grounds that he had used the word "Israelis" as a cover for Jews.[55] Abraham Foxman, the director of the ADL, compared Buchanan's comments to insinuations made during the Second World War "that Jews were the only ones who sought American entry in the war against Nazi Germany".[54]

Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel in September 1990 said Buchanan "leaves the memory of Jewish victims in such disdain; a man who always takes the side of those accused of being killers; a man who is constantly criticizing Israel; a man who always has something nasty to say about the Jewish people".[56]

تاريخ انتخابي

المقالة الرئيسية: التاريخ الانتخابي لپات بيوكانان

مطبوعات

كتب

خطب رئيسية

مقالات مختارة

لقاءات

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب Reitwiesner, William Addams; Moran, Nolan Kent; Otto, Julie Helen. "The Ancestry of Pat Buchanan". Wargs. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  2. ^ "Pat Buchanan Biography". Notable Biographies. Thomson Gale. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
  3. ^ "Index to Politicians:Buchanan". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  4. ^ Buchanan, Patrick 'Pat' Joseph (November 26, 2003), "Why Do the Neocons Hate Dixie So?", The American Cause, Patrick 'Pat' Joseph Buchanan, http://www.theamericancause.org/pathatedixie.htm, retrieved on June 13, 2010 
  5. ^ أ ب ت Allen, Henry (February 17, 1992). "The Iron Fist of Pat Buchanan". The Washington Post.
  6. ^ "The American Conservative – Why Do They Hate Dixie? uurl=http://www.amconmag.com/article/2003/dec/01/00007/". 2010-12-03. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.
  7. ^ Buchanan, Patrick 'Pat' Joseph (December 1, 2003). "Why Do They Hate Dixie?". The American Conservative. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
  8. ^ Lichfield, John (September 12, 1992). "America's artful draft dodgers: John Lichfield in Washington on the loyal servants who did not serve in Vietnam". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  9. ^ "Buchanan Is Right on Trade Sanctions". Daily Policy Digest. National Center for Policy Analysis. January 3, 2000. Archived from the original on June 16, 2006. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
  10. ^ Bruan, Stephen (December 18, 1994). "A Trial by Fire in the '60s". Los Angeles Times.
  11. ^ Schell, Jonathan (June 2, 1975). "The Time of Illusion". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  12. ^ Cox Han, Lori (2019). "Advising Nixon: The White House Memos of Patrick J. Buchanan". kansaspress.ku.edu. University Press of Kansas. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  13. ^ أ ب Paulsen, Monte (November 22, 1999). "Buchanan Inc". Nation. Archived from the original on April 28, 2005. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
  14. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Blumenthal, Sidney (January 8, 1987). "Pat Buchanan and the Great Right Hope". The Washington Post. p. C01. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
  15. ^ Graff, Garrett M. (2022). Watergate: A New History (1 ed.). New York: Avid Reader Press. p. 456. ISBN 978-1-9821-3916-2. OCLC 1260107112.
  16. ^ "Nixon aides say Felt is no hero". NBC News. June 1, 2005. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
  17. ^ "Pat Buchanan". May 29, 2013.
  18. ^ "Part 2, Bush's Foreign Policy", 1992 Nixon Interview, CNN, April 23, 1994 
  19. ^ Larry King Live, CNN, April 23, 1994, #1102 (R-#469) 
  20. ^ Warren, James (June 20, 1991). "Family Feud". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  21. ^ Tapper, Jake (September 4, 1999). "Who's afraid of Pat Buchanan?". Salon. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  22. ^ "The Enemy of My Enemy on". Creators.com. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  23. ^ "Buchanan Will Leave White House Post". Los Angeles Times. February 4, 1987. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  24. ^ أ ب "The Problem With 'Read My Lips'". The New York Times. November 1, 2020. p. 26. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2021. Even so, voters could not forget the fiercely dramatic 1988 pledge. Playing to feelings of inconstancy, Patrick Buchanan challenged Mr. Bush in Presidential primaries.
  25. ^ Hays (July 27, 1990), The Washington Times 
  26. ^ SHOGAN, ROBERT. "GOP Drafting Panel Puts Final Touches on Platform : Politics: Abortion rights forces are offered a separate resolution respecting 'honest differences of opinion.' But lobbyists reject it". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2025-11-08. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
