1446
| القرون: | قرن 14 · قرن 15 · قرن 16 |
| العقود: | ع1410 ع1420 ع1430 ع1440 ع1450 ع1460 ع1470 |
| السنوات: | 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 14 – القرن 15 – القرن 16 |
| عقود: | عقد 1410 عقد 1420 عقد 1430 – عقد 1440 – عقد 1450 عقد 1460 عقد 1470 |
| سنين: | 1443 1444 1445 – 1446 – 1447 1448 1449 |
| 1446 حسب الموضوع |
|---|
| الفنون والعلوم |
| العمارة - الفن |
| السياسة |
| زعماء الدول - الدول ذات السيادة |
| تصنيفات المواليد والوفيات |
| المواليد - الوفيات |
| تصنيفات التأسيسات والانحلالات |
| التأسيسات - الانحلالات |
| الفن والأدب |
| 1446 في الشعر |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1446 MCDXLVI |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2199 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 895 ԹՎ ՊՂԵ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6196 |
| التقويم البهائي | −398 – −397 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 853 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2396 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 24 Hen. 6 – 25 Hen. 6 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1990 |
| التقويم البورمي | 808 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6954–6955 |
| التقويم الصيني | 乙丑年 (الخشب الثور) 4142 أو 4082 — إلى — 丙寅年 (النار النمر) 4143 أو 4083 |
| التقويم القبطي | 1162–1163 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2612 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1438–1439 |
| التقويم العبري | 5206–5207 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1502–1503 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1368–1369 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4547–4548 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11446 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 446–447 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 824–825 |
| التقويم الهجري | 849–850 |
| التقويم الياباني | Bunnan 3 (文安３年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1446 MCDXLVI |
| التقويم الكوري | 3779 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 466 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前466年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1989 |
Year 1446 (MCDXLVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
حسب التاريخ
يناير-يونيو
- March 6 – The Battle of Ragaz marks the last military conflict of the Old Zurich War between the Swiss Confederacy and the Habsburgs. 1,200 Confederates defeat the Austrian army, commanded by Hans von Rechberg and Wolfhard V. von Brandis, the Habsburg bailiff of Feldkirch. Among other things, the banners of the lords of Brandis are lost to the confederates and later transferred to the church in Sarnen. According to contemporary accounts, around 900 men from the Habsburg army and around 100 men from the Swiss army fell in the battle.[1]
- June 6 – John Hunyadi is proclaimed regent, bestowing the title "governor" upon him. His election was primarily promoted by the lesser nobility, but Hunyadi had by that time become one of the richest barons of the kingdom. His domains covered an area exceeding 800,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres).[2] Hunyadi was one of the few contemporaneous barons who spent a significant part of their revenues to finance the wars against the Ottomans, thus bearing a large share of the cost of fighting for many years.[3]
- June 12 – An armistice between Duchy of Austria and the Swiss Confederation comes into force.[4]
- 21 يونيو - Lidköping gets its charter, and thus qualifies as one of the now defunct مدن السويد.
يوليو-ديسمبر
- أغسطس – Christopher of Bavaria undertakes a fruitless military campaign against Gotland to end Eric of Pomerania's piracy.[5][6]
- August 24 – After many years of fruitless negotiations between Christopher of Bavaria and Eric of Pomerania, a Swedish war march to Gotland is launched in the early summer of 1446. King Christopher comes with a force to the island and on an open field in Västergarn with crossbowmen at gunpoint behind each monarch's back; regular peace negotiations take place.[7][8]
- September 27 – Battle of Otonetë: Skanderbeg defeats the Ottomans.[9][10]
- Before October – Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire is forced to abdicate, in favor of his father Murad II, by the Janissaries.[11]
- October 9 – The hangul alphabet is proclaimed in Korea, by King Sejong the Great. The Hunmin Jeongeum, published during the year, is considered the start of this brand new scientific writing system.[12]
- October – Murad II invades Attica, forcing Constantine XI to return Thebes to the duchy of Athens,[13] and remove the tribute imposed in 1444. Murad II imposes his own tribute.
- December 10 – After hesitating for several weeks, Sultan Murad II, of the Ottoman Empire, destroys the Hexamilion wall, in an assault that includes cannons. Murad and the Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, ravage the Peloponnese Peninsula at will, with the Sultan devastating the northern shore, while Glarentza and Turakhan raid in the interior. The Despotate of the Morea is turned into an Ottoman vassal state.[14]
مجهولة التاريخ
- The Precious Belt Bridge in China is fully reconstructed.[15]
- In Italy, the siege of Cremona, by the condottieri troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì.[16]
- The Blarney Stone is set into a tower of Blarney Castle in Blarney, County Cork in Ireland.[17]
- Yet another league is formed to counter the House of Sforza.
حسب المواضيع
رحلات الاستكشاف
- البحارة البرتغاليون بقيادة أنطونيو فرنانديس يكتشفون نهر گامبيا ويصلون ساحل ما هو اليوم غينيا-بيساو. وبالإضافة لجزر لوس، فقد بلغوا أقصى نقطة إلى الجنوب تبلغها تجريدة أوروبية حتى ذلك الوقت. وأثناء محاولتهم اختطاف بعض السكان كعبيد، نشبت معركة جُرِح فيها العديد من البرتغاليين بأسهم مسممة.
