ولايات البرازيل

البرازيل

هذه المقالة هي جزء من سلسلة:
سياسة وحكومة
البرازيل

دول أخرى • أطلس
 بوابة السياسة
ع • ن • ت

جمهورية البرازيل الفدرالية هي اتحاد 27 وحدة ادارية (برتغالية: Unidades Federativas (UF)): 26 ولاية (estados؛ مفردهاestado) ومنطقة فدرالية واحدة (distrito federal)، حيث توجد العاصمة الفدرالية، برازيليا.


التاريخ

جزء من سلسلة عن
تاريخ البرازيل
درع البرازيل
الشعوب الأصلية
مستعمرة البرازيل
المملكة المتحدة مع البرتغال
الإستقلال عن البرتغال
امبراطورية البرازيل
الجمهورية القديمة
إستادو نوڤو
الجمهورية الثانية
الحكم العسكري
الجمهورية الجديدة
انظر أيضاً: Captaincies of Brazil
The States of Brazil, their respective flags, their state capitals, and their largest cities.

The present states of Brazil trace their history directly to the captaincies established by Portugal following the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided the World between Portugal and Spain.

The first administrative divisions of Brazil were the hereditary captaincies (capitanias hereditárias), stretches of land granted by the Portuguese Crown to noblemen or merchants with a charter to colonize the land. The first such captaincy was the island of São João, granted in 1504 to Fernão de Loronha. The continental land was divided into captaincies in 1534, generally following lines of latitude, although some followed meridians or diagonal lines.[1] Each of the holders of these captaincies was referred to as a captain donatary (capitão donatário). The captaincies were to be inherited by the holders' descendants, but the Crown retained the power to reacquire them.

In 1549, the Portuguese Crown appointed Tomé de Sousa as the first governor-general of the vast Portuguese dominion in South America, known as the State of Brazil (Estado do Brasil). In 1621, the northern part of the dominion was detached, becoming a separate entity known as the State of Maranhão. However, captaincies continued existing under both states as regional administrations.[2]

During the Iberian Union (1580–1640), which allowed Portuguese settlers to enter Spanish domains, the territory of Portuguese colonial domains in South America was more than doubled, with both states of Brazil and Maranhão greatly expanding westward. After the union ended, Portugal asserted its territorial claims, which Spain eventually accepted with the Treaty of Madrid in 1750. Several captaincies were created or merged during this period, in both the original and western domains, and some were returned to the Crown, becoming royal captaincies.[2]

The government of the Marquis of Pombal (1750–1777) significantly centralized the administration of the Portuguese colonies. By 1759, all captaincies had been returned to the Crown, with captains becoming appointed rather than recognized by inheritance. Some captaincies were designated as captaincies-general, to which other captaincies were subordinated.[2] In addition, the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and the State of Maranhão and Piauí, which had been split from the State of Maranhão, were reincorporated into the State of Brazil in 1775, under a single governor-general. This centralization later helped to keep Brazil as a unified nation-state, avoiding fragmentation similar to that of the Spanish domains.

The captaincies became provinces in 1821, during the final years of the Kingdom of Brazil (united with Portugal), and maintained that designation after independence in 1822 under the Empire of Brazil. Most internal boundaries were kept unchanged from the end of the colonial period, generally following natural features such as rivers and mountain ridges. Some changes were made to suit domestic politics (transferring the Triângulo Mineiro from Goiás to Minas Gerais, transferring the south bank of the São Francisco River from Pernambuco to Minas Gerais and later to Bahia, separating the capital city of Rio de Janeiro as a Neutral Municipality outside any province, splitting Amazonas from Pará, and splitting Paraná from São Paulo), as well as international border adjustments resulting from diplomatic settlement of territorial disputes. The Cisplatine Province was annexed into Brazil in 1821, declared independence as Uruguay in 1825, and was recognized by the Treaty of Montevideo in 1828.

When Brazil became a republic in 1889, all provinces became states, and the Neutral Municipality became the Federal District. In 1903, Brazil acquired the territory of Acre from Bolivia with the Treaty of Petrópolis.

