الامبراطور شون‌ژي

"Fulin" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة the Roman and Byzantine empires in contemporary Chinese sources، انظر Daqin.
Shunzhi Emperor
清 佚名 《清世祖顺治皇帝朝服像》.jpg
2nd Emperor of the Qing Dynasty
العهد8 October 1643 – 5 February 1661
سبقهHong Taiji
تبعهKangxi Emperor
RegentsDorgon (1643–1650)
Jirgalang (1643–1647)
وُلِدAisin Gioro Fulin
(愛新覺羅·福臨)
(1638-03-15)15 مارس 1638
(崇德三年 正月 三十日)
Yongfu Palace, Mukden Palace
توفي5 فبراير 1661(1661-02-05) (aged 22)
(順治十八年 正月 七日)
Hall of Mental Cultivation
الدفن
Xiao Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombs
الزوجConsort Jing (ز. 1651; dep. 1653)
Empress Xiaohuizhang (ز. 1654–61)
Empress Xiaoxian (ز. 1656; و. 1660)
Empress Xiaokangzhang (ز. 1653–61)
الأنجالFuquan, Prince Yuxian of the First Rank
Princess Gongque of the Second Rank
Kangxi Emperor
Changning, Prince Gong of the First Rank
Longxi, Prince Chunjing of the First Rank
الاسم الكامل
Aisin Gioro Fulin
(愛新覺羅 福臨)
Manchu: Fulin (ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ)
العهد والتواريخ
Shunzhi
(順治; 8 February 1644 – 17 February 1662)
Manchu: Ijishūn dasan (ᡳᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨ ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ)
Mongolian: Эеэр засагч (ᠡᠶᠡᠪᠡᠷᠭᠦᠦ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠴᠢ)
الاسم بعد الممات
Emperor Titian Longyun Dingtong Jianji Yingrui Qinwen Xianwu Dahe Honggong Zhiren Chunxiao Zhang
(體天隆運定統建極英睿欽文顯武大德弘功至仁純孝章皇帝)
Manchu: Eldembuhe hūwangdi (ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠮᠪᡠᡥᡝ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ)
اسم المعبد
Shizu (世祖)
Manchu: Šidzu (ᡧᡳᡯᡠ)
البيتAisin Gioro
الأبHong Taiji
الأمEmpress Xiaozhuangwen
هذه المقالة تحتوي نص مانچو. بدون دعم عرض مناسب، فقد ترى علامات استفهام، مربعات، أو رموز أخرى بدلاً من حروف المانچو.
الامبراطور شون‌ژي
الصينية التقليدية順治帝
الصينية المبسطة顺治帝
المعنى الحرفيSmoothly-Ruling Emperor

شون‌ژي الامبراطور (15 مارس 1638 – 5 فبراير 1661) كان ثالث أباطرة أسرة تشينگ وأول امبراطور تشينگ يحكم الصين، من 1644 حتى 1661. A committee of Manchu princes chose him to succeed his father, Hong Taiji (1592–1643), in September 1643, when he was five years old. The princes also appointed two co-regents: Dorgon (1612–1650), the 14th son of the Qing dynasty's founder Nurhaci (1559–1626), and Jirgalang (1599–1655), one of Nurhaci's nephews, both of whom were members of the Qing imperial clan.

From 1643 to 1650, political power lay mostly in the hands of Dorgon. Under his leadership, the Qing Empire conquered most of the territory of the fallen Ming dynasty (1368–1644), chased Ming loyalist regimes deep into the southwestern provinces, and established the basis of Qing rule over China despite highly unpopular policies such as the "hair cutting command" of 1645, which forced Qing subjects to shave their forehead and braid their remaining hair into a queue resembling that of the Manchus. After Dorgon's death on the last day of 1650, the young Shunzhi Emperor started to rule personally. He tried, with mixed success, to fight corruption and to reduce the political influence of the Manchu nobility. In the 1650s, he faced a resurgence of Ming loyalist resistance, but by 1661 his armies had defeated the Qing Empire's last enemies, seafarer Koxinga (1624–1662) and the Prince of Gui (1623–1662) of the Southern Ming dynasty, both of whom would succumb the following year. The Shunzhi Emperor died at the age of 22 of smallpox, a highly contagious disease that was endemic in China, but against which the Manchus had no immunity. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who had already survived smallpox, and who reigned for sixty years under the era name "Kangxi" (hence he was known as the Kangxi Emperor). Because fewer documents have survived from the Shunzhi era than from later eras of the Qing dynasty, the Shunzhi era is a relatively little-known period of Qing history.