- نونو تريستاو is killed by natives on the coast of Senegal.[18]
- الملاح البرتغالي Álvaro Fernandes يصل إلى مصب نهر كازامانس في السنغال.[19]
العلوم والتكنولوجيا
- 9 أكتوبر - الوثيقة هونمينجونگوم ( The Correct Sounds for Instructing the People ), King Sejong of the Joseon Dynasty introduces the Korean alphabet Hangeul to Korea after around ten years of development . In his foreword he writes: The spoken language of our country is different from that of China and does not match the Chinese characters. Therefore, there are many uneducated people who would like to write something down but cannot express their feelings in writing. I am very upset about this fact, and so I invented 28 new letters. Everyone should learn these letters for their own convenience and use them in daily life. The possible variations of the 28 letters are endless. They are simple but useful. They are refined but universally understandable. Therefore, a clever person understands them before morning is out. A stupid person can learn them in ten days.
- تأسيس كلية الحقوق في جامعة لايپتسيش.
الدين
البوذية
- 1446/47: The Religious History of Lhorong , a work of Tibetan political and religious historiography from the perspective of a member of the Taglung Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism with a focus on eastern Tibet, is written by Tatshag Tshewanggyel , a high-ranking Buddhist , at the Tatshag Gang estate in Lhorong.
الكوارث
- 10 أبريل - فيضان پالماروم في بحر الشمال والانهيار التالي لـ the Dollart mean that the Palmar monastery has to be abandoned.
مواليد
- April 18 – Ippolita Maria Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1484)
- May 3
- Frederick I of Liegnitz, Duke of Chojnów and Strzelin from 1453 (d. 1488)
- Margaret of York, duchess consort of Burgundy by marriage to Charles the Bold (d. 1503)[20]
- August 14 – Andrey Bolshoy, Russian royal (d. 1493)
- December 26 – Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry, French noble (d. 1472)
- date unknown – Edmund de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (d. 1508)
- probable
- Alexander Agricola, Flemish composer (d. 1506)
- William Grocyn, English scholar (d. 1519)
- Pietro Perugino, Italian painter (d. 1524)
وفيات
- April 15 – Filippo Brunelleschi, Italian architect (b. 1377)[21]
- May 9 – Mary of Enghien, Queen of Naples (b. 1367)
- May 24 – Ambroise de Loré, Baron of Ivry (b. 1396)
- June 11 – Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, English nobleman (b. 1425)
- December 28 – Antipope Clement VIII
- February 2 – Vittorino da Feltre, Italian humanist (b. 1378)
- date unknown – Nuno Tristão, Portuguese explorer
References
- ^ Peter Niederhäuser, Christian Sieber: Ein «Bruderkrieg» macht Geschichte 2006
- ^ Mureşanu, Camil (2001). John Hunyadi: Defender of Christendom. The Center for Romanian Studies. ISBN 973-9432-18-2, 127-128.
- ^ Makkai, László (1994). "The Three Nations of Transylvania (1360–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
- ^ Peter Niederhäuser, Christian Sieber: Ein «Bruderkrieg» macht Geschichte 2006
- ^ http://www.guteinfo.com/?id=2811, read on 2023-06-26 (Swedish)
- ^ http://runeberg.org/nfbp/0215.html.read on 2023-06-26 (Swedish)
- ^ http://www.guteinfo.com/?id=2811, read on 2023-06-26 (Swedish)
- ^ "Erik av Pommern". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- ^ Albanische Forschungen (in الألمانية). O. Harrassowitz. 1964. p. 110. ISBN 978-3-87828-106-1.
- ^ Francione, Gennaro (2006) [2003]. Aliaj, Donika (ed.). Skënderbeu, një hero modern : (Hero multimedial) [Skanderbeg, a modern hero (Hero multimedia)] (in Albanian). Translated by Tasim Aliaj. Tiranë, Albania: Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri". ISBN 99927-38-75-8.
- ^ Erhan Afyoncu, (2009), Truvanın İntikamı (ISBN 978-605-4052-11-0), p. 2, (In Turkish)
- ^ "A.B.C. Isn't Simple as A.B.C. in Korea— Alphabet on 525th Birthday, Both Hailed and Assailed", The New York Times, October 10, 1971, p. 8
- ^ Nicol, Donald M. (1992). The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-58369-8.
- ^ Setton, Kenneth M. (1978), The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century, DIANE Publishing, pp. 96–97, ISBN 0-87169-127-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC
- ^ Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, 174.
- ^ Block, Wolfgang (1913). Die condottieri. Berlin.
- ^ Samuel, Mark; Hamlyn, Kate (2007). Blarney Castle: Its History, Development and Purpose. Cork University. ISBN 978-1-85918-411-0.
- ^ Gomes Eanes de Zurara (1453) Crónica dos feitos notáveis que se passaram na Conquista da Guiné por mandado do Infante D. Henrique or Chronica do descobrimento e conquista da Guiné. [Trans. 1896–99 by C.R. Beazley and E. Prestage, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, London: Halykut]
- ^ Teixeira da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa, Vol. 1. Part 1 in No. 1 (Jan), p. 11-68, Pt. 2 in No. 2 (Apr), p. 273-326; Pt. 3 in No. 3 (Jul), p. 457-509.
- ^ Yvonne Bleyerveld; Lamot (Mechelen, Belgium) (2005). Women of Distinction: Margaret of York, Margaret of Austria. Brepols Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 978-90-5826-342-1.
- ^ Sir John Wyndham Pope-Hennessy (1986). Italian Renaissance Sculpture. Phaidon. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-7148-2416-1.
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