أو ثانت

(تم التحويل من U Thant)
في هذا الاسم البورمي, U لقب فخري.
أو

ثانت
Thant
သန့်
ثالث أمين عام للأمم المتحدة
في المنصب
30 نوفمبر, 1961 – 1 يناير, 1972
سبقهداگ هامرشـولد
خلـَفهكورت ڤالدهايم
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد(1909-01-22)يناير 22, 1909
پانتاناو، بورما البريطانية، الراج البريطاني
توفينوفمبر 25, 1974(1974-11-25) (aged 65)
مدينة نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة
المثوىKandawmin Garden Mausolea, يانگون، ميانمار
القوميةبورمي
الحزبAFPFL (1947–1958)
الزوج
Daw Thein Tin
​
(m. 1932)​
القرابةThant Myint-U (حفيد)
الأنجال3
المدرسة الأمجامعة رانگون
التوقيع
هذه المقالة تحتوي الكتابة البورمية. بدون دعم إظهار مناسب، فقد تشاهد علامات استفهام أو مربعات أو رموز أخرى بدلاً من الكتابة البورمية.

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يو ثانت (بالبورمية: ဦးသန့်; MLCTS: u:san.; تـُنطـق [ú θa̰N]؛ 22 يناير 1909 – 25 نوفمبر 1974) هو دبلوماسي من بورما وهو ثالث أمين عام للأمم المتحدة, من 1961-1971.

A native of Pantanaw, Thant was educated at the National High School and at Rangoon University. In the days of tense political climate in Burma, he held moderate views positioning himself between fervent nationalists and British loyalists. He was a close friend of Burma's first Prime Minister U Nu and served in various positions in Nu's cabinet from 1948 to 1961. Thant had a calm and unassuming demeanour that won his colleagues' respect.[1]

He succeeded James Barrington as Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations. He was appointed Secretary-General in 1961, six weeks after his predecessor, Dag Hammarskjöld, had died in an air crash. In his first term, Thant facilitated negotiations between U.S. president John F. Kennedy and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, helping to avert a global catastrophe. Later, in December that year, Thant ordered Operation Grandslam, which ended a secessionist insurgency in Congo. He was reappointed as Secretary-General on 2 December 1966, by a unanimous vote of the Security Council. During his second term Thant was well known for publicly criticizing U.S. conduct in the Vietnam War. He oversaw the entry of several newly independent African and Asian states into the UN. He refused to serve a third term, and retired in 1971.

توفي ثانت بـسرطان الرئة في 1974.

بدايته

النشأة

وُلِد يو ثانت في بنتاناو ببورما البريطانية في 22 يناير 1909 وتلقى تعليمه في المدرسة الوطنية العليا في بنتاناو وفي جامعة رانگون.

في مجال التعليم

وقبل أن يعمل يوثانت في السلك الدبلوماسي، مارس العمل في مجالي التعليم والإعلام. وعَمِل كمدرس أول في المدرسة الوطنية العليا التي انتظم بها تلميذا في بنتاناو، وفي عام 1931 أصبح ناظرا لها بعد أن حصل على المركز الأول في امتحان شغل المناصب التعليمية في المدارس الثانوية الإنكليزية والوطنية. وكان عضوا في لجنة الكتب المدرسية في بورما ومجلس التعليم الوطني قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية، كما كان عضوا في اللجنة التنفيذية لرابطة نظار المدارس. وعمل أيضا صحفيا غير متفرغ. وفي عام 1942، عمل يوثانت بضعة أشهر كأمين للجنة إعادة تنظيم التعليم في بورما. وفي السنة التالية، عاد إلى المدرسة الوطنية العليا كناظر لها لمدة أربع سنوات أخرى.

في مجال الإعلام

وعُين يوثانت مديرا صحفيا لحكومة بورما في عام 1947. وفي عام 1948، أصبح مدير الإذاعة، وفي السنة التالية عُين وكيلا لوزارة الإعلام في حكومة بورما. وفي عام 1953، أصبح أوثانت أمينا للمشاريع في مكتب رئيس الوزراء. وفي عام 1955، عُهدت إليه مهام أخرى بوصفه الأمين التنفيذي للمجلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي لبورما.

