كربلاء

Coordinates: 32°37′N 44°02′E / 32.617°N 44.033°E / 32.617; 44.033
(تم التحويل من Karbala)
للاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر كربلاء (توضيح)
"Kerbela" redirects here. For the moth genus, see Kerbela (moth).
كربلاء
Karbala
Metropolis
Mayoralty of Karbala
Karbala City 3.jpg
Imam Al Abbas Shrine.jpg
Imam Hossein Holy Shrine01.jpg
حصن الاخيضر (3).jpg
Imam Hussein Camp 9.jpg
Karbala Orchids.jpg
Al-Tar Caves 2.jpeg
من أعلى لأسفل، ومن اليسار لليمين: منظر كربلاء، Holy Shrine Of Abu Fadhl Al-Abbas, Holy Shrine Of Imam Al-Hussein, Al-Khudair Fortress, Imam Hussein Camp, Karbala Orchids and Al-Tar Caves 2
كربلاء is located in العراق
كربلاء
كربلاء
Location of Karbala within Iraq
كربلاء is located in آسيا
كربلاء
كربلاء
كربلاء (آسيا)
الإحداثيات: 32°37′N 44°02′E / 32.617°N 44.033°E / 32.617; 44.033
البلد العراق
المحافظةكربلاء
Settled690 CE
الحكومة
 • النوعMayor–council
المساحة
 • الإجمالي42٫4 كم² (16٫4 ميل²)
المنسوب
28 m (92 ft)
التعداد
 • Estimate 
(2018)[1]
711٬530
 • الترتيب7th in Iraq
 • الكثافة16٬781/km2 (43٬460/sq mi)
صفة المواطنKarbalaei
منطقة التوقيتUTC+3 (Arabian Standard Time)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+3 (No DST)
Postal code
10001 to 10090
جزء من سلسلة عن
الإسلام الشيعي
Ghadir Logo Vector.svg
المعتقدات والشعائر
إحياء الذكرى
التاريخ
الأفرع والطوائف
أهل الكساء
الصالحات

كربلاء مدينة تقع في وسط العراق، وهي أحد المدن المقدسة لدى المسلمين الشيعة، إذ يرقد فيها الامام الحسين بن علي بن ابي طالب، ووقعت فيها واقعة الطف الشهيرة بين أنصار الامام الحسين بن علي وجيش الدولة الأموية في عهد يزيد بن معاوية بن ابي سفيان . وقد انتهت هذه المعركة بإستشهاد الإمام الحسين بن علي ومن معه من أنصاره أهل بيته.

كربلاء[أ] is a major city in central Iraq. It is the capital of Karbala Governorate. With an estimated population of 691,100 people in 2024, Karbala is the second largest city in central Iraq, after Baghdad. The city is located about 100 km (62 mi) southwest of Baghdad, and a few miles east of Lake Milh, also known as Razzaza Lake. Karbala is one of the main political, spiritual and cultural hubs of Shi'a Islam.[6][7][8][9]

The city, best known as the location of the battle of Karbala in 680 AD between Husayn ibn Ali and his band of several dozen followers, including some armed women, and several thousand soldiers led by General Umar ibn Sa'd on behalf of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, the local governor who was acting on the orders of Yazid ibn Mu'awiya With presence of the shrines of Hussain and Abbas, Karbala is considered a holy city for Muslims.[10][11] Soon, Karbala emerged as an important center of pilgrimage for Shiite Muslims across the world. During the Abbasid era, the city witnessed many events. After the fall of Baghdad in 1258, Karbala came under the control of Mongolian Empire led by Hulegu Khan. The city continued to be under multiple successive empires.

Tens of millions of Shi'ite Muslims visit the site twice a year.[12][13][14][15] The martyrdom of Husayn ibn 'Ali and Abbas ibn 'Ali is commemorated annually by nearly 100 million Shi'ites in the city.[12][13][14][16] Up to 34 million pilgrims visit the city to observe ʿĀshūrāʾ (the tenth day of Muharram), which marks the anniversary of Husayn's death, but the main event is the Arbaʿeen (the 40th day after 'Ashura'), where up to 40 million visit the graves. Most of the pilgrims travel on foot and come from all around Iraq and more than 56 countries.[17]

التسمية

في اللغة العربية ذكر ياقوت الحموي في المعجم كربلاء بالمد حول اشتقاقه من كربله رخاوة في القدمين ، جاء يمشي مكربلا ، وعلله لرخاوة أرضها وتربتها ونقاء حنطتها واستشهد والكربل اسم نبت الحماض, وعلى ما ذكره مؤلف ( دبستان المذاهب ) يطلقون لفظة بـ ( كار بالا ) ومعناه الفعل الفوقي أو العلوي ، فعرب بكربلاء

