ڤورمز

Worms
بلدة
Nibelungen Bridge over the Rhine in Worms Worms Synagogue كاتدرائية ڤورمز Medieval city center Christoffelturm
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Worms within Rheinland-Pfalz
Worms Worms
الإحداثيات: 49°37′55″N 08°21′55″E
البلد	ألمانيا
ولاية	راينلاند-پالاتينات
المقاطعة	المقاطعة الحضرية
الحكومة
• العمدة اللورد (2018–26)	Adolf Kessel (CDU)
المساحة
• الإجمالي	108٫73 كم² (41٫98 ميل²)
أعلى منسوب	167 m (548 ft)
أوطى منسوب	100 m (300 ft)
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
الرموز البريدية	67547–67551
مفاتيح الهاتف	06241, 06242, 06246, 06247
لوحة السيارة	WO
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.worms.de
موقع تراث عالمي حسب اليونسكو
الاسم الرسمي	ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz
النوع	Cultural
المعيار	(ii)(iii)(iv)
التوصيف	2021
الرقم المرجعي	1636

ڤورمز Worms مدينة تاريخية وميناء نهري في راينلاند-پالاتينات ألمانيا. وفي نهاية 2004، بلغ عدد سكانها 85,829 نسمة. تقع على الضفة الغربية من نهر الراين. ويوجد في ويرمز كاتدرائية فاخرة تُعد أحد الأمثلة الجيدة للهندسة الرومانسية. يرجع تاريخ هذه الكاتدرائية إلى أوائل القرن الحادي عشر الميلادي. وهناك نصب تذكاري لمارتن لوثر في هذه المدينة. ويظهر مارتن لوثر وهو ماثل أمام مجمع ڤورمز الكنسي عام 1521، وقد أصدر المجمع الكنسي مرسوم ورمز، الذي أُعلن فيه أن مارتن لوثر مُنشق عن العقيدة. ومن ضمن الأنشطة الاقتصادية في ويرمز الشحن البحري وصناعة المواد الكيميائية والأثاث والمصنوعات الجلدية والمكائن والأقمشة.

وقد بنى الجنود الرومان حصنًا على الموقع المعروف الآن باسم ويرمز عام 14 ق.م، وخلال القرون الوسطي عقد ممثلو الإمبراطورية الرومانية حوالي 100 مجمع كنسي في هذه المدينة، اجتماع ڤورمز.

A pre-Roman foundation, Worms is one of the oldest cities in northern Europe. It was the capital of the Kingdom of the Burgundians in the early fifth century, hence is the scene of the medieval legends referring to this period, notably the first part of the Nibelungenlied.

Worms has been a Roman Catholic bishopric since at least 614, and was an important palatinate of Charlemagne. Worms Cathedral is one of the imperial cathedrals and among the finest examples of Romanesque architecture in Germany. Worms prospered in the High Middle Ages as an imperial free city. Among more than a hundred imperial diets held at Worms, the Diet of 1521 (commonly known as the Diet of Worms) ended with the Edict of Worms, in which Martin Luther was declared a heretic. Worms is also one of the historical ShUM-cities as a cultural center of Jewish life in Europe during the Middle Ages. Its Jewish sites (along with those in Speyer and Mainz) were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2021.

Today, the city is an industrial centre and is famed as the origin of Liebfraumilch wine. Its other industries include chemicals, metal goods, and fodder.

 التاريخ

 القِدم

تدمير مملكة ڤورمز هو أصل أغنية نيبلونگ. اللوحة بريشة پيتر فون كورنليوس، 1859.

Worms was in ancient times a Celtic city named Borbetomagus, perhaps meaning "water meadow". Later it was conquered by the Germanic Vangiones tribe. In 14 BC, Romans under the command of Drusus captured and fortified the city, and from that time onwards, a small troop of infantry and cavalry was garrisoned there. The Romans renamed the city as Augusta Vangionum, after the then-emperor and the local tribe. The name does not seem to have taken hold, however, and from Borbetomagus developed the German Worms and Latin Wormatia; as late as the modern period, the city name was written as Wormbs. The garrison grew into a small town with a regular Roman street plan, a forum, and temples for the main gods Jupiter, Juno, Minerva (whose temple was the site of the later cathedral), and Mars.

