آلييه

Coordinates: 46°20′N 3°10′E / 46.333°N 3.167°E / 46.333; 3.167
(تم التحويل من Allier)
هذا المقال هو عن the French department. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر آلييه (توضيح).
آلييه
Allier (فرنسية)
Alèir (أوكسيتان)
Department
Prefecture building in Moulins
Prefecture building in Moulins
Unofficial flag
Flag
Unofficial shield
الدرع
Location of Allier in France
Location of Allier in France
الإحداثيات: 46°20′N 3°10′E / 46.333°N 3.167°E / 46.333; 3.167
CountryFrance
RegionAuvergne-Rhône-Alpes
PrefectureMoulins
SubprefecturesMontluçon
Vichy
الحكومة
 • President of the Departmental CouncilClaude Riboulet[1] (UDI)
المساحة
[1]
 • الإجمالي
7٬340 كم² (2٬830 ميل²)
التعداد
 (يناير 2019)
 • الإجمالي
335٬975
 • الترتيب69th
 • الكثافة46/km2 (120/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
Department number03
Arrondissements3
Cantons19
Communes317
^1 French Land Register data, which excludes estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

ألييه (فرنسية: Allier؛ UK: /ˈælieɪ/ AL-ee-ay,[2] US: /ælˈjeɪ, ɑːlˈjeɪ/ a(h)l-YAY;[3][4] فرنسية: [alje] استمع (المساعدة·معلومات); أوكسيتان: Alèir) هو إقليم فرنسي يوجد في منطقة أوڤرن-رون-آلپ، التي تتاخم شر إلى الغرب ونييڤر إلى الشمال، ساون واللوار ولوار (إقليم فرنسي إلى الشرق وپوي-دى-دوم إلى الجنوب وكروز إلى الجنوب الغربي. وهو مسمى على اسم نهر آلييه. ويبلغ عدد سكانه 333,298 نسمة في 2023.[5].

Moulins is the prefecture; Montluçon and Vichy are the subprefectures. Its INSEE and post code is 03.

Before 2018, the inhabitants of the department did not have a demonym. The inhabitants of the department have officially been known in French as Bourbonnais since 2018, a reference to the historic province of Bourbonnais. Until then, the unofficial term Elavérins had been used.[6][7][8]

الجغرافيا

Château de Billy

Allier department is composed of almost all of the former Duchy of Bourbonnais. It is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and it was part of the historical, cultural and administrative region of Auvergne until 2016.

البلدات الرئيسية

The most populous commune is Montluçon; the prefecture Moulins is the third-most populous. As of 2023, there are 5 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants:[9]

البلدة Population (2023)
Montluçon 33,147
Vichy 25,115
Moulins 19,206
Cusset 13,316
Yzeure 12,897

The department includes the spa towns Bourbon-l'Archambault, Néris-les-Bains and Vichy.

التضاريس

Bourbonnais bocage covers most of the western and central parts of the department (including the Forest of Tronçais), followed by the Bourbonnais Sologne in the east north-east, the Bourbonnais Mountain (near Vichy) which is the highest point of Bourbonnais together with Montoncel (peaking at 1,287 metres), and finally in the south of the department, the Bourbonnais Limagne, which extends from Varennes to Gannat, and is the breadbasket of the department.

البستان البوربوني

To the north and just over 500 metres above sea level, the Bourbonnais Bocage occupies one-third of the department, with two parts: the centre and the west (for the part between the Val de Cher and western boundaries of the territory). The bocage is especially remarkable for its rich forests and woodlands including the Forest of Tronçais but also the forests of Moladier Bagnolet, Civrais, Soulongis, Grosbois, Dreuille, Lespinasse and Suave.

Almost all of the southern area consists of Combrailles which is sometimes called High Bourbonnais, in an area that goes beyond the departmental boundaries of Creuse and Puy-de-Dôme. This area of the department rises to 778 metres at Bosse. The rivers Sioule, Bouble, and Cher have carved the most picturesque gorges in Allier.

حقل الشيلم البوربوني

To the east, between the Val d'Allier and the borders of Nièvre and Saône-et-Loire, the Bourbonnais Sologne balances ecosystems of pastures, crops, woods and ponds. The interface between agriculture and semi-wilderness benefits biodiversity in fauna and flora.

جبال البوربون

In its southern extension, the Bourbonnais Mountain rises from the Puy Saint-Ambroise (442 metres) near Saint-Léon and then extends to the massif of Assise and the Black Woods at the edge of Puy-de-Dôme and Loire which is marked by the Puy de Montoncel (1,287 metres) – the highest point in Allier.

