قائمة علوم الحياة

محاكاة of the fluorescence of different fluorescent proteins.

The life sciences comprise the branches of science that involve the scientific study of organisms – such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings – as well as related considerations like bioethics. While biology remains the centerpiece of the life sciences, technological advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have led to a burgeoning of specializations and interdisciplinary fields.[1][2]

Some life sciences focus on a specific type of life. For example, zoology is the study of animals, while botany is the study of plants. Other life sciences focus on aspects common to all or many life forms, such as anatomy and genetics. Yet other fields are interested in technological advances involving living things, such as bio-engineering. Another major, though more specific, branch of life sciences involves understanding the mind – neuroscience.

The life sciences are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life. They have applications in health, agriculture, medicine, and the pharmaceutical and food science industries.

There is considerable overlap between many of the topics of study in the life sciences.

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علم الأحياء وفروعه

Biology – burst and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into a single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition. Here are some of biology's major branches:

  • Anatomy – study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans
  • Biochemistry – study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
  • Bioengineering – study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology
  • Bioinformatics – interdisciplinary scientific field that develops methods for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data. A major activity in bioinformatics is to develop software tools to generate useful biological knowledge.
  • Biolinguistics – study of the biology and evolution of language
  • Biological Anthropology – the study of the biological basis of humans, non-human primates, and hominins ; a subfield of [Anthropology]. Also known as physical anthropology
  • Biomathematics – mathematical representation, treatment and modeling of biological processes, using techniques and tools of applied mathematics
  • Biomechanics – the study of the mechanics of living beings
  • Biomedical research – study of health and disease
  • Biophysics – study of biological processes by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
  • Biotechnology – study of the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and [synthetic biology]
  • Botany – study of plants
  • Cell biology – study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell
  • Developmental biology – study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure
  • Ecology – study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment
  • Entomology – study of insects
  • Epidemiology – a major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations
  • Ethology – the study of animal behaviour
  • Evolutionary biology – study of the origin and descent of species over time
  • Evolutionary developmental biology – study of the evolution of development including its molecular control
  • Genetics – study of genes and heredity.
  • Hematology (also known as Haematology) – study of blood and blood-forming organs.
  • Marine biology – study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings
  • Microbiology – study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living organisms
  • Molecular biology – study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry, genetics and microbiology
  • Neuroscience– study of the nervous system
  • Physiology – study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
  • Population biology – study of groups of conspecific organisms
  • Sociobiology – study of the biological bases of sociology
  • Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules
  • Synthetic biology – the design and construction of new biological entities such as enzymes, genetic circuits and cells, or the redesign of existing biological systems (LY)
  • Systems biology – study of the integration and dependencies of various components within a biological system, with particular focus upon the role of metabolic pathways and cell-signaling strategies in physiology.
  • Toxicology – study of the effects of chemicals on living organisms
  • Zoology – study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior.
  • Zymology – study of fermentation and its practical uses.


الطب وفروعه

Medicine – applied science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Some of its branches are:

أنواع علوم الحياة الجديدة والأخرى

Brain parts involved with a fear amygdala hijack from optical stimulus


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الهامش

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للاستزادة

  • Magner, Lois N. (2002). A history of the life sciences (Rev. and expanded 3rd ed.). New York: M. Dekker. ISBN 0824708245.