كنيسة القديس مارتن

Roman inscriptions, altars, and votive offerings can be seen in the archaeological museum, along with one of Europe's largest collections of Roman glass. Local potters worked in the town's south quarter. Fragments of amphorae contain traces of olive oil from Hispania Baetica, doubtless transported by sea and then up the Rhine by ship.

مدينة ڤورمز الامبراطورية Reichsstadt Worms
القرن 11–1789
المكانة	مدينة-دولة
الحكومة	جمهورية
الحقبة التاريخية	العصور الوسطى
• تأسيس المدينة	قبل 14 ق.م.
• حصلت على وضع مدينة حرة Reichsfreiheit	بين 1074 و 1122 القرن 11
• مؤتمر ڤورمز	1122
• الرايخس‌تاگ أتم     الإصلاح الامبراطوري	1495
• مؤتمر ڤورمز:     مارتن لوثر يُحظر	1521
• نهبها الفرنسيون أثناء     حرب التحالف العظيم	1689
• احتلتها فرنسا	1789–1816 1789
• مُنِحت إلى هسه	1816
سبقها تلاها دوقية فرانكونيا دوقية هسه العظمى

During the disorders of 411–413 AD, Roman usurper Jovinus established himself in Borbetomagus as a puppet-emperor with the help of King Gunther of the Burgundians, who had settled in the area between the Rhine and Moselle some years before. The city became the capital of the Burgundian kingdom under Gunther (also known as Gundicar). Few remains of this early Burgundian kingdom survive, because in 436, it was all but destroyed by a combined army of Romans (led by Aëtius) and Huns (led by Attila); a belt clasp found at Worms-Abenheim is a museum treasure. Provoked by Burgundian raids against Roman settlements, the combined Romano-Hunnic army destroyed the Burgundian army at the Battle of Worms (436), killing King Gunther. About 20,000 are said to have been killed. The Romans led the survivors southwards to the Roman district of Sapaudia (modern-day Savoy). The story of this war later inspired the Nibelungenlied. The city appears on the Peutinger Map, dated to the fourth century.

 العصور الوسطى

Jewish Cemetery "Heiliger Sand".

Heylshof Garden.

الكروم.

خريطة فورمز في 1630. The Jewish Ghetto is marked in yellow.

The bishopric of Worms existed by at least 614. In the Frankish Empire, the city was the location of an important palace of Charlemagne. The bishops administered the city and its territory. The most famous of the early medieval bishops was Burchard of Worms. In 868, an important synod was held in Worms. Around 900, the circuit wall was rebuilt according to the wall-building ordinance of Bishop Thietlach.

Worms prospered in the High Middle Ages. Having received far-reaching privileges from King Henry IV as early as 1074, the city became an imperial free city. The bishops resided at Ladenburg and only had jurisdiction over Worms Cathedral itself. In 1122, the Concordat of Worms was signed; the 1495 imperial diet met here and made an attempt at reforming the disintegrating Imperial Circle Estates by the Imperial Reform. Most important, among more than 100 imperial diets held at Worms, that of 1521 (commonly known as the Diet of Worms) ended with the Edict of Worms, in which Martin Luther was declared a heretic after refusing to recant his religious beliefs. Worms was also the birthplace of the first Bibles of the Reformation, both Martin Luther's German Bible and William Tyndale's first complete English New Testament by 1526.

 العصر الحديث

Worms around 1900

In 1689 during the Nine Years' War, Worms (like the nearby towns and cities of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Oppenheim, Speyer, and Bingen) was sacked by troops of Louis XIV of France, though the French only held the city for a few weeks. In 1743, the Treaty of Worms was signed, forming a political alliance between Great Britain, Austria, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1792, the city was occupied by troops of the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Bishopric of Worms was secularized in 1801, with the city being annexed into the First French Empire. In 1815, Worms passed to the Grand Duchy of Hesse in accordance with the Congress of Vienna, and the city was subsequently administered within Rhenish Hesse.

