قائمة المخترعين الروس

هذه قائمة مخرعين من روسيا الاتحادية والاتحاد السوڤيتي والامبراطورية الروسية وقيصرية روسيا وگراندوقية موسكو، بما في ذلك العرق الروسي والأشخاص من الأعراق الأخرى.

كما تضم هذه القائمة أولئك الذين وُلِدوا في روسيا أو في الدول السابقة لها، ثم لاحقاً هاجروا، وأولئك الذين وُلِدوا في مكان آخر ولكنهم هاجروا إلى البلد أو عملوا فيه لمدة معتبرة، (منتجين اختراعات على الأراضي الروسية).

للاختراعات الروسية بترتيب زمني، انظر خط زمني للاختراعات الروسية.

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القائمة الأبجدية


A

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Bruno-abakanowicz.png Bruno Abakanowicz
(1852–1900)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 فرنسا
(Poland/Lithuania origin)
Integraph, spirograph, parabolagraph[1]
Spirograph designs
Абаковский.jpg Valerian Abakovsky
(1895–1921)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 لاتڤيا
aerowagon[2]
Vitaly Abalakov
(1906–1986)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
camming devices, Abalakov thread (V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchor[3][4]
Evgeny Abramyan.jpg Evgeny Abramyan
(1930–2014)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
 جورجيا
halyard for the first extra-vehicular activity
Space suit worn by Leonov during the first EVA
Vsevolod Abramovich
(1890–1913)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Abramovich Flyer
Hovannes Adamian
(1879–1932)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
(Armenia/Azerbaijan/Germany)
tricolor principle of the color television[5]
Franz Aepinus
(1724–1802)
 الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
achromatic microscope
Georgy Adelson-Velsky
(1922–2014)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
 إسرائيل
AVL tree datastructure, Kaissa (the first World Computer Chess Champion)
Anatoly Alexandrov
(1903–1994)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
anti-mine demagnetising of ships, naval nuclear reactors (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker)[6][7]
Alexandre Alexeieff
(1901–1982)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 فرنسا
pinscreen animation (with his wife Claire Parker)[8]
Rostislav Alexeyev
(1916–1980)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
ekranoplan, Soviet high-speed hydrofoils[9][10]
Zhores Alferov.jpg Zhores Alferov
(1930–2019)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
heterotransistor (with Herbert Kroemer), continuous-wave-operating diode laser (with Dmitri Garbuzov)[11][12]
Genrich Altshuller
(1926–1998)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
TRIZ ("The Theory of Solving Inventor's Problems")[13]
Structure of TRIZ
Andreev vas.jpg Vasily Andreyev
(1861–1918)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
standard balalaika[14][15]
A souvenir balalaika
Stamp of Ukraine s708.jpg Oleg Antonov
(1906–1984)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
An-series aircraft, including Antonov A-40 winged tank and Antonov An-124 (the largest serial cargo aircraft, later modified to world's largest fixed-wing aircraft Antonov An-225)[16]
An-124-100
1974 CPA 4316.jpg Lev Artsimovich
(1909–1973)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
first tokamak[17]
Tokamak scheme


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ب

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Georgy Babakin
(1914–1971)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
first soft landing space vehicle (Luna 9)[18]
Wladimir Baranoff-Rossine - Self-Portrait, 1907.jpg Vladimir Baranov-Rossine
(1888–1944)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 فرنسا
(Ukraine)
(self-portrait)
Optophonic Piano, pointillist or dynamic military camouflage[19]
Vladimir Barmin
(1909–1993)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
first rocket launch complex (Baikonur spaceport)[20]
Basov.jpg Nikolay Basov
(1922–2001)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
co-inventor of laser and maser[21]
Laser beams
Ernest Beaux.jpg Ernest Beaux
(1881–1961)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 فرنسا
Chanel No. 5[22]
Stamp behterev.jpg Vladimir Bekhterev
(1857–1927)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Bekhterev’s Mixture (a medicine with a sedative effect)[23]
Stamp Soviet Union 1991 CPA 5183.jpg Nikolay Benardos
(1842–1905)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
arc welding (specifically carbon arc welding, the first arc welding method)[24]
The first arc welding method, Electro Hephaestus
Alexander Bereznyak
(1912–1974)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
(left on photo)
first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)[25]
Georgy Beriev
(1903–1979)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
(Georgian origin)
Be-series amphibious aircraft[بحاجة لمصدر]
Fyodor Blinov.jpg Fyodor Blinov
(1827–1902)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
first tracked vehicle (a wagon on continuous tracks), steam-powered caterpillar tractor[26][27]
Blinov's caterpillar steam tractor
Sam Born (1891–1959)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الولايات المتحدة
lollipop-making machine[28]
A particularly large lollipop
George de Bothezat.jpg Georgy Bothezat
(1882–1940)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الولايات المتحدة
quadrotor helicopter (The Flying Octopus)[29]
De Bothezat's quadrotor helicopter.
Sergey Brin, Web 2.0 Conference.jpg Sergey Brin
(born 1973)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 الولايات المتحدة
with Larry Page, invented Google web search engine[30]
Mikhail Britnev
(1822–1889)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
first metal-hull icebreaker (Pilot)[31]
Icebreaker Pilot on a postage stamp
Nikolay Brusentsov
(1925–2014)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
ternary computer (Setun)[32]
Gersh Budker
(1918–1977)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
electron cooling, co-inventor of collider[33][34]
Butlerov A.png Aleksandr Butlerov
(1828–1886)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
hexamine, formaldehyde, formose reaction (the synthesis of sugar)[35]
Formaldehyde formula