و قيل تسمية كربلاء تعود في جذورها إلى العهد البابلي, وهي مشتقة من "كرب أي مصلى, و "آل" أي الإله عند الآراميين الساميين، آي يكون معناها مصلى الإله كما ذكر ذلك الدكتور مصطفى جواد, وقيل كور بابل التي ترجع اليها التسمية ومن المحتمل ان المسلمين خففوا لفظ كربلا من كور بابل وهذا الكلام يقال أنه صحيح وهو عاري من الصحة

التاريخ

الأهمية الدينية

انظر أيضاً: Dhu al-Kifl, Harut and Marut, Idris (prophet), Noah in Islam, and Tower of Babel in Islamic tradition
A map of Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BCE, showing Nineveh (the township of Yunus)),[18][19][20] Qattara (or Karana), Dūr-Katlimmu, Assur, Arrapha, Terqa, Nuzi, Mari, Eshnunna, Dur-Kurigalzu, Der, Sippar, Babylon, Kish, Susa, Borsippa, Nippur, Isin, Uruk, Larsa and Ur, from north to south. Note the relative proximity of Babylon and Sippar to Lake Milh, which is near Karbala.[6][7]

Mesopotamia has been mentioned in Quran. Some Shi'ites consider this verse of the Quran to refer to Iraq, the land of the Shi'ite sacred sites of Kufah,[21][22] Najaf, Karbala, Kadhimiyyah[ب] and Samarra,[24][25] since the Monotheistic preachers Ibrāhīm (Abraham) and Lūṭ (Lot),[26] who are regarded as Prophets in Islam,[27] are believed to have lived in the ancient Iraqi city of Kutha Rabba,[28] before going to "The Blessed Land".[29]

Then We delivered him(Ibrahim), along with Lot, to the land We had showered with blessings for all people.

— القرآن 21:71

Aside from the story of Abraham and Lot in Polytheistic[30] Mesopotamia,[28][29] there are passages in the Quran about Mount Judi,[31][32][33] Babil ("Babylon")[34][35] and Qaryat Yunus ("Town of Jonah").[18][19][20]

The tomb of the martyred Imam has acquired great significance in Shia tradition because he and his fellow martyrs are seen as models of jihad in the way of God. Shi'ites believe that Karbala is one of the holiest places on Earth according to the following traditions (among others):

The angel Gabriel narrated to Muhammad that:[36]

Karbala, where your grandson and his family will be martyred, is one of the most blessed and the most sacred lands on Earth, and it is one of the valleys of Paradise.

The fourth Shi'ite Imam, that is Zayn al-Abidin narrated:[37]

God chose the land of Karbalā' as a safe and blessed sanctuary twenty-four thousand years before He created the land of the Ka'bah and chose it as a sanctuary. Verily it (Karbala) will shine among the gardens of Paradise like a shining star shines among the stars for the people of Earth.

In this regard, Ja'far al-Sadiq narrates, 'Allah, the Almighty, has made the dust of my ancestor's grave – Imam Husain (a.s) as a cure for every sickness and safety from every fear.'[38] It is narrated from Ja'far that: "The earth of the pure and holy grave of Husayn ibn ‘Ali (a.s) is a pure and blessed musk. For those who consume it, it is a cure for every ailment, and if our enemy uses it then he will melt the way fat melts, when you intend to consume that pure earth recite the following supplication"[39]

معركة كربلاء

المقالة الرئيسية: معركة كربلاء

The Battle of Karbala was fought on the bare deserts on the way to Kufa on October 10, 680 AD (10 Muharram 61 AH). Both Husayn ibn Ali and his brother Abbas ibn Ali were buried by the local Banī Asad tribe, at what later became known as the Mashhad Al-Husayn. The battle itself occurred as a result of Husain's refusal of Yazid's demand for allegiance to his caliphate. The Kufan governor, Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad, sent thirty thousand horsemen against Husayn as he traveled to Kufa. Husayn had no army, he was with his family and few friends who joined them, so there were around 73 men, including the 6-month-old Ali Asghar, son of Imam Husayn, in total. The horsemen, under 'Umar ibn Sa'd, were ordered to deny Husayn and his followers water to force Husayn to agree to give an oath of allegiance. On the 9th of Muharram, Husayn refused, and requested to be given the night to pray. On the 10th day of Muharram, Husayn ibn Ali prayed the morning prayer and led his troops into battle along with his brother Abbas. Many of Husayn's followers, including all of his present sons Ali Akbar, Ali Asghar (six months old) and his nephews Qassim, Aun and Muhammad were killed.[40]

In 63 AH (683 AD), Yazid ibn Mu'awiya released the surviving members of Husayn's family from prison as there was a threat of uprisings and some of the people in his court were unaware of who the battle was with, when they got to know that the descendants of Muhammad were killed, they were horrified. On their way to Mecca, they stopped at the site of the battle. There is a record of Sulayman ibn Surad going on pilgrimage to the site as early as 65 AH (685 AD). The city began as a tomb and shrine to Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib,[41] and grew as a city to meet the needs of pilgrims. The city and tombs were greatly expanded by successive Muslim rulers, but suffered repeated destruction from attacking armies. The original shrine was destroyed by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil in 850 but was rebuilt in its present form around 979, only to be partly destroyed by fire in 1086 and rebuilt yet again.

