2020 في العلوم
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أهم أحداث 2020 في العلوم.
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الأحداث
يناير
6 يناير : Physicians issue recommendations for testosterone treatment in adult men with age-related Low T and includes treatment only if there is a notable improvement of sexual dysfunction.[1][2]
- 1 January – Researchers demonstrate an artificial intelligence (AI) system, based on a Google DeepMind algorithm, that is capable of surpassing human experts in breast cancer detection.[3][4]
- 3 January
- Astronomers report evidence that suggests that the planet Venus is currently volcanically active, and the residue from such activity may be a potential source of nutrients for possible microorganisms in the Venusian atmosphere, according to researchers..[5][6][7]
- Astrophysicist Ronald Mallet proposes a theoretical way of building a time machine, albeit with limitations, based on general relativity equations.[8]
- 6 January
- The American College of Physicians issues clinical guidelines for testosterone treatment in adult men with age-related low levels of testosterone. The guidelines are supported by the American Academy of Family Physicians. The guidelines include patient discussions regarding testosterone treatment for sexual dysfunction; a yearly patient evaluation regarding possible notable improvement and, if none, to discontinue testosterone treatment; physicians should consider intramuscular treatments, rather than transdermal treatments, due to costs and since the effectiveness and harm of either method is similar; and, testosterone treatment for reasons other than possible improvement of sexual dysfunction may not be recommended.[1][2]
- NASA reports the discovery of TOI 700 d, the first Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). The exoplanet orbits the star TOI 700 101.4 light-years away in the Dorado constellation.[9]
- Astronomers report that a repeating Fast Radio Burst (FRB) (namely, FRB 180916), the second such FRB precisely located, originated from a medium-sized spiral galaxy 500 million light-years away.[10][11][12]
- The Chinese paddlefish is officially declared extinct.[13][14]
- A rare circumbinary planet, called TOI 1338 b, is discovered by Wolf Cukier, a 17-year-old intern at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.[15]
6 January: Astronomers report the detection of TOI 700 d, the first Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).[9] (artist concept)
- 7 January
- Astronomers at Harvard describe the "Radcliffe Wave", a huge ribbon of gas extending 9,000 light years in length and flowing 500 light years above and below the galactic plane, with approximately three million solar masses.[16]
- The National Science Foundation (NSF) renames the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) to the Vera C. Rubin Observatory (VRO) in honor of astronomer Vera Rubin who is notable for her pioneering work with galaxy rotation rates which provided evidence for the existence of dark matter.[17][18]
- 8 January
- The American Cancer Society reports a 2.2% drop in the cancer death rate between 2016 and 2017, the largest single-year decline in mortality for this disease ever recorded in the United States.[19][20]
- Scientists publish evidence from Siberian caves suggesting that summer sea ice in the Arctic Ocean plays an essential role in stabilising permafrost and its large store of carbon.[21]
- 10 January – Scientists report the discovery of the oldest known occurrence of an animal digestive tract, found in fossils, unearthed near Pahrump, Nevada, of Cloudinidae, an extinct wormlike organism that lived during the late Ediacaran period about 550 million years ago.[22][23]
- 13 January
- A study in the journal Advances in Atmospheric Sciences finds that ocean temperatures were at a record high in 2019 and underwent the largest single-year increase of the entire decade.[24][25][26]
- Astronomers report that the oldest material on Earth found so far are Murchison meteorite particles that have been determined to be 7 billion years old, billions of years older than the 4.54 billion years age of the Earth itself.[27][28]
- 15 January – Astronomers report, for the first time, the origin of phosphorus, an essential element of life as we know it. Phosphorus was found to be initially formed in star-forming regions, and carried by comets, in the form of phosphorus monoxide, throughout outer space, including the early Earth.[29][30]
- 30 يناير - عُثر في سولنهوفن بألمانيا على سن متحجر للتيروصور. العينة عبارة عن رأس لإحدى الرأسقدميات الغمدية بطول 11 بوصة، أسلاف الحبار المعاصر. العينة بحالة حفاظ جيدة حيث كيس الحبر والزعانف مرئية تماماً، كذلك الحال بالنسبة للأسنان ذات المظهر الحاد للغاية والعالقة أسفل رأسها مباشرة. وحسب أحد خبراء زواحف ما قبل التاريخ، فإن هذه العينة، هي أول دليل علمي يثبت أن الديناصورات فيما قبل التاريخ، كانت تأكل الحبارات أو على الأقل حاولت تجربة ذلك.[31]
مايو
- اكتشاف HR 6819، أول ثقب أسود قريب من الأرض ضمن منظومة النجوم يمكن رؤيته بالعين المجردة. أفادت دراسة نُشرت في مايو 2020 الجرم يحتوي على ثقب أسود، مما يجعله أقرب ثقب أسود معروف، وأول ثقب أسود يقع في منظومة نجمية يمكن رؤيته بالعين المجردة. بسبب موقعه في السماء، يمكن رؤيته فقد جنوب خط العرض 33°N.
