مقاطعات هولندا
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المقاطعة الهولندية تمثل الطبقة الادارية بين الحكومة الوطنية والبلديات المحلية، وتتحمل مسئوليات أمور ذات أهمية دون وطنية أو إقليمية. حكومة كل مقاطعة تتكون من ثلاثة أجزاء رئيسية: Provinciale Staten وهو عبارة عن برلمان مقاطعات ينتخب كل أربع سنوات؛ Gedeputeerde Staten، مجمع ينتخب من بين أعضاء Provinciale Staten ويكلف بمعظم المهام التنفيذية؛ وCommissaris van de Koning، الذي يُعين من قبل التاج ويترأس Gedeputeerde Staten.
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التقسيمات الادارية
هولندا المعاصرة تنقسم إلى إثنتي عشر مقاطعة (provincies بالهولندية)وثلاث بلديات خاصة (bijzondere gemeenten) وراء البحار وهن لسن أجزاءا من مقاطعة.
المقاطعات وعواصمهم
المقاطعات الاثنا عشر مذكورون أدناه مع عواصمهم:
| العلم | الدرع | المقاطعة | العاصمة | أكبر مدينة | مفوض الملك | المساحة (كم²) |
التعداد | الكثافة (/كم²) |
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درينته | آسن | آسن | Jacques Tichelaar | 2٬652 | 489٬918 | 182 |
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فليڤولاند | Lelystad | Almere | Leen Verbeek | 1٬426 | 394٬758 | 250 |
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فريسلاند (West Frisian: Fryslân) | Leeuwarden | Leeuwarden | John Jorritsma | 3٬361 | 646٬305 | 191 |
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گلدرلاند | آرنهم | Nijmegen | Clemens Cornielje | 4٬995 | 1٬999٬135 | 394 |
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گرونينگن (Gronings: Grönnen; West Frisian: Grinslân) | گرونينگن | گرونينگن | Max van den Berg | 2٬344 | 574٬042 | 246 |
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ليمبورگ | ماستريخت | ماستريخت | Theo Bovens (called governor in Limburg) | 2٬167 | 1٬131٬938 | 527 |
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شمال برابانت (Noord-Brabant) | 's-Hertogenbosch[A] | آيندهوڤن | Wim van de Donk | 4٬938 | 2٬415٬946 | 487 |
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شمال هولندا (Noord-Holland)[1] | هارلم[B] | أمستردام[C] | Johan Remkes | 2٬660 | 2٬724٬300 | 1٬020 |
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اوڤريسل | Zwolle | Enschede | Ank Bijleveld | 3٬337 | 1٬113٬529 | 331 |
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جنوب هولندا (Zuid-Holland) | The Hague[D] | روتردام | Jan Franssen | 2٬860 | 3٬528٬324 | 1٬207 |
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اوترخت | اوترخت | اوترخت | Roel Robbertsen | 1٬356 | 1٬180٬039 | 855 |
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زيلاند | ميدلبورگ | ميدلبورگ | Han Polman | 1٬792 | 380٬186 | 211 |
- ^ Also, though not officially, abbreviated as Den Bosch.
- ^ Even though the country's capital Amsterdam lies in North Holland, Haarlem is the capital city of the province.
- ^ Amsterdam is the constitutional national capital of the Netherlands.[2]
- ^ Dutch: Den Haag, officially also: 's-Gravenhage. The Dutch parliament and the Dutch government have been situated in The Hague since 1588, along with the Supreme Court and the Council of State.[3]
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البلديات الخاصة في هولندا
The three special municipalities (officially public bodies) of the Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba became parts of the Netherlands proper on October 10, 2010, but are not part of any province.[4]
| العلم | الدرع | البلدية الخاصة | العاصمة | المساحة (كم²)[5] |
Population[6] | الكثافة (لكل كم²) |
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Bonaire (Papiamento: Boneiru) | Kralendijk | 294 | 15٬414 | 52 |
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Sint Eustatius | Oranjestad | 21 | 3٬300 | 157 |
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Saba | The Bottom | 13 | 2٬000 | 154 |
خلفية تاريخية
Nearly all Dutch provinces can trace their origin to a medieval county or duchy, as can the provinces of regions in Belgium. Their status changed when they came under a single ruler who centralised their administration, reducing their powers. There were 17 in total: from these unified Netherlands, seven northern provinces formed the Republic of the Seven United Provinces in the 17th century, namely Holland, Zeeland, Gelderland, Utrecht, Friesland, Overijssel and Groningen. The Republic's lands also included Drenthe (one of the 17, but without the autonomous status of the others), and parts of Brabant, Limburg and Flanders, which were considered to be "conquered lands" and were governed directly by the Staten-Generaal, the parliament, hence their name Generality Lands. They were called Staats-Brabant, Staats-Limburg and Staats-Vlaanderen, meaning "state-owned". Each of these "Netherlands" had a high degree of autonomy, cooperating with each other mainly on defense and foreign relations, but otherwise keeping to their own affairs.
On January 1, 1796,under the Batavian Republic, Drenthe and Staats-Brabant became the eighth and ninth provinces of the Netherlands. The latter, which had been known as Bataafs Brabant, Batavian Brabant, changed its name to Noord Brabant, North Brabant, in 1815 when it became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which also contained (then) South Brabant, a province now in Belgium. This new unified state featured the provinces in their modern form, as non-autonomous subdivisions of the national state, and again numbering 17, though they were not all the same as the 16th century ones. In 1839, following the separation of Belgium, the original single province of Limburg was divided between the two countries, each now having a province called Limburg. A year later, Holland, the largest and most populous of the Dutch provinces, was also split into two provinces, for a total of 11. The 12th member was to be Flevoland, a province consisting almost entirely of reclaimed land, established on January 1, 1986.