الحياة المهنية

عمل أولاً قائمًا بأعمال الأمين العام، حيث شغل منصب الأمين العام السابق له داج هامرشـولد الذي مات قبل أن يكمل فترة عمله. وُلد ثانْت في بانتاناو في بورما ، ودرس في جامعة رانجون. وقد عمل مدرسًا وصحفيًا بين عامي 1928 و 1947 م، وعُرف بمقاومته الشديدة للاستعمار. وأصبح ثانت مديرًا للإعلام في بورما عام 1947 م، ثم أصبح مديرًا للإذاعة عام 1948 م، وفي عام 1957 م، أصبح رئيسًا لوفد بورما إلى الأمم المتحدة. [2]

عمله بالأمم المتحدة

ممثلا لبورما

كان يشغل منصب الممثل الدائم لبورما لدى الأمم المتحدة، برتبة سفير من 1957 وحتى 1961. رأس وفود بورما إلى دورات الجمعية العامة خلال تلك الفترة. وفي عام 1959، خدم بوصفه أحد نواب رئيس الجمعية العامة في دورتها الرابعة عشرة. وفي عام 1961، كان يوثانت رئيس لجنة الأمم المتحدة للمصالحة في الكونغو ورئيس اللجنة المعنية بصندوق الأمم المتحدة للمشاريع الإنتاجية.

وأثناء توليه مناصب دبلوماسية، خدم يوثانت في عدة مناسبات كمستشار لرئيس وزراء بورما.

المدة الأولى كأمين عام للأمم المتحدة: أزمة الصواريخ الكوبية

At a critical moment—when the nuclear powers seemed set on a collision course—the Secretary-General's intervention led to the diversion of the Soviet ships headed for Cuba and interception by our Navy. This was the indispensable first step in the peaceful resolution of the Cuban crisis.

—Adlai Stevenson, Senate Foreign Relations Committee 88th Congress, 13 March 1963[3]

ثانت مع جون كندي أثناء زيارة كندي، عام 1961، لمقر الأمم المتحدة

بدأ يو ثانت عمله كأمين عام بالنيابة اعتبارا من 3 تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 1961، عندما عينته الجمعية العامة بالإجماع، بناء على توصية من مجلس الأمن، ليشغل المدة المتبقية من ولاية داگ همرشولد الأمين العام الراحل. ثم عينته الجمعية العامة بالإجماع أمينا عاما في 30 تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 1962 لفترة تنتهي في 3 تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 1966. وأعادت الجمعية العامة تعيين يوثانت لفترة ثانية كأمين عام للأمم المتحدة في 2 ديسمبر 1966، بناء على توصية بالإجماع من مجلس الأمن (القرار 229، عام 1966). واستمر في منصبه حتى 31 ديسمبر 1971.

رئيس وزراء سنغافورة Visits UN Headquarters on 21 October 1967: Seen here, من اليسار: Inche Rahim Ishak (عبد الرحيم إسحاق)، وزير الدولة للتعليم بسنغافورة؛ رئيس وزراء سنغافورة لي كوان يو؛ Secretary-General U Thant; S. Rajaratnam, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Singapore; and Ambassador Wong Lin Ken, Permanent Representative of Singapore to the United Nations.[4]

المدة الثانية كأمين عام للأمم المتحدة: حرب 67 وحرب ڤيتنام

After the Six-Day War, [Thant] allowed himself to become a convenient scapegoat for international inaction, accepting this unenviable role with as much Buddhist detachment as could be summoned.

—Walter Dorn, 2007[5]

Thant announced in 1966 that he would not stand for a second term,[6] but he accepted a draft when the Security Council assured him that he would not be a "glorified clerk."[7] On 2 December 1966, the General Assembly re-appointed Thant to a term ending on 31 December 1971, on the unanimous recommendation of the Security Council.[8] During his second term, he oversaw the entry into the UN of dozens of new Asian and African states, and was a firm opponent of apartheid in South Africa. He also established many of the UN's development and environmental agencies, funds and programmes, including the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN University, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), and the UN Environmental Programme. The Six-Day War between Arab countries and Israel, the Prague Spring and subsequent Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the Indo–Pakistani War of 1971 leading to the birth of Bangladesh all took place during his tenure as secretary-general.[9]

Thant meeting with U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson in the Cabinet Room of the White House في 21 فبراير 1968

He was criticized in the US and Israel for agreeing to pull UNEF troops out of the Sinai in 1967 in response to a request from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser.[10] The Permanent Representative of Egypt had informed Thant that the Egyptian government had decided to terminate UNEF's presence in the Sinai and the Gaza Strip, and requested steps that would withdraw the force as soon as possible, which Thant was obligated to accept[citation needed]. The UN afterwards stated, "Because Israel refused to accept UNEF on its territory, the Force had to be deployed only on the Egyptian side of the border, and thus its functioning was entirely contingent upon the consent of Egypt as the host country. Once that consent was withdrawn, its operation could no longer be maintained."[11] Thant, by flying to Cairo in a last-minute peace effort, tried to persuade Nasser not to go to war with Israel.[citation needed]