سبتمبر
- 14 سبتمبر أعلن علماء فلك عن عثورهم على علامة محتملة على وجود حياة في الغلاف الجوي لكوكب الزهرة، في إشارة إلى احتمال وجود ميكروبات غريبة تعيش في السحب المحملة بحمض الكبريتيك على الكوكب.[32]
أكتوبر
في 20 أكتوبر 2020، تمكن فريق علماء ألمان، من جامعة گوت في فرانكفورت، ومعهد ماكس پلانك في برلين، من تسجيل أقصر فاصل زمني على الإطلاق، وهو ما ساعدهم على أن يقيسوا المدة التي يستغرقها الضوء حتى يعبر جزيئاً واحداً فقط من الهيدروجين. استغرق هذا هذا الفاصل القصير للغاية، 247 زپتو/ثانية، الزپتو/ثانية يعادل 1/ترليون مليار من الثانية. ويرى خبراء أن هذا الاكتشاف يتوّج جهوداً عالمية حثيثة من أجل قياس فواصل زمنية متناهية القصر في الفيزياء، ولم يجر تسجيلها من قبل.[33]
أحداث متوقعة أو مجدولة
- July 25: ESA's ExoMars rover will be launched to Mars.[34]
- July: The UAE will launch a probe, The Hope, to Mars.[35]
- July to August: Planned launch of NASA's Mars 2020 mission to study the habitability of Mars and prepare for future human missions.[36]
تاريخ غير معروف
- Several new rockets have planned maiden flights in 2020 in a race to lower launch costs: Ariane 6,[37] H3[38] and first orbital flights of SpaceX Starship.[39]
- Shenzhen East Waste-to-Energy Plant is planned to become operational, the largest waste to energy (WET) power plant in the world.[40]
- Japan will host a World Robot Summit in August and October.[41][42]
- Waymo, the first self-driving cars in ride-hailing services are announced for 2020 [43]
- The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope is expected to achieve first light in 2020.[44]
- KAGRA plans to join LIGO and Virgo in the search for more gravitational wave events.[45]
جوائز
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وفيات
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ أ ب Qaseem, Amir; et al. (6 January 2020). "Testosterone Treatment in Adult Men With Age-Related Low Testosterone: A Clinical Guideline From the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. doi:10.7326/M19-0882. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ^ أ ب Parry, Nicola M. (7 January 2020). "New Guideline for Testosterone Treatment in Men With 'Low T'". Medscape.com. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ^ "DeepMind's new AI can spot breast cancer just as well as your doctor". Wired. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ^ "International evaluation of an AI system for breast cancer screening". Nature. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ^ Hall, Sannon (9 January 2020). "Volcanoes on Venus Might Still Be Smoking - Planetary science experiments on Earth suggest that the sun's second planet might have ongoing volcanic activity". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ Filiberto, Justin (3 January 2020). "Present-day volcanism on Venus as evidenced from weathering rates of olivine". Science. 6 (1). doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax7445. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ Limaye, Sanjay S. (12 September 2018). "Venus' Spectral Signatures and the Potential for Life in the Clouds". Astrobiology. 18 (9). doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1783. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ Houser, Kristin (3 January 2020). "Astrophysicist Says He Knows How to Build a Time Machine - But his peers are far from convinced that it'll work". Futurism.om. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
- ^ أ ب Andreolo, Claire; Cofield, Calla; Kazmierczak, Jeanette (6 January 2020). "NASA Planet Hunter Finds Earth-Size Habitable-Zone World". NASA. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
- ^ Mann, Adam (8 January 2020). "Origin of Deep-Space Radio Flash Discovered, and It's Unlike Anything Astronomers Have Ever Seen - Things are only getting more confusing". Space.com. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
- ^ West Virginia University (6 January 2020). "In a nearby galaxy, a fast radio burst unravels more questions than answers". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
- ^ Balles, Matthew (6 January 2020). "Not all fast radio bursts are created equal - Astronomical signals called fast radio bursts remain enigmatic, but a key discovery has now been made. A second repeating fast radio burst has been traced to its host galaxy, and its home bears little resemblance to that of the first". Nature. 577: 176–177. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03894-6. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