The Bourbonnais Limagne

Commonly grouped under the name of Val d'Allier, the Limagne and Forterre extend on both sides of the river between Vichy and Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule with an essential quality of fertility. Limogne, together with Sioule and Allier, is part of the Gannat / Escurolles / Saint-Pourçain triangle while Forterre covers the Canton of Varennes-sur-Allier ending near Jaligny.

الهيدروجرافيا

المجاري المائية

المناخ

A transition zone in the middle of the country, Allier is actually a free zone between north and south. Atlantic weather influences cause a mild and humid climate dominated by westerly winds, which sets it apart from other parts of Auvergne. The weather variances coincide with the diversity of Bourbonnais territory such as: flat regions, low altitude Bourbonnais Sologne and large floodplains, the hill country, the average altitude of 300 to 600 metres, the central part of the department, and the semi-mountainous southern townships bordering the Combraille and Forez between 700 and 1,200 metres.

There are two periods of maximum precipitation in June and October and a minimum in January and February with average of 694 millimetres in Montluçon (altitude 207 metres), 763 mm in Moulins (245 m), 778 mm in Vichy (251 m), 791 mm in Lapalisse (285 m) and nearly 1,200 mm in Assisi (1,050 m). As noted Atlantic winds are dominant from the west, northwest, or southwest. The influence of topography, especially in the valleys of Cher and Allier, also contributes to the south and north variance.

Town Sunshine

(hours/yr) 		Rain

(mm/yr)		 Snow

(days/yr)		 Storm

(days/yr)		 Fog

(days/yr)
National average 1,973 770 14 22 40
Vichy[11] 1,862 780 18 26 35
Paris 1,661 637 12 18 10
Nice 2,724 767 1 29 1
Strasbourg 1,693 665 29 29 56
Brest 1,605 1,211 7 12 75
بيانات المناخ لـ Vichy
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) 7.4
(45.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.8
(60.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		23.5
(74.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.1
(79.0) 		22.2
(72.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		11.2
(52.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		16.7
(62.1)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 3.5
(38.3) 		4.4
(39.9) 		7.5
(45.5) 		9.9
(49.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		17.4
(63.3) 		19.9
(67.8) 		19.5
(67.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		12.5
(54.5) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.1
(39.4) 		11.3
(52.3)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) −0.4
(31.3) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		1.9
(35.4) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.2
(52.2) 		13.3
(55.9) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		7.3
(45.1) 		2.8
(37.0) 		0.4
(32.7) 		5.9
(42.6)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 46.8
(1.84) 		39.8
(1.57) 		44.2
(1.74) 		69.3
(2.73) 		98.2
(3.87) 		78.2
(3.08) 		71.6
(2.82) 		74.2
(2.92) 		75.4
(2.97) 		68.0
(2.68) 		63.3
(2.49) 		50.5
(1.99) 		779.5
(30.69)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 9.8 8.3 8.4 9.8 11.6 8.7 7.6 8.6 8.3 9.6 10.0 9.0 109.7
Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس 78 95 154 175 203 225 249 238 184 128 77 56 1٬862
Source: Meteorological data for Vichy – 249 m altitude, from 1981 to 2010 January 2015 (in فرنسية)

التاريخ

Allier in 1790

The history of Allier corresponds to the Duchy of Bourbon (Bourbonnais) with which it shares almost the entire territory.

Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Auvergne and Bourbonnais.

In 1940, the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain chose the town of Vichy as its capital. Vichy also became the department's second sub-prefecture in 1940, since the department now found itself split by the demarcation line between the occupied and (relatively, at least initially) free zones of France.

Heraldry

Arms of Allier
Arms of Allier

The arms of Allier are also those of the former province of Bourbonnais and are the arms of the third house of Bourbon of Robert de Clermont, sixth son of Saint Louis, who married Beatrice of Bourbon and was recognized as Sire of Bourbon in 1283.

Blazon:
Azure, Semé-de-lis of Or with a bend of Gules.




السكان

ملف:Allier.jpg
Map of Allier

On 1 January 2023 the population of Allier was estimated at 333,298 inhabitants which represented an average density of 45 people/km2.[5] Many areas have a density less than 20 people/km2. Because of its low population density, it is considered to fall within the empty diagonal.