أقسام الفترة الفرنسية
During the Batavian Republic, the Netherlands was from 1798 to 1801 completely reorganised into eight new departments, most named after rivers, inspired by the French revolutionary example, in an attempt to do away with the old semi-autonomous status of the provinces. They are listed below, with their capitals and the territory of the former provinces that they mostly incorporated:
| الاسم | بالهولندية | العاصمة | تضم أراضي |
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| Department of the Ems | Departement van de Eems | Leeuwarden | Northern Friesland, Groningen |
| Department of the Old IJssel | Departement van de Oude IJssel | Zwolle | Southern Friesland, Drenthe, Overijssel, Northern Gelderland |
| Department of the Rhine | Departement van de Rijn | Arnhem | Central Gelderland, eastern Utrecht |
| Department of the Amstel | Departement van de Amstel | Amsterdam | The area around Amsterdam |
| Department of Texel | Departement van Texel | Alkmaar | Northern Holland minus Amsterdam, northwestern Utrecht |
| Department of the Delft | Departement van de Delft | Delft | Southern Holland up to the Meuse, southwestern Utrecht |
| Department of the Dommel | Departement van de Dommel | 's-Hertogenbosch | The eastern part of Batavian Brabant, southern Gelderland |
| Department of the Scheldt and Meuse | Departement van de Schelde en Maas | Middelburg | Zeeland, Holland south of the Meuse and the western part of Batavian Brabant |
After only three years, following a coup d'etat, the borders of the former provinces were restored, though not their autonomous status. They were now also called "departments" and Drenthe was added to Overijssel. In 1806 the Kingdom of Holland replaced the republic to further French interests. It was during this administration that Holland was first split in two, with the department of Amstelland to the north and that of Maasland to the south. East Frisia, then as now in Germany, was added to the kingdom as a department in 1807 and Drenthe split off again making a total of 11 departments.
When the Netherlands finally did become fully part of France in 1810, the departments of the kingdom and their borders were largely maintained, with some joined together. They were however nearly all renamed, again mainly after rivers, though the names differed from their Batavian counterparts. Following are their names and the modern day province they corresponded for the most part to:
| الاسم | الاسم الفرنسي | الاسم الهولندي | المقاطعة الحالية |
|---|---|---|---|
| Department of the Zuiderzee | Département du Zuyderzée | Departement van de Zuiderzee | North Holland & Utrecht |
| Department of the Mouths of the Meuse | Département des Bouches-de-la-Meuse | Departement van de Monden van de Maas | South Holland |
| Department of the Mouths of the Scheldt | Département des Bouches-de-l'Escaut | Departement van de Monden van de Schelde | زيلاند |
| Department of the Two Nethes | Département des Deux-Nèthes | Departement van de Twee Nethen | Western North Brabant & Antwerp |
| Department of the Mouths of the Rhine | Département des Bouches-du-Rhin | Departement van de Monden van de Rijn | Eastern North Brabant & southern Gelderland |
| Department of the Upper IJssel | Département de l'Yssel-Supérieur | Departement van de Boven IJssel | Northern Gelderland |
| Department of the Mouths of the IJssel | Département des Bouches-de-l'Yssel | Departement van de Monden van de IJssel | Overijssel |
| Department of Frisia | Département de la Frise | Departement Friesland | Friesland |
| Department of the Western Ems | Département de l'Ems-Occidental | Departement van de Wester Eems | Groningen & Drenthe |
| Department of the Eastern Ems | Département de l'Ems-Oriental | Departement van de Ooster Eems | (East-Frisia) |
With the defeat and withdrawal of the French in 1813, the old provinces and their names were re-established, Holland was reunited and East-Frisia went its separate way. The 17 provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands were for a significant part based on the former French departments and their borders, in particular in what would later become Belgium.
انظر أيضاً
- ISO 3166-2:NL
- جدول التقسيمات الادارية حسب البلد
- قائمة مرتبة للمقاطعات الهولندية
- أعلام مقاطعات هولندا
- دروع مقاطعات هولندا
- سياسات مقاطعات هولندا
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الهامش
- ^ http://www.noord-holland.nl/web/Over-de-provincie/Feiten-en-cijfers.htm
- ^ Daum, Andreas (2005). Berlin - Washington, 1800–2000 Capital Cities, Cultural Representation, and National Identities. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 38. ISBN 0521841178.
Amsterdam is the statuary capital of the Netherlands, while the Dutch government resides in De Hague. (sic) (p. 13) The Netherlands' seat of government is The Hague but its capital is bustling Amsterdam, the national cultural center. (p. 38)
- ^ Daum, Andreas (2005). Berlin - Washington, 1800–2000 Capital Cities, Cultural Representation, and National Identities. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 38. ISBN 0521841178.
Amsterdam is the statuary capital of the Netherlands, while the Dutch government resides in De Hague. (sic) (p. 13) The Netherlands' seat of government is The Hague but its capital is bustling Amsterdam, the national cultural center. (p. 38)
- ^ "31.954, Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). Eerste kamer der Staten-Generaal. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
De openbare lichamen vallen rechtstreeks onder het Rijk omdat zij geen deel uitmaken van een provincie. (The public bodies (...), because they are not part of a Province).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Regionale Kerncijfers Nederland" (in Dutch). Statistics Netherlands. 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Bevolking per regio naar leeftijd, geslacht en burgerlijke staat" (in Dutch). Statistics Netherlands. 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
وصلات خارجية
- Population and area figures
- Basic data for each province, with links to official province sites
- Provinces of the Netherlands at statoids.com
- Municipality data by province
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