"Shunzhi" was the name of this ruler's reign period in Chinese. This title had equivalents in Manchu and Mongolian because the Qing imperial family was Manchu and ruled over many Mongol tribes that helped the Qing to conquer China. The emperor's personal name was Fulin, and the posthumous name by which he was worshipped at the Imperial Ancestral Temple was Shizu (Wade–Giles: Shih-tsu; Chinese: 世祖).

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الخلفية التاريخية

Black-and-white print of a severe-looking man with long rising eyebrows and a mustache, wearing skin shoes, a round-edged fur cap, and clothing with several folds held together by a sash and surmounted by a fur collar. He is holding a bow in his right hand. Three Chinese characters that read "Nüzhen tu" ("image of a Jurchen") appear on the upper right corner.
Depiction of a Jurchen man on a Ming woodblock print dated 1609. The original caption explained that the Jurchens lived near the Changbai Mountains and wore "deerskin shoes and fish-scale clothing."[1]


يصبح امبراطوراً

Full-face painted portrait of a corpulent man with a thin mustachio wearing a red hat and a multilayered yellow robe with dragon decorations, and sitting on a throne mounted on a low podium.
Hong Taiji, whose five-year-old son, Fulin, became the Shunzhi Emperor in 1643


وصاية دورگون (1643-1650)

Three-quarter painted portrait of a thickly bearded man wearing a red hat adorned with a peacock feather and dressed with a dark long robe with dragon patterns. Clockwise from bottom left to bottom right, he is surrounded by a sheathed sword mounted on a wooden display, Manchu writing on the wall, a three-clawed dragon and a five-clawed dragon (also printed on the wall), and a wooden desk with an incense burner and a book on it.
Prince Regent Dorgon in imperial regalia. He reigned as a quasi emperor from 1643 to his death in 1650, a period during which the Qing conquered almost all of China.


شبه امبراطور

الاستقرار في العاصمة

Color photograph of a three-level stone structure with railings on each level, viewed from the outside, facing a staircase that leads to the top level.
The circular mound of the Altar of Heaven, where the Shunzhi Emperor conducted sacrifices on 30 October 1644, ten days before being officially proclaimed Emperor of China. The ceremony marked the moment when the Qing dynasty seized the تفويض السماء.


A black-and-white picture of a stone-paved alley going from bottom right to top left leading to a three-roofed gate and bordered on the right by a line up of small roofed cubicles open on one side.
Examination cells in Beijing. In order to enhance their legitimacy among the Chinese elite, the Qing reestablished the imperial civil service examinations almost as soon as they seized Beijing in 1644.


فتح الصين

المقالة الرئيسية: Qing conquest of the Ming
انظر أيضاً: مينگ الجنوبية
A black-and-white print of an outdoor scene depicting a broken city wall and two destroyed houses, with several corpses lying on the ground (some beheaded), and two men with swords killing unarmed men.
A late-Qing woodblock print representing the Yangzhou massacre of May 1645. Dorgon's brother Dodo ordered this massacre to scare other southern Chinese cities into submission. By the late nineteenth century the massacre was used by anti-Qing revolutionaries to arouse anti-Manchu sentiment among the Han Chinese population.[2]


A black-and-white photograph from three-quarter back view of a man wearing a round cap and a long braided queue that reaches to the back of his right knee. His left foot is posed on the first step of a four-step wooden staircase. Bending forward to touch a cylindrical container from which smoke is rising, he is resting his left elbow on his folded left knee.
A man in San Francisco's Chinatown around 1900. The Chinese habit of wearing a queue came from Dorgon's July 1645 edict ordering all men to shave their forehead and tie their hair into a queue similar to those of the Manchus.


Black-and-white print of a man with small eyes and a thin mustache wearing a robe, a fur hat, and a necklace made with round beads, sitting cross-legged on a three-level platform covered with a rug. Behind him and much smaller are eight men (four on each side) sitting in the same position wearing robes and round caps, as well as four standing men with similar garb (on the left).
Johan Nieuhof's portrait of Shang Kexi, who recaptured Guangzhou from Ming loyalist forces in 1650. He was one of the Han Chinese generals the Qing relied on to conquer and administer southern China. Entrenched in the south, he eventually took part in the anti-Qing rebellion of the Three Feudatories in 1673.


الانتقال والحكم الشخصي (1651–1661)

التطهير من عصابة دورگون

A painted image of the head and chest of a black-haired man with droopy eyes wearing a white-edged two-tiered red cap and a bright yellow garment whose lapels are decorated with five-clawed yellow dragons against a blue background with clouds and vegetation.
پورتريه شون‌ژي الامبراطور، بالغاً


السياسة الطائفية ومكافحة الفساد

Painting of a bearded man dressed in dark robes (on the left), with two much smaller young men, one wearing his hair in a top-knot and carrying something rolled in red piece of cloth. The background is a winter scene.
Court dress was a controversial topic during the Shunzhi era. High official Chen Mingxia was denounced in 1654 because he advocated returning to Ming-dynasty court dress, an example of which is shown in this 17th-century portrait of Ni Yuanlu.