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Vladimir Chelomey
(1914–1984)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
first space station (Salyut 1), further space stations of Salyut series, Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system)[36]
Cerenkov.jpg Pavel Cherenkov
(1904–1990)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Cherenkov detector[37]
Evgeniy Chertovsky
(1902–?)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
pressure suit[38]
Alexander Chizhevsky
(1897–1964)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
air ionizer (Chizhevsky's chandelier)[39]
A modern air ionizer
Andrey Chokhov
(c. 1545–1629)
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Tsar Cannon, the largest bombard by caliber but inoperative[40]

D

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Vasily Degtyaryov
(1880–1949)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
first self-loading carbine, Degtyaryov-series firearms, co-developer of Fedorov Avtomat (the first self-loading rifle)[41]
Akinfy demidov.jpg Akinfiy Demidov
(1678–1745)
Tsardom of Russia
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
co-developer of rebar, cast iron cupola, lightning rod (all found in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk)[42]
Yuri Denisyuk
(1927–2006)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
3D holography[43]
Denisyuk holography scheme
Aleksandr Dianin
(1851–1918)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
Bisphenol A, Dianin's compound[44]
Bisphenol A formula
Doliwo-Dobrowolsky.jpg Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
(1862–1919)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
(Poland, Germany)
three-phase electric power (first 3-phase hydroelectric power plant, 3-phase electrical generator, 3-phase motor and 3-phase transformer)[45]
3-phase electrical generator on exhibition in Frankfurt,1891
Nikolay Dollezhal
(1899–2000)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
AM-1 reactor for the first nuclear power plant and other RBMK-type reactors, pressurized water reactor (VVER)[46]
Alexey Dushkin
(1904–1977)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
deep column station[47]

E

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Ivan Elmanov
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
first monorail (the so-called "Road on Pillars" near Moscow, with horse-drawn carriages)[48]

F

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Karl Gustavovich Faberge.jpg Peter Carl Fabergé
(1846–1920)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
Fabergé Eggs[49]
Nicolas Florine
(1891–1972)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 بلجيكا
(المولود في جورجيا)
first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely[50]
A modern tandem rotor helicopter
Ivan Fyodorov
(c. 1510–1583)
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Coat of Arms of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.svg Poland-Lithuania
invented multibarreled mortar, introduced printing in Russia[51]
Fedorov depicted in his typography
Svyatoslav Fyodorov
(1927–2000)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
radial keratotomy[52]
V G Fyodorov.jpg Vladimir Fyodorov
(1874–1966)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Fedorov Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle, arguably the first assault rifle)[53]

G

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Gakkel.JPG Yakov Modestovich Gakkel
(1874–1945)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
first Russian-made aircraft and diesel locomotives[54]
The Gakkel-VII
Golicyn, Boris Borisovich.jpg Boris Borisovich Galitzine
(1862–1916)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
electromagnetic seismograph[55]
An electric seismograph
Dmitri Garbuzov
(1940–2006)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
 الولايات المتحدة
continuous-wave-operating diode lasers (together with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers[56]
Georgy Gause
(1910–1986)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
gramicidin S, neomycin, lincomycin and other antibiotics[57]
Gramicidin S formula
E. K. Gauzen
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
three bolt equipment (early diving costume)[58][59]
A Soviet diving helmet
Geim.jpg Andrey Geim
(born 1958)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 المملكة المتحدة
graphene[60]
Нестор Генко 1.jpg Nestor Genko
(1839–1904)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
Genko's Forest Belt (the first large-scale windbreak system)[61]
Valentin Glushko on a 2008 Russian coin; RR5110-0084R.png Valentyn Glushko
(1908–1989)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
hypergolic propellant, electric propulsion, Soviet rocket engines (including world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170)[62]
ملف:Leonid Gobyato.jpg Leonid Gobyato
(1875–1915)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
first modern man-portable mortar[63]
Gobyato's mortar
Igor Gorynin.jpg Igor Gorynin
(1926–2015)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
weldable titanium alloys, high strength aluminium alloys, radiation-hardened steels[64][65]
Boris Grabovsky
(1901–1966)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
cathode commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tube[66][67]
Mikhail Gurevich
(1893–1976)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
(left on photo)
MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Artem Mikoyan)[68]