  27. ^ Toner, Robin (December 11, 1991). "Buchanan, Urging New Nationalism, Joins '92 Race". The New York Times.
  28. ^ Daley, Steve (February 28, 1992). "Stung by Bush Ad, Buchanan Gets Ferocious". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  29. ^ Mills, David (June 15, 1992). "The Director with Tongues Untied". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
  30. ^ Buchanan, Patrick 'Pat' Joseph, 1992 Republican National Convention Speech, buchanan.org, http://buchanan.org/blog/1992-republican-national-convention-speech-148?doing_wp_cron=1478487975.2316689491271972656250 
  31. ^ Buchanan, Patrick 'Pat' Joseph (August 17, 1992). "Republican National Convention Speech". Patrick 'Pat' Joseph Buchanan. Archived from the original on October 12, 2006. Retrieved November 4, 2006.
  32. ^ "1992 Republican National Convention Speech". Patrick J. Buchanan – Official Website. August 17, 1992. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014.
  33. ^ Kuhn, David Paul (October 18, 2004). "Buchanan Reluctantly Backs Bush". News. CBS. Retrieved December 6, 2006.
  34. ^ Roberts, Diane (July 30, 2000). "Perspective: A wild ride on the left". St. Petersburg Times.com. Archived from the original on September 2, 2000. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  35. ^ "Pat Buchanan Returns to 'Crossfire' Monday". January 29, 1993. Retrieved May 12, 2025.
  36. ^ "About the Cause". The American Cause. Patrick 'Pat' Joseph Buchanan. Archived from the original on November 10, 2006. Retrieved November 4, 2006.
  37. ^ "Buchanan Aide Leaves Campaign Amid Charges", The Union Leader, February 16, 1996 
  38. ^ Knowlton, Brian (February 20, 1996). "Republicans Wind Up Bare-Fisted Donnybrook in New Hampshire". The New York Times.
  39. ^ Porteous, Skipp (April 1996), "Howard Phillips on Pat Buchanan", Freedom Writer (Public Eye), http://www.publiceye.org/ifas/fw/9604/phillips.html 
  40. ^ "Buchanan To Rejoin CNN'S 'Crossfire'". CNN. February 12, 1997. Retrieved June 10, 2025.
  41. ^ "Q&A with Socialist Party presidential candidate Brian Moore". Independent Weekly. October 8, 2008. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  42. ^ Right To Life Party Picks Buchanan, Ballot Access News, August 1, 2000, http://ballot-access.org/2000/0901.html#16 
  43. ^ Quoted in Timothy Stanley, The Crusader: The Life and Tumultuous Times of Pat Buchanan (New York City: St. Martin's Press, 2012), pp. 350–351; ISBN 978-0-312-58174-9
  44. ^ "Pat Buchanan on NBC's Today Show". November 9, 2000.
  45. ^ "The Butterfly Did It: The Aberrant Vote for Buchanan in Palm Beach County, Florida". Stanford Graduate School of Business (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  46. ^ Havrilesky, Heather (October 25, 1999). "Not standing Pat". Salon. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  47. ^ Miller, Stephen 'Steve' (September 10, 2004), "Third parties seen as thread to Bush", The Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/national/20040909-115705-2949r.htm 
  48. ^ Patrick J Buchanan (October 30, 2012). "Patrick Buchanan: Romney For President – OpEd". Eurasia Review. Eurasiareview.com. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  49. ^ Chris Cillizza (January 12, 2016). "Pat Buchanan says Donald Trump is the future of the Republican Party". The Washington Post.
  50. ^ Alberta, Tim. "'The Ideas Made It, But I Didn't'". Politico Magazine. Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.: Politico. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
  51. ^ Limitone, Julia (2018-03-21). "'Populist' Republican Party favors Trump in 2020: Pat Buchanan". FOXBusiness (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-12-30.
  52. ^ Lehmann, Chris (2024-07-19). "The GOP Is Pat Buchanan's Party Now" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2025-12-30.
  53. ^ "Pat Buchanan in his own words". ADL. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012.
  54. ^ أ ب "Behind the Headlines; Buchanan's Latest Anti-israel Slur May Signal New Conservative Trend". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. August 31, 1990. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  55. ^ Rosenthal, A. M. (September 14, 1990). "On My Mind; Forgive Them Not". The New York Times. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  56. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة WaPo19900920

وصلات خارجية

مناصب سياسية
سبقه
مايكل مكمانوس 		مدير إعلام البيت الأبيض
1985–1987 		تبعه
جاك كويلر
مناصب حزبية
سبقه
روس پروت 		مرشح حزب الإصلاح لمنصب رئيس الولايات المتحدة
2000 		تبعه
رالف نادر
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