In 1942–1943, with the entrance of Brazil into World War II, the Vargas regime detached six strategic territories from the borders of the country to administer them directly: the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (from Pernambuco), Amapá (from Pará), Rio Branco (from Amazonas), Guaporé (from Mato Grosso and Amazonas), Ponta Porã (from Mato Grosso) and Iguaçu (from Paraná and Santa Catarina).[3][4][5] Shortly after the war, the Brazilian constitution of 1946 returned Ponta Porã and Iguaçu to their original states.[6] Guaporé was renamed Rondônia in 1956,[7] and Rio Branco was renamed Roraima in 1962,[8] while remaining territories along with Amapá and Fernando de Noronha. Acre became a state in 1962.[9]

In 1960, the rectangular-shaped Distrito Federal was carved out of Goiás to contain the new capital, Brasília.[10][11] The previous federal district became the state of Guanabara,[6] but in 1975 it was reincorporated into its original state of Rio de Janeiro, becoming its capital as the city of Rio de Janeiro.[12]

In 1977, the southern part of Mato Grosso became the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.[13] In 1981, Rondônia became a state.[14] The Brazilian constitution of 1988 created the state of Tocantins from the northern portion of Goiás, established Amapá and Roraima as states, and returned the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha to Pernambuco.[15] The constitution thus ended all remaining territories, although it maintained the possibility of creating others in the future.

ولايات اتحادية مقترحة

المقالة الرئيسية: Proposed federative units of Brazil

التقسيم المقترح لـپارا

المقالة الرئيسية: 2011 Pará state division plebiscite

On 11 December 2011, a consultative referendum was held in the state of Pará about creating two new states from parts of it (Tapajós and Carajás, with the rest of the state remaining as Pará). Both proposals were rejected by about 66% of statewide voters, but reflecting a strong geographic split with over 90% approval by voters in the proposed breakaway regions and over 90% disapproval by those in the rest of the state.[16][17]