In Israel, his abrupt unilateral withdrawal of UNEF without any diplomatic process or wider consultation was regarded as a violation of United Nations assurances and commitments given to Israel in 1957, on the basis of which Israel had withdrawn from Sinai and Gaza at that time,[12] and it "thereafter inspired Israel's refusal to place her vital interests again in United Nations hands".[13]

Thant's once good relationship with the US government deteriorated rapidly when he publicly criticized American conduct of the Vietnam War.[14] His secret attempts at direct peace talks between Washington and Hanoi were eventually rejected by the Johnson administration.[citation needed]

In 1971, the participation of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations, which was a long-standing problem, was realized. Thant sent a message to the Chinese government asking China to send a delegation.[15]

التقاعد

تقاعد يو ثانت في نهاية فترة ولايته الثانية في عام 1971.

On 23 January 1971, Thant announced that he would "under no circumstances" be available for a third term as secretary-general. The 1971 United Nations Secretary-General selection was delayed by the anticipated arrival of the People's Republic of China, and the Security Council did not begin voting until two weeks before the end of Thant's term. After every candidate was vetoed in the second round, Kurt Waldheim accidentally won in the third round when the United States, United Kingdom, and China failed to coordinate their vetoes and all abstained.[16]

Unlike his two predecessors, Thant retired after ten years on speaking terms with all the big powers. In 1961, when he was first appointed, the Soviet Union tried to insist on a troika formula of three secretaries-general, one representing each Cold War bloc, to maintain equality in the United Nations between the superpowers. By 1966, when Thant was reappointed, all the big powers, in a unanimous vote of the Security Council, affirmed the importance of the secretary-generalship and his good offices, a clear tribute to Thant's work.[9]

In his farewell address to the United Nations General Assembly, Secretary-General Thant stated that he felt a "great sense of relief bordering on liberation" on relinquishing the "burdens of office".[17][18] In an editorial published around 27 December 1971, praising Thant, The New York Times stated that "the wise counsel of this dedicated man of peace will still be needed after his retirement". The editorial was titled "The Liberation of U Thant".[19]

After his retirement, Thant was appointed a senior fellow of the Adlai Stevenson Institute of International Affairs. He spent the last years of his life writing and advocating the development of a true global community and other general themes he had tried to promote while he was secretary-general.[9] While serving as secretary-general, Thant lived in Riverdale, Bronx, on a 4.75-acre (1.92 ha) estate near 232nd Street, between Palisade and Douglas Avenues.[20]

الوفاة والذكرى

انظر أيضاً: أزمة جنازة أو ثانت
U Thant has put the world deeply in his debt.

—John F. Kennedy, October 1962[21]

Thant died of lung cancer at the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital in New York on 25 November 1974.[17] By then, Burma was ruled by a military junta, which refused him any honours. Burmese president Ne Win was supposedly envious of Thant's international stature and the respect that was accorded him by the Burmese populace.

However, Thant's grandson, Thant Myint-U, wrote in the book The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma that intense animosity between Thant and Ne Win went back only to 1969, when Ne Win believed Thant was conniving with Nu after Nu denounced Ne Win at a press corps meeting at the UN headquarters. Ne Win told his men to consider Thant as an enemy of the state, despite Thant denouncing Nu's action as inappropriate.[22]

Ne Win ordered for Thant to be buried without any official involvement or ceremony.

Thant's tomb, Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Rangoon

From the United Nations headquarters in New York where he was laid in state, Thant's body was flown back to Rangoon, but no guard of honour or high-ranking officials were at hand at the airport when the coffin arrived except for U Aung Tun, deputy minister of education, who was subsequently dismissed from office.[23] On the day of Thant's funeral on 5 December 1974, tens of thousands of people lined the streets of Rangoon to pay their last respects. Thant's coffin was displayed at Rangoon's Kyaikkasan Race Course for a few hours before the scheduled burial. The coffin of Thant was then snatched by a group of students just before it was scheduled to leave for burial in an ordinary Rangoon cemetery at Kyandaw. The student demonstrators buried Thant on the former grounds of the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU), which Ne Win had dynamited and destroyed on 8 July 1962.[24]