Since the early 1980s Allier has faced many demographic handicaps. With the population ratio skewing older and the low fertility rate, the natural growth in the region is negative. Net migration was negative between 1968 and 1999, and slightly positive between 1999 and 2023.[12]

Allier has three major cities: Montluçon, Vichy, and Moulins by size. The rest of the department includes scattered small towns and villages along the rivers. Until the end of the 19th century, however, the population was increasing because the development of its cities (industries at Montluçon and Moulins, spas in Vichy) compensated the rural exodus. The department then passed 420,000 inhabitants. After losses of the First World War, the population stabilized and grew slightly in the 1960s. Since then, the continuing rural exodus and the decline of old industries has made the population decrease and age steadily, from 386,533 inhabitants in 1968 to 333,298 in 2023.

The population of the department is approximately equal of the country of Iceland.

التعداد التاريخي
السنةتعداد±% p.a.
1791 267٬126—    
1801 248٬864−0.71%
1806 260٬046+0.88%
1821 280٬025+0.49%
1831 298٬257+0.63%
1836 309٬270+0.73%
1841 311٬361+0.13%
1846 329٬540+1.14%
1851 336٬758+0.43%
1856 352٬241+0.90%
1861 356٬432+0.24%
1866 376٬164+1.08%
1872 390٬812+0.64%
1876 405٬783+0.94%
1881 416٬759+0.54%
1886 424٬582+0.37%
1891 424٬382−0.01%
1896 424٬378−0.00%
1901 422٬024−0.11%
السنةتعداد±% p.a.
1906 417٬961−0.19%
1911 406٬291−0.56%
1921 370٬950−0.91%
1926 370٬562−0.02%
1931 373٬924+0.18%
1936 368٬778−0.28%
1946 373٬481+0.13%
1954 372٬689−0.03%
1962 380٬221+0.25%
1968 386٬533+0.27%
1975 378٬406−0.30%
1982 369٬580−0.34%
1990 357٬710−0.41%
1999 344٬615−0.41%
2007 343٬114−0.05%
2012 342٬911−0.01%
2017 337٬988−0.29%
2023 333٬298−0.23%
Source: SPLAF[13] and INSEE[5]

الاقتصاد

The industries most represented are the food industry, wood and furniture, chemical, foundries and metalworking, rubber, machinery and electrical equipment, automotive, weaponry, textiles, building, and the spas.

According to studies by INSEE agriculture would be about 7 to 8% of departmental gross domestic product.

النقل

The department is served by two airports, Montluçon–Guéret Airport and Vichy — Charmeil Airport. However, both airports are not operating any passengers flights. The nearest airports to Allier are Clermont-Ferrand Auvergne Airport and Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport, which both are used by air travellers from the department.

السياحة

Marked by the imprint of the Dukes of Bourbon, Allier is a land of rivers, bocage, and small mountains. Landscapes such as Bourbonnais bocage, the gorges of the Sioule, and the Forest of Tronçais are places suitable for the practice of outdoor activities: hiking,[14] fishing, and white water sports. Hydrotherapy is one of the leading sectors of Bourbonnais tourism with the international spa at Vichy.

This nature preserve also features over 500 castles, Romanesque churches and a number of houses which represent the heritage of the Bourbons.[citation needed]

Popular tourist destinations include:

النصب

  • the Château de La Palice and its Renaissance chambered ceilings,
  • the Bourbon-l'Archambault Castle, "Cradle of the Bourbons"

الكنائس والأديرة

المتاحف

الأنشطة

  • Le Pal, an amusement and animal park in Dompierre-sur-Besbre
  • Paleopolis in Gannat, a site designed to understand life sciences and the earth through paleontology
  • Three cities stand out:
  • Moulins for its historical heritage from the 15th century
  • Montluçon, a medieval and festive city dominated by its castle
  • Vichy, an important spa town.

المأكل والمشرب

المقالة الرئيسية: المطبخ الفرنسي and النبيذ الفرنسي

Bourbon cuisine reflects the history of the province and provides a number of local products. The pâté aux pommes de terre is one of the specialities of the Allier, as well as of the neighboring Limousin region. The river Allier is one of the rare places in Southern Europe where the freshwater grayling (Thymallus thymallus), known in French as ombre des rivières, occurs in a natural habitat.[15] This fish is much valued in French gastronomy for its fine and delicate texture and is best eaten along with a light wine.[16] Pompe aux grattons or brioche aux griaudes, a kind of brioche-like bread with cracklings, is a specialty of the Bourbonnais.[17] Saint-Pourçain AOC wine is produced in Allier and the oak from the forest of Tronçais is one of the most favoured in the construction of wine barrels.[18] Other local specialties include Charroux mustard, and Vichy pastilles candies.