- ^ "Up to 23 feet long, the Chinese paddlefish was the giant of the Yangtze. And we killed it". CNN. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ^ "The long goodbye: Study declares ancient Chinese paddlefish extinct". Mongabay. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ^ "New York teen discovers new planet while interning with NASA". ABC News. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ "An Interstellar Ribbon of Clouds in the Sun's Backyard". Harvard. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
- ^ Overbye, Dennis (11 January 2020). "Vera Rubin Gets a Telescope of Her Own - The astronomer missed her Nobel Prize. But she now has a whole new observatory to her name". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ "NSF-supported observatory renamed for astronomer Vera C. Rubin". www.nsf.gov (in English). Retrieved 2020-01-07.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Cancer Mortality Continues Steady Decline, Driven by Progress against Lung Cancer". American Cancer Society. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
- ^ "Cancer statistics, 2020". ACS Journals. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
- ^ "Sea-ice-free Arctic makes permafrost vulnerable to thawing". Science Daily. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ Joel, Lucas (10 January 2020). "Fossil Reveals Earth's Oldest Known Animal Guts - The find in a Nevada desert revealed an intestine inside a creature that looks like a worm made of a stack of ice cream cones". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ Schiffbauer, James D.; et al. (10 January 2020). "Discovery of bilaterian-type through-guts in cloudinomorphs from the terminal Ediacaran Period". Nature Communications. 11 (205). doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13882-z. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ "Record-Setting Ocean Warmth Continued in 2019". Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ "Ocean temperatures hit record high as rate of heating accelerates". The Guardian. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ "Record-setting ocean warmth continued in 2019". EurekAlert!. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ Weisberger, Mindy (13 January 2020). "7 Billion-Year-Old Stardust Is Oldest Material Found on Earth - Some of these ancient grains are billions of years older than our sun". Live Science. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ Heck, Philipp R.; et al. (13 January 2020). "Lifetimes of interstellar dust from cosmic ray exposure ages of presolar silicon carbide". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. doi:10.1073/pnas.1904573117. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ -ESO (15 January 2020). "Astronomers reveal interstellar thread of one of life's building blocks". Phys.org. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
- ^ Rivilla, V. M.; et al. (2019). "ALMA and ROSINA detections of phosphorus-bearing molecules: the interstellar thread between star-forming regions and comets - [to be published in; "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society"]" (PDF). arXiv. arXiv:1911.11647v1. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
- ^ "Fossilized Tooth Captures a Pterosaur's Failed Squid Meal". نيويورك تايمز. 2020-01-30. Retrieved 2020-01-31.
- ^ "Astronomers see possible hints of life in Venus's clouds". أسوشيتد رس. 2020-09-14. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
- ^ "بعد زويل.. علماء يسجلون أقصر فاصل زمني على الإطلاق". سكاي نيوز. 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ^ "Yorkshire salt mine could help shed light on Martian life". phys.org.
- ^ "emiratesmarsmission".
- ^ "Overview - 2020 Mission Plans". Mars.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (13 August 2016). "Ariane 6 rocket holding to schedule for 2020 maiden flight". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ Tomii, Tetsuo (June 28, 2016). "ＪＡＸＡ、新型ロケット「Ｈ３」の基本設計−打ち上げコスト半減の５０億円". Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-03-18.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Henry, Caleb (12 March 2018). "SpaceX's Shotwell: BFR will probably be orbital in 2020, but you should start seeing hops in 2019. (Grasshopper reference?)". Retrieved 18 March 2018.
- ^ "New plant will see that Shenzhen's refuse doesn't go to waste". newatlas.com.
- ^ "Japan announces 'Robot Olympics' to coincide with 2020 Tokyo summer games". inews.co.uk.
- ^ "World Robot Summit". Retrieved 2020-01-02.
- ^ Gannes, Liz (May 13, 2014). "Here's What It's Like to Go for a Ride in Google's Robot Car". Vox.
- ^ "LSST Project Schedule". Retrieved 30 November 2018.
- ^ "Our Sister Facilities". LIGO Caltech. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
وصلات خارجية
Media related to 2020 in science at Wikimedia Commons