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التخوم ودافعو الجزية والعلاقات الخارجية

A black-and-white print depicting three standing men wearing turbans, a long robe with a sash, and shoes with rising pointed tips, against an architectural background of buildings with roofs that point upwards. The man on the left, slightly in the background, is carrying a long folded umbrella on his left shoulder. The one in the center, who faces the viewer, is resting on a cane. The man on the right, seen in profile view, faces the center man.
"سفارة المغل" (emissaries من أحد أمراء المغل الذي كان يحكم طرفان في آسيا الوسطى) as portrayed in 1656 by Dutch visitors to the بكين شون‌ژي الامبراطور.[3]


Color photograph of a white, bell-shaped building composed (من أسفل إلى أعلى) of a square base, three round disks of increasingly smaller diameter, a cut reverse cone, and a thinner tapering column with horizontal flutings crowned by the golden statue of a sitting figure. It appears to emerge from a forested area, against the background of a slightly cloudy blue sky.
The bell-shaped White Dagoba, which can still be seen في Beihai Park في بكين، was commissioned by شون‌ژي الامبراطور لتكريم البوذية التبتية.


الحملات المتواصلة ضد مينگ الجنوبية

A map of southern China showing provincial boundaries in black, with a blue line running between several cities marked with a red dot.
The flight of the Yongli Emperor—the last sovereign of the مينگ الجنوبية dynasty—from 1647 to 1661. The provincial and national boundaries are those of the جمهورية الصين الشعبية.



الشخصية والعلاقات

Color print of a man with a long white beard wearing a double-edged round cap and dressed in a long robe, who is pointing a compass to a celestial globe that is sitting on a table on the left.
يوهان أدم شال فون بل، المبشر اليسوعي الذي كان شون‌ژي الامبراطور يناديه تودداً مافا ("جدّي" بلغة المانچو).



الوفاة والخلافة

Grainy photograph of twelve slightly elongated round lumps clustered together.
Electron micrograph of the smallpox virus, against which the Manchus had no immunity. The Shunzhi Emperor died of it, and his young successor, Xuanye, was chosen because he had already survived it.

الجدري

وصية مزورة

Full-face painted portrait of a severe-looking sitting man wearing a black-and-red round cap adorned with a peacock feather and dressed in dark blue robes decorated with four-clawed golden dragons.
پورتريه رسمي من البلاط لـ أوبوي، الذي في 5 فبراير 1661 سُمي وصياً رئيسياً على كانگ‌شي الامبراطور الذي اعتلى العرش مؤخراً في سن السابعة.


ذكراه

انظر أيضاً: الأوصياء الأربع على كانگ‌شي الامبراطور and كانگ‌شي الامبراطور
A painting in which a yellowish river flows diagonally from the bottom left to the top right, with one road on each side. On the side of both roads are gray-roofed houses. Those on the other side of the river have counters that open directly on the river. There are dozens of people dressed mostly in blue on both roads and crossing a bridge in the foreground. Several barges with canopies are on the water.
"الجولات الجنوبية" الثلاثة لـ كانگ‌شي الامبراطور في منطقة جيانگ‌نان —1684، 1689 (المصوّرة هنا)، والتي أكدت على الهيبة والثقة في أسرة تشينگ الموحـَّدة جديداً بعد سنوات من انتصارها على المتناحرين الثلاث.[4]

In fiction and popular culture

انظر أيضاً


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الهامش

  1. ^ Wakeman 1985.
  2. ^ Zarrow 2004a, passim.
  3. ^ في 1951 Italian scholar Luciano Petech was the first to hypothesize that these emissaries came من طرفان، وليس من هند المغل (Petech 1951, cited in Lach & van Kley 1994, plate 315). Kim 2008, p. 109 discusses this Turfan embassy in some detail.
  4. ^ Chang 2007, p. 86.

أعمال مذكورة

الامبراطور شون‌ژي
وُلِد: 15 مارس 1638 توفي: 5 فبراير 1661
ألقاب ملكية
سبقه
Hong Taiji 		امبراطور أسرة تشينگ
1643–1661 		تبعه
كانگ‌شي الامبراطور
سبقه
چونگ‌ژن الامبراطور 		امبراطور الصين
1644–1661
الكلمات الدالة:
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