الخرائط

التقسيم المقترح لپارا

قائمة الولايات

العلم الولاية الاختصار العاصمة المساحة (كم²) السكان (2010) الكثافة (2010) ن.م.إ (% الاجمالي) (2008) ن.م.إ للفرد (ريال برازيلي) (2008) م.ت.ب (2007) معرفة القراءة والكتابة (2008) وفيات الرضع (2009) متوسط العمر المتوقع (2009)
أكري AC ريو برانكو &&&&&&&&&0152581.400000152٬581٫4 &&&&&&&&&0732793.&&&&&0732٬793 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.8000004٫80 &&&&&&&&06730000.&&&&&06٬730٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.2000000٫2%) &&&&&&&&&&&09896.&&&&&09٬896 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7800000٫780 84% &&&&&&&&&&&&&028.90000028٫9‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&072.&&&&&072٫0
ألاگواس AL ماسيو &&&&&&&&&&027767.70000027٬767٫7 &&&&&&&&03168922.&&&&&03٬168٬922 &&&&&&&&&&&&0112.390000112٫39 &&&&&&&019477000.&&&&&019٬477٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.6000000٫6%) &&&&&&&&&&&06227.&&&&&06٬227 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7200000٫720 75% &&&&&&&&&&&&&046.40000046٫4‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&067.60000067٫6
أماپا AP ماكاپا &&&&&&&&&0142814.600000142٬814٫6 &&&&&&&&&0668689.&&&&&0668٬689 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.6800004٫68 &&&&&&&&06765000.&&&&&06٬765٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.2000000٫2%) &&&&&&&&&&011033.&&&&&011٬033 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8000000٫800 97% &&&&&&&&&&&&&022.50000022٫5‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&071.&&&&&071٫0
الأمازون AM ماناوس &&&&&&&&01570745.7000001٬570٬745٫7 &&&&&&&&03480937.&&&&&03٬480٬937 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.2100002٫21 &&&&&&&046823000.&&&&&046٬823٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.6000001٫6%) &&&&&&&&&&014014.&&&&&014٬014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8000000٫800 93% &&&&&&&&&&&&&024.30000024٫3‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&072.20000072٫2
باهيا BA سلڤادور &&&&&&&&&0564692.700000564٬692٫7 &&&&&&&014021432.&&&&&014٬021٬432 &&&&&&&&&&&&&024.83000024٫83 &&&&&&0121508000.&&&&&0121٬508٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.9000003٫9%) &&&&&&&&&&&08378.&&&&&08٬378 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7670000٫767 83% &&&&&&&&&&&&&031.40000031٫4‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&072.60000072٫6
سيارا CE فورتالزا &&&&&&&&&0148825.600000148٬825٫6 &&&&&&&&08448055.&&&&&08٬448٬055 &&&&&&&&&&&&&056.76000056٫76 &&&&&&&060099000.&&&&&060٬099٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.9000001٫9%) &&&&&&&&&&&07112.&&&&&07٬112 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7490000٫749 81% &&&&&&&&&&&&&027.60000027٫6‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&071.&&&&&071٫0
المنطقة الاتحادية DF برازيليا &&&&&&&&&&&05822.1000005٬822٫1 &&&&&&&&02562963.&&&&&02٬562٬963 &&&&&&&&&&&&0441.740000441٫74 &&&&&&0117572000.&&&&&0117٬572٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.8000003٫8%) &&&&&&&&&&045978.&&&&&045٬978 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.9000000٫900 97% &&&&&&&&&&&&&015.80000015٫8‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&075.80000075٫8
إسپيريتو سانتو ES ڤيتوريا &&&&&&&&&&046077.50000046٬077٫5 &&&&&&&&03511672.&&&&&03٬511٬672 &&&&&&&&&&&&&076.23000076٫23 &&&&&&&069870000.&&&&&069٬870٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.3000002٫3%) &&&&&&&&&&020231.&&&&&020٬231 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8210000٫821 92% &&&&&&&&&&&&&017.70000017٫7‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&074.30000074٫3
گوياس GO Goiânia &&&&&&&&&0340086.700000340٬086٫7 &&&&&&&&06004045.&&&&&06٬004٬045 &&&&&&&&&&&&&017.65000017٫65 &&&&&&&075275000.&&&&&075٬275٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.5000002٫5%) &&&&&&&&&&012879.&&&&&012٬879 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8240000٫824 91% &&&&&&&&&&&&&018.30000018٫3‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&073.90000073٫9
مارانياو MA ساو لويس &&&&&&&&&0331983.300000331٬983٫3 &&&&&&&&06569683.&&&&&06٬569٬683 &&&&&&&&&&&&&019.78000019٫78 &&&&&&&038487000.&&&&&038٬487٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.2000001٫2%) &&&&&&&&&&&06104.&&&&&06٬104 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7220000٫722 81% &&&&&&&&&&&&&036.50000036٫5‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&068.40000068٫4
ماتو گروسو MT كويبا &&&&&&&&&0903357.900000903٬357٫9 &&&&&&&&03033991.&&&&&03٬033٬991 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.3600003٫36 &&&&&&&053023000.&&&&&053٬023٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.6000001٫6%) &&&&&&&&&&017927.&&&&&017٬927 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8080000٫808 90% &&&&&&&&&&&&&019.20000019٫2‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&073.70000073٫7
ماتو گروسو دو سول MS كامپو گراند &&&&&&&&&0357125.&&&&&0357٬125٫0 &&&&&&&&02449341.&&&&&02٬449٬341 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.8500006٫85 &&&&&&&033145000.&&&&&033٬145٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.1000001٫1%) &&&&&&&&&&014188.&&&&&014٬188 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8300000٫830 91% &&&&&&&&&&&&&016.90000016٫9‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&074.30000074٫3
ميناز جرايس MG بـِلو هوريزونتي &&&&&&&&&0586528.300000586٬528٫3 &&&&&&&019595309.&&&&&019٬595٬309 &&&&&&&&&&&&&033.40000033٫40 &&&&&&0282522000.&&&&&0282٬522٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&09.1000009٫1%) &&&&&&&&&&014233.&&&&&014٬233 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8250000٫825 92% &&&&&&&&&&&&&019.10000019٫1‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&075.10000075٫1