After the Battle of the Bulge in early 1945, Allied armies advanced into the Rhineland in preparation for a massive assault into the heart of the Reich. Worms was a German strongpoint on the west bank of the Rhine, and the forces there resisted the Allied advance tenaciously. Worms was, thus, heavily bombed by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Army Air Forces in two attacks on 21 February and 18 March 1945, respectively. A postwar survey estimated that 39% of the town's developed area was destroyed. The RAF attack on 21 Feb was aimed at the main railway station on the edge of the inner city, and at chemical plants southwest of the inner city, but also destroyed large areas of the city centre. Carried out by 334 bombers, the attack in a few minutes rained 1,100 tons of bombs on the inner city, and Worms Cathedral was among the buildings set on fire. The Americans did not enter the city until the Rhine crossings began after the seizure of the Remagen Bridge.

In the attacks, 239 inhabitants were killed in the first and 141 in the second; 35,000 (60% of the population of 58,000) were made homeless. In all, 6,490 buildings were severely damaged or destroyed. After the war, the inner city was rebuilt, mostly in modern style. Around a third of Worms's buildings is from before 1950. Postwar Worms became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate; the borough Rosengarten, on the east bank of the Rhine, was lost to Hesse.

Worms today fiercely vies with the cities Trier and Cologne for the title of "Oldest City in Germany". A multimedia Nibelungenmuseum was opened in 2001, and a yearly festival in front of the Dom, the Worms Cathedral, attempts to recapture the atmosphere of the pre-Christian period.

In 2010, the Worms synagogue was firebombed. Eight corners of the building were set ablaze, and a Molotov cocktail was thrown at a window, but with no injuries. Kurt Beck, Minister-President of Rhineland-Palatinate, condemned the attack and vowed to mobilize all necessary resources to find the perpetrators, saying, "We will not tolerate such an attack on a synagogue".

اجتماع ڤورمز

Cathedral of Worms

Town hall of Worms

 توأمة البلدات

ڤورمز متوأمة مع:

• أوكسر، فرنسا
• باوتسن، ألمانيا
• موبيل، الولايات المتحدة
• پارما، إيطاليا
• سانت ألبان، المملكة المتحدة
• طبرية، إسرائيل

 أشهر أبناء المدينة

• Saint Erentrude, or Erentraud, (~650 in Worms –710) is a virgin saint of the Roman Catholic Church
• Heribert of Cologne, born ~ 970 in Worms, Archbishop of Cologne and Chancellor of Emperor Otto III
• Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, German rabbi and poet, a major author of the tosafot on Rashi's commentary on the Talmud
• الحاخام شلومو يتسحقي (رشي)، عاش في الحي اليهودي
• Samuel Adler, a noted Reform rabbi, was born in Worms
• Curtis Bernhardt, German film director
• Hans Diller (1905–1977), German classical scholar specializing in Ancient Greek medicine
• Ludwig Edinger, German anatomist and neurologist
• Hans Folz born 1435/1440 in Worms, a notable medieval German author
• Friedrich Gernsheim, German composer, conductor and pianist
• Timo Hildebrand, German national footballer, born in Worms
• Vladimir Kagan, born 1927 in Worms, furniture designer
• Johann Nikolaus Götz, poet from Worms
• Hermann Staudinger, born 16 August 1889 in Worms, chemist who demonstrated the existence of macromolecules which he characterized as polymers
• Hugo Sinzheimer, German legal scholar, member of the Constitutional Convention of 1919
• Rudi Stephan, German composer
• Ida Straus, wife of Isidor Straus, co-owner of the Macy's department store, and famously loyal to her husband on board the RMS Titanic
• Emil Stumpp, cartoonist, died in jail after doing an unflattering portrait of Adolf Hitler

 انظر أيضاً

• اجتماع ڤورمز

 وصلات خارجية

• The Official website of the city of Worms (إنگليزية)
• Nibelungenmuseum website (إنگليزية)
• wormser-dom.de, website of the Worms Cathedral with pictures (بالألمانية) (click on the "Bilder" link in the left panel)
• Wormatia, the famous football club of Worms (بالألمانية)
• Worms Tramway, a historic page with old pictures (بالألمانية)
• wormser-region.de, another website about Worms (بالألمانية)
• Wormatia, the famous football club of Worms (إنگليزية)