During the period of 5–11 December, the student demonstrators also built a temporary mausoleum for Thant on the grounds of the RUSU and gave anti-government speeches. In early morning on 12 December 1974, government troops stormed the campus, killed some of the students guarding the makeshift mausoleum, removed Thant's coffin, and reburied it in Kandawmin Garden Mausolea near the Shwedagon Pagoda, where it has continued to lie.[25] Upon hearing of the storming of the Rangoon University campus and the forcible removal of Thant's coffin, many people rioted in the streets of Rangoon. Martial law was declared in Rangoon and the surrounding metropolitan areas. What has come to be known as the U Thant crisis, the student-led protests over the shabby treatment of Thant by the Ne Win government, was crushed by the Burmese government.[25]

In April 2012, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon paid his respects at U Thant's mausoleum during a visit to Yangon.[26]

الحياة الشخصية

Thant and his family, including brothers Khant, Thaung, and Tin Maung, his mother Nan Thaung, and his daughter Aye Aye Thant and her husband, Tin Myint-U, in 1964

Thant had three brothers: Khant, Thaung, and Tin Maung.[27] He was married to Daw Thein Tin. They had two sons and a daughter, but lost both sons; Maung Bo died in infancy, and Tin Maung Thant fell from a bus during a visit to Yangon. Tin Maung Thant's funeral procession, which was attended by dignitaries, was grander than that of the state funeral of Commodore Than Pe, a member of the 17-man Revolutionary Council and minister of health and education. Thant was survived by a daughter, an adopted son, five grandchildren, and five great-grandchildren (three girls and two boys). His only grandson, Thant Myint-U, is a historian and a former senior official in the UN's Department of Political Affairs and the author of The River of Lost Footsteps, in part a biography of Thant.[citation needed]

الجوائز والتكريم والتذكارات

Thant was generally reluctant to receive prizes and honors due to his own humility as well as publicity associated with them. He declined Burma's second highest honor awarded to him by U Nu's government in 1961. When he was informed that the 1965 Nobel Prize would instead go to UNICEF due to Chairman Gunnar Jahn's veto, Thant, according to Walter Dorn, "recorded his pleasure".[1] However, he did accept the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1965[28] and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1973.[29]

Thant received honorary degrees (LL.D) from Carleton University, Williams College, Princeton University, Mount Holyoke College, Harvard University, Dartmouth College, University of California at Berkeley, University of Denver, Swarthmore College, New York University, Moscow University, Queen's University, Colby College, Yale University, University of Windsor, Hamilton College, Fordham University, Manhattan College, University of Michigan, Delhi University, University of Leeds, Louvain University, University of Alberta, Boston University, Rutgers University, University of Dublin (Trinity College), Laval University, Columbia University, the University of the Philippines Diliman, and Syracuse University. He also received the Doctor of Divinity from The First Universal Church; Doctor of International Law from Florida International University; Doctor of Laws from University of Hartford; Doctor of Civil Laws degree, honoris causa from Colgate University; Doctor of Humane Letters from Duke University.[30]

In his memory, Sri Chinmoy, the leader of the UN Meditation Group founded by Thant, established the U Thant Peace Award which acknowledges and honors individuals or organizations for distinguished accomplishments toward the attainment of world peace. The meditation team also named a tiny island in the East River opposite the headquarters of the United Nations U Thant Island.[31] The road Jalan U-Thant (U-Thant Road) and the township Taman U-Thant in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia are also named in his honor.[32]

In October 2013, the building of an U Thant library near his Pantanaw house halted for lack of funds.[33] In December 2013, under an effort spearheaded by his daughter Aye Aye Thant and his grandson Thant Myint-U, Thant's house in Yangon was being converted into a museum which would feature his photos, works and personal belongings.[34]

تكريم

تلقى يو ثانت درجات فخرية (دكتوراه في الحقوق) من الجامعات التالية:

وحصل أيضا على الدرجات الفخرية التالية: دكتوراه في اللاهوت من ذا فيرست يونيفرسال تشيرش في 11 مايو 1970 ودكتوراه في القانون الدولي من الجامعة الدولية لفلوريدا الموجودة بميامي فلوريدا في 25 يناير 1971 ودكتوراه في القانون من جامعة هارتفورد بهارتفورد، كنتيكت في 23 مارس 1971 ودكتوراه في القانون المدني، بمرتبة الشرف، من جامعة كولغات الموجودة بهاميلتون نيويورك في 30 مايو 1971 ودكتوراه في الآداب الإنسانية من جامعة ديوك في درم، نورث كارولاينا في 7 يونيه 1971.