پارا PA بـِلـِم &&&&&&&&01247689.5000001٬247٬689٫5 &&&&&&&&07588078.&&&&&07٬588٬078 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.&800006٫08 &&&&&&&058519000.&&&&&058٬519٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.9000001٫9%) &&&&&&&&&&&07993.&&&&&07٬993 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7820000٫782 88% &&&&&&&&&&&&&023.&&&&&023٫0‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&072.50000072٫5
پارايبا PB جواو پـِسوا &&&&&&&&&&056439.80000056٬439٫8 &&&&&&&&03766834.&&&&&03٬766٬834 &&&&&&&&&&&&&066.74000066٫74 &&&&&&&025697000.&&&&&025٬697٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.9000000٫9%) &&&&&&&&&&&06866.&&&&&06٬866 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7520000٫752 78% &&&&&&&&&&&&&035.20000035٫2‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&069.80000069٫8
پارانا PR كوريتيبا &&&&&&&&&0199314.900000199٬314٫9 &&&&&&&010439601.&&&&&010٬439٬601 &&&&&&&&&&&&&052.37000052٫37 &&&&&&0179270000.&&&&&0179٬270٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.1000006٫1%) &&&&&&&&&&016928.&&&&&016٬928 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8460000٫846 93% &&&&&&&&&&&&&017.30000017٫3‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&074.70000074٫7
پرنامبوكو PE رسيف &&&&&&&&&&098311.60000098٬311٫6 &&&&&&&&08796032.&&&&&08٬796٬032 &&&&&&&&&&&&&089.47000089٫47 &&&&&&&070441000.&&&&&070٬441٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.3000002٫3%) &&&&&&&&&&&08065.&&&&&08٬065 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7420000٫742 82% &&&&&&&&&&&&&035.70000035٫7‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&069.10000069٫1
پياوي PI تـِرسينا &&&&&&&&&0251529.200000251٬529٫2 &&&&&&&&03119015.&&&&&03٬119٬015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&012.40000012٫40 &&&&&&&016761000.&&&&&016٬761٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.5000000٫5%) &&&&&&&&&&&05373.&&&&&05٬373 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7400000٫740 76% &&&&&&&&&&&&&026.20000026٫2‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&069.70000069٫7
ريو دي جانيرو RJ ريو دي جانيرو &&&&&&&&&&043696.10000043٬696٫1 &&&&&&&015993583.&&&&&015٬993٬583 &&&&&&&&&&&&0366.&10000366٫01 &&&&&&0343182000.&&&&&0343٬182٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&011.20000011٫2%) &&&&&&&&&&021621.&&&&&021٬621 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8520000٫852 96% &&&&&&&&&&&&&018.30000018٫3‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&073.70000073٫7
ريو گراند دو نورته RN ناتال &&&&&&&&&&052796.80000052٬796٫8 &&&&&&&&03168133.&&&&&03٬168٬133 &&&&&&&&&&&&&060.&&&&&060٫00 &&&&&&&025481000.&&&&&025٬481٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8000000٫8%) &&&&&&&&&&&08203.&&&&&08٬203 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7530000٫753 82% &&&&&&&&&&&&&032.20000032٫2‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&071.10000071٫1
ريو گراند دو سول RS پورتو ألجري &&&&&&&&&0281748.500000281٬748٫5 &&&&&&&010695532.&&&&&010٬695٬532 &&&&&&&&&&&&&037.96000037٫96 &&&&&&0199499000.&&&&&0199٬499٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.6000006٫6%) &&&&&&&&&&020331.&&&&&020٬331 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8470000٫847 95% &&&&&&&&&&&&&012.70000012٫7‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&075.50000075٫5
روندونيا RO پورتو ڤليو &&&&&&&&&0237576.200000237٬576٫2 &&&&&&&&01560501.&&&&&01٬560٬501 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.5600006٫56 &&&&&&&017888000.&&&&&017٬888٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.6000000٫6%) &&&&&&&&&&011977.&&&&&011٬977 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7840000٫784 90% &&&&&&&&&&&&&022.40000022٫4‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&071.80000071٫8
رورايما RR بوا ڤيستا &&&&&&&&&0224299.&&&&&0224٬299٫0 &&&&&&&&&0451227.&&&&&0451٬227 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.&100002٫01 &&&&&&&&04889000.&&&&&04٬889٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.2000000٫2%) &&&&&&&&&&011845.&&&&&011٬845 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7820000٫782 93% &&&&&&&&&&&&&018.10000018٫1‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&070.60000070٫6
سانتا كاتارينا SC فلوريانوپوليس &&&&&&&&&&095346.20000095٬346٫2 &&&&&&&&06249682.&&&&&06٬249٬682 &&&&&&&&&&&&&065.54000065٫54 &&&&&&0123283000.&&&&&0123٬283٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.1000004٫1%) &&&&&&&&&&020369.&&&&&020٬369 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8600000٫860 95% &&&&&&&&&&&&&015.&&&&&015٫0‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&075.80000075٫8
ساو پاولو SP ساو پاولو &&&&&&&&&0248209.400000248٬209٫4 &&&&&&&041252160.&&&&&041٬252٬160 &&&&&&&&&&&&0166.190000166٫19 &&&&&01003016000.&&&&&01٬003٬016٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&033.90000033٫9%) &&&&&&&&&&024457.&&&&&024٬457 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.8570000٫857 95% &&&&&&&&&&&&&014.50000014٫5‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&074.80000074٫8
سيرجيپي SE أراكاجو &&&&&&&&&&021910.30000021٬910٫3 &&&&&&&&02068031.&&&&&02٬068٬031 &&&&&&&&&&&&&094.83000094٫83 &&&&&&&019522000.&&&&&019٬522٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7000000٫7%) &&&&&&&&&&&09779.&&&&&09٬779 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7700000٫770 84% &&&&&&&&&&&&&031.40000031٫4‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&071.60000071٫6
توكانتينس TO پالماس &&&&&&&&&0277620.900000277٬620٫9 &&&&&&&&01383453.&&&&&01٬383٬453 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.9800004٫98 &&&&&&&013091000.&&&&&013٬091٬000 (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.4000000٫4%) &&&&&&&&&&010233.&&&&&010٬233 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.7840000٫784 86% &&&&&&&&&&&&&025.60000025٫6‰ &&&&&&&&&&&&&071.90000071٫9