البيوت الثانية

In 2020 the quantity of dwellings in the department which were second homes was 7.2%.[19] The table below shows the main communes of Allier with second homes and which exceed 10% of total housing.

The department has attracted many foreigners, English, Belgian, Swiss, and Dutch, and they have acquired many second homes. Therefore many communes have become "European", such as Pouzy-Mésangy, which today has many English and Swiss residents.

Communes with population over 1,000 and more than 10% of second homes in 2019[20]
Town Municipal population Percentage of
secondary homes
Néris-les-Bains 2٬570 30.3%
Cérilly 1٬305 16.4%
Ébreuil 1٬270 14.5%
Bourbon-l'Archambault 2٬572 13.5%
Buxières-les-Mines 1٬026 13.5%
Le Mayet-de-Montagne 1٬384 10.0%

الثقافة

المناطق الشقيقة

The Conseil Départemental of Allier co-operates with the following foreign administrative units:[21]

اللغات المحلية

Allier is traversed by the border between Occitan and French.[22]

For a long period the people of Allier did not speak standard French but one of the following local languages:

المؤهلات:

  • Note that in the south-east of the department (notably in Forterre[25] and the Bourbonnais Mountain[26]) the influence of Francoprovencal arises.
  • Similarly, in the north-west (and especially in the old part of the Bourbonnais department of Cher to Saint-Amand-Montrond), the Bourbon dialects are close to the Berrichon dialect.

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in الفرنسية). 4 May 2022.
  2. ^ "Allier". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019.
  3. ^ "Allier". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  4. ^ "Allier". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  5. ^ أ ب ت Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023, INSEE
  6. ^ Cooke, Virginie (9 October 2018). "Les habitants de l'Allier vont officiellement s'appeler les Bourbonnais" (in الفرنسية). France 3 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  7. ^ Ména, Stéphanie (18 October 2018). "Les habitants de l'Allier auront officiellement un nouveau nom ce jeudi : les Bourbonnais !". La Montagne (in الفرنسية). Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  8. ^ "ALLIER". habitants.fr (in الفرنسية). SARL Patagos. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  9. ^ Populations de référence 2023: 03 Allier, INSEE
  10. ^ Paris, Nice, Strasbourg, Brest
  11. ^ Data from the Station at Vichy from 1981 to 2010 (in فرنسية)
  12. ^ Indicateurs démographiques en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  13. ^ Historique de l'Allier, SPLAF
  14. ^ La randonnée à Allier
  15. ^ "The grayling zones of rivers and their tributaries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  16. ^ "Les accords vin-poisson – Célébration d'un mariage réussi!". Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  17. ^ François-Régis Gaudry, Let's Eat France, ISBN 1579658768, p. 382
  18. ^ Robinson, Jancis (1999). The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford University Press. pp. 13, 495. ISBN 0-19-866236-X.
  19. ^ Logement en 2020: Catégories et types de logements, INSEE (in فرنسية)
  20. ^ "Statistiques locales: Part des résidences secondaires, population municipale". INSEE.
  21. ^ "Les coopérations". Conseil Départemental de l'Allier. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  22. ^ Charles de Tourtoulon and Octavien Bringuier (1876), Study on the geographical limits of Occitan and French (with a map), Paris: Imprimerie Nationale [reprinted 2004, Masseret-Meuzac: Institut d’Estudis Occitans de Lemosin/Lo Chamin de Sent Jaume] (in فرنسية)
  23. ^ Guylaine Brun-Trigaud (1990), The Crescent:the concept and the word. Contribution to the history of the French dialect of the 19th century (Thesis), coll. Série dialectologie, Lyon: Centre d’Études Linguistiques Jacques Goudet (in فرنسية)
  24. ^ E.g. Nicolas Quint, The marchois speech of Saint-Priest-la-Feuille (Creuse) (in فرنسية)
  25. ^ Marcel Bonin, (1981), The dialect of Langy and of Forterre (region of Varennes-sur-Allier), Cagnes sur Mer: Cahiers Bourbonnais (in فرنسية)
  26. ^ Simone Escoffier (1958), The meeting of langue d’oïl, Occitan and francoprovençal between Loire and Allier: phonetic limits and morphologies (Thesis), Mâcon: impr. Protat [éd. identique de la même année: coll. Publications de l’Institut de Linguistique Romane de Lyon-vol. 11, Paris: Les Belles Lettres] (in فرنسية)

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