Early modern

During the period of Ottoman Iraq, Karbala, like Najaf, suffered from severe water shortages that were only resolved in the early 18th century by building a dam at the head of the Husayniyya Canal. In 1737, the city replaced Isfahan in Iran as the main center of Shia scholarship. In the mid-eighteenth century it was dominated by the dean of scholarship, Yusuf Al Bahrani, a key proponent of the Akhbari tradition of Shia thought, until he died in 1772,[42] after which the more state-centric Usuli school became more influential.

The Wahhabi sack of Karbala occurred on 21 April 1802 (1216 Hijri) (1801),[43] under the rule of Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad the second ruler of the First Saudi State, when 12,000 Wahhabi Muslims from Najd attacked the city of Karbala.[44] The attack was coincident with the anniversary of Ghadir Khum event,[45] or 10 Muharram.[41] This fight left 3,000–5,000 deaths and the dome of the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali,[41] was destroyed. The fight lasted for 8 hours.[46]

After the First Saudi State invasion, the city enjoyed semi-autonomy during Ottoman rule, governed by a group of gangs and mafia variously allied with members of the 'ulama. In order to reassert their authority, the Ottoman army laid siege to the city. On January 13, 1843, Ottoman troops entered the city. Many of the city leaders fled leaving defense of the city largely to tradespeople. About 3,000 Arabs were killed in the city, and another 2,000 outside the walls (this represented about 15% of the city's normal population). The Turks lost 400 men.[47] This prompted many students and scholars to move to Najaf, which became the main Shia religious centre.[48] Between 1850 and 1903, Karbala enjoyed a generous influx of money through the Oudh Bequest. The Shia-ruled Indian Province of Awadh, known by the British as Oudh, had always sent money and pilgrims to the holy city. The Oudh money, 10 million rupees, originated in 1825 from the Awadh Nawab Ghazi-ud-Din Haider. One third was to go to his wives, and the other two-thirds went to holy cities of Karbala and Najaf. When his wives died in 1850, the money piled up with interest in the hands of the British East India Company. The EIC sent the money to Karbala and Najaf per the wives' wishes, in the hopes of influencing the Ulama in Britain's favor. This effort to curry favor is generally considered to have been a failure.[49]

Mosque in Karbala (1932)

In 1915, Karbala was the scene of an uprising against the Ottoman Empire.[50] In 1928, an important drainage project was carried out to relieve the city of unhealthy swamps, formed between Hussainiya and the Bani Hassan Canals on the Euphrates.[51]

Defense of the City Hall in Karbala – a series of skirmishes fought from April 3 to April 6, 2004, between the Iraqi rebels of the Mahdi Army trying to conquer the city hall and the defending Polish and Bulgarian soldiers from the Multinational Division Central-South

In 2003 following the American invasion, the Karbala town council attempted to elect United States Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Lopez as mayor. Ostensibly so that his Marines, contractors, and funds could not leave.[52]

On April 14, 2007, a car bomb exploded about 600 ft (180 m) from the shrine to Husayn, killing 47[53] and wounding over 150.

On January 19, 2008, 2 million Iraqi Shia pilgrims marched through Karbala city, Iraq to commemorate Ashura. 20,000 Iraqi troops and police guarded the event amid tensions due to clashes between Iraqi troops and Shia which left 263 people dead (in Basra and Nasiriya).[54]

الموقع

تقع المدينة على بعد 105 كم إلى الجنوب الغربي من العاصمة العراقية بغداد ، على حافة الصحراء في غربي الفرات وعلى الجهة اليسرى لجدول الحسينية . و تقع المدينة على خط طول 44 درجة و40 دقيقة وعلى خط عرض 33 درجة و31 دقيقة ، ويحدها من الشمال محافظة الانبار ومن الجنوب محافظة النجف ومن الشرق محافظة الحلة وقسم من محافظة بغداد ومن الغرب بادية الشام واراضي المملكة العربية السعودية كربلاء…هي بالاصل كرب ايل…اي قرية الاله في البابلية

مدارسها الدينية

  • المدرسة الحسينية
  • المدرسة الجعفرية
  • المدرسة الاحمدية
  • المدرسة الفيصلية
  • المدرسة الرضوية
  • مدرسة الامام الباقر
  • مدرسة المجاهد
  • مدرسة البادكوبة
  • مدرسة الحاج عبد الكريم
  • مدرسة البقعة
  • مدرسة السليمية
  • مدرسة الهندية الكبرى
  • مدرسة الهندية الصغرى
  • مدرسة ابن فهد الحلي
  • مدرسة المهدية
  • مدرسة البروجردي
  • مدرسة شريف العلماء المازندراني
  • مدرسة الخطيب
  • مدرسة الامام الصادق
  • مدرسة الحسينية
  • مدرسة السردار حسن خان


كومونز
هنالك المزيد من الملفات في ويكيميديا كومنز حول :

روابط خارجية

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