انظر أيضاً


المصادر

  1. ^ Reconstructing the map of the hereditary captaincies, Jorge Pimentel Cintra, Annals of the Museum of São Paulo, July/December 2013. (in برتغالية)
  2. ^ أ ب ت The political-administrative organization and the regionalization process of the Brazilian colonial territory, Paulo Pedro Perides, Department of Geography Magazine, 7 November 2011. (in برتغالية)
  3. ^ Decree-law no. 4102, of 9 February 1942, Chamber of Deputies of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  4. ^ Decree-law no. 5812, of 13 September 1943, Government of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  5. ^ Decree-law no. 6.550, of 31 May 1944, Government of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  6. ^ أ ب Constitution of the United States of Brazil, of 18 September 1946, Government of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  7. ^ Law no. 2731, of 17 February 1956, Government of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  8. ^ Law no. 4182, of 13 December 1962, Chamber of Deputies of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  9. ^ Law no. 4070, of 15 June 1962, Government of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  10. ^ Law no. 2874, of 19 September 1956, Government of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  11. ^ Law no. 3273, of 1 October 1957, Government of Brazil. (in برتغالية)>
  12. ^ Complementary law no. 20, of 1 July 1974, Government of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  13. ^ Complementary law no. 31, of 11 October 1977, Government of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  14. ^ Complementary law no. 41, of 22 December 1981, Government of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  15. ^ Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988, Government of Brazil. (in برتغالية)
  16. ^ "Voters Reject Division of Brazilian State". Americas Quarterly. 13 December 2011.
  17. ^ In referendum, voters of Pará reject division of the state, G1, 11 December 2011. (in برتغالية)

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=ولايات_البرازيل&oldid=4245004"