وفاته

U Thant's tomb, Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Yangon

توفي يو ثانت في 25 تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 1974 بعد مرض طويل. وكان يبلغ من العمر 65 عاما.

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب Dorn 2007, p. 147.
  2. ^ الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة
  3. ^ Dorn & Pauk 2009, p. 265.
  4. ^ "Prime Minister of Singapore Visits UN Headquarters". United Nations. 21 October 1967. Retrieved January 7, 2025.
  5. ^ Dorn 2007, p. 177.
  6. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة nytimes19660902
  7. ^ Middleton, Drew (20 September 1966). "Election of Thant with Wider Role in U.N. Due Today". The New York Times. p. 1.
  8. ^ Middleton, Drew (3 December 1966). "Thant, Renamed, Vows New Effort to End Asian War". The New York Times. p. 1.
  9. ^ أ ب ت Lewis 2012.
  10. ^ Rikhye, Indar Jit (1980). The Sinai Blunder: Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force leading to the Six-Day War of June 1967. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-3136-3.
  11. ^ "Middle East UNEF: Background". United Nations. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  12. ^ Abba Eban: An Autobiography by Abba Eban (Random House, 1977), pp. 321–322
  13. ^ Abba Eban: An Autobiography by Abba Eban (Random House, 1977), p. 323
  14. ^ Dennen, Leon (12 August 1968). U Thant Speaks No Evil on Czech Crisis Archived 16 أغسطس 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Daily News.
  15. ^ Szulc (28 October 1971). "Thant Asks China to Name Delegate to Council Soon". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  16. ^ FRUS 1969–1976 V, Document 247: Telegram From the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, 22 December 1971, 0356Z.
  17. ^ أ ب Whitman, Alden (26 November 1974). "U Thant Is Dead of Cancer at 65". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  18. ^ Popham, Peter (2011). The Lady and the Peacock: The Life of Aung San Suu Kyi. Rider Books. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-61519-064-5. Retrieved 6 April 2018. Already unwell, he told the General Assembly that he felt "a great sense of relief, bordering on liberation" at relinquishing "the burdens of office"...
  19. ^ "The Liberation of U Thant". The New York Times. 29 December 1971. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  20. ^ Dunlap, David W. "Bronx Residents Fighting Plans Of a Developer" Archived 4 فبراير 2009 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 16 November 1987. Accessed 4 May 2008. "A battle has broken out in the Bronx over the future of the peaceful acreage where U Thant lived when he headed the United Nations. A group of neighbours from Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil has demanded that the city acquire as a public park the 4.75-acre (19،200 m2) parcel known as the Douglas-U Thant estate, north of 232d Street, between Palisade and Douglas Avenues."
  21. ^ Dorn & Pauk 2009, p. 261.
  22. ^ Thant Myint-U (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 311.
  23. ^ Asian almanac, Volume 13. (1975). s.n. p. 6809.
  24. ^ Smith, Martin (6 December 2002). "General Ne Win". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  25. ^ أ ب Soe-win, Henry (17 June 2008). Peace Eludes U Thant Archived 18 مارس 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Asian Tribune.
  26. ^ "SG Travel". 29 April 2012.
  27. ^ Bingham, June (1966). U Thant: The Search For Peace. Victor Gollancz. p. 43.
  28. ^ "List of the recipients of the Jawaharlal Nehru Award". ICCR India. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  29. ^ "HR Prize – List of previous recipients". Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights. 2013. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  30. ^ "Former United Nations Secretary-General U Thant". 27 July 2016. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  31. ^ Schneider, Daniel B. (6 October 1996). "F.Y.I." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  32. ^ List of roads in Kuala Lumpur
  33. ^ Simon Roughneen (3 October 2013). "U Thant Library Project Stalling Due to Lack of Funds". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  34. ^ Kyaw Phyo Tha (23 December 2013). "At U Thant's Rangoon Home, an Exhibit to Inspire". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.

قراءات إضافية

  • June Bingham (1966). U Thant: The Search For Peace. Victor Gollancz.
  • Bernard J. Firestone (2001). The United Nations under U Thant, 1961-1971. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3700-5.
  • Ramses Nassif (1988). U Thant in New York, 1961-1971: A Portrait of the Third UN Secretary-General. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-02117-8.
  • U Thant (1978). View from the UN. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-11541-5.

وصلات خارجية

مناصب سياسية
سبقه
داگ همرشولد 		أمين عام الأمم المتحدة
1961 - 1972 		تبعه
كورت ڤالدهايم
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