H

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Waldemar Haffkine.jpg Waldemar Haffkine
(1860–1930)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
  سويسرا
developed and used first vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague[69][70]
An injection of anti-plague vaccine

I

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Gavriil Ilizarov
(1921–1992)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
Ilizarov apparatus, external fixation, distraction osteogenesis[71][72]
Sergey Ilyushin
(1894–1977)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Il-series fighter aircraft, including Ilyushin Il-2 bomber (the most produced military aircraft in history)[73]
Aleksei Isaev
(1908–1971)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
(second left on photo)
first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Bereznyak)[25]
Isidore
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Russian vodka[74]
Vladislav Ivanov
(1936–2007)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
Pioneer of Magnetic resonance imaging[75][76][77]
MRI

J

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Moritz Hermann von Jacobi 1856.jpg Boris Jacobi
(1801–1874)
 بروسيا
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
electrotyping (an application of electroplating to typography), electric boat[78]

K

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Michael Kalashikov.jpg Mikhail Kalashnikov
(1919–2013)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
AK-47 and AK-74 assault rifles (produced more than all other types of assault rifles combined)[79]
AK-47
Nikolay Kamov
(1902–1973)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
armored military autogyro, Ka-series coaxial rotor helicopters[80]
KustodiyevSemenov Kapitsa.JPG Pyotr Kapitsa
(1894–1984)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
(left on portrait by Boris Kustodiev, with Nikolay Semyonov right)
first ultrastrong magnetic field creating techniques, basic low-temperature physics inventions[81]
The liquid helium in the superfluid phase
Georgii Karpechenko
(1899–1941)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding)[82][83]
Radis.JPG
Eugene Kaspersky
(born 1965)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security, Kaspersky Mobile Security anti-virus products[84]
Kaspersky Anti-Virus Logo
Adolphe Kégresse
(1879–1943)
 فرنسا
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
Kégresse track (first half-track and first off-road vehicle with continuous track), dual-clutch transmission[85]
Nicholas II Packard Twin-6 with Kégresse track
Alexander Kemurdzhian
(1921–2003)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
first space exploration rover (Lunokhod)
Yulii Khariton
(1904–1996)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar Bomba
Anatoly Kharlampiyev
(1906–1979)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Sambo (martial art)[86]
Konstantin Khrenov
(1894–1984)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
underwater welding[بحاجة لمصدر]
Kibalchich.jpg Nikolai Kibalchich
(1853–1881)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
pioneer of rocketry[87]
A Soyuz-U, at Baikonur Site 1/5
Semyon Kirlian
(1898–1978)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Kirlian photography
Kirlian photo of two coins
Konstantin Konstantinov.jpg Konstantin Konstantinov
(1817/19–1871)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
device for measuring flight speed of projectiles, ballistic rocket pendulum, launch pad, rocket-making machine[88]
Trajectory of a bullet
Sergey Korolyov.jpg Sergei Korolev
(1907–1966)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
first successful intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7 Semyorka), R-7 rocket family, Sputniks (including the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite), Vostok programme (including the first human spaceflight)
Vostok spacecraft model
Korotkov.jpeg Nikolai Korotkov
(1874–1920)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurement
Korsakov01.jpg Semyon Korsakov
(1787–1853)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
punched card for information storage
Korsakov's linear homeoscope
Koshkin, 1898-1940.jpg Mikhail Koshkin
(1898–1940)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
T-34 medium tank, the best and most produced tank of World War II[89]
Ognjeslav Kostovic.jpg Ogneslav Stepanovich Kostovich
(1851–1916)
 صربيا
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
arborite (high-strength plywood)[90][91]
Gleb Kotelnikov.jpg Gleb Kotelnikov
(1872–1944)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
knapsack parachute, drogue parachute[92][93]
A modern knapsack parachute packed
Alexey Krylov 1910s.JPG Aleksey Krylov
(1863–1945)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
gyroscopic damping of ships
Kulibin I P.jpg Ivan Kulibin
(1735–1818)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
egg-shaped clock, candle searchlight, elevator using screw mechanisms, self-rolling carriage (for the first time featuring a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearing), an early optical telegraph[94][95][96]
Kulibin's project of the one-arch bridge over Neva River.
Igor Kurchatov
(1903–1960)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
first nuclear power plant, first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface ships

L

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
DALachinov.gif Dmitry Lachinov
(1842–1902)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
mercury pump, economizer for electricity consumption, electrical insulation tester, optical dynamometer, photometer, electrolyser[97]
The details of electrical insulation tester depicted in a Lachinov's book
Semyon Lavochkin
(1900–1960)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
La-series aircraft, the first operational surface-to-air missile S-25 Berkut
Nikolai Lebedenko
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
Tsar Tank, the largest armored vehicle in history[98]
Sergey Lebedev.jpg Sergei Lebedev
(1874–1934)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
commercially viable synthetic rubber
Lisitsyns,
Ivan Fyodorovich
and his brother
Nazar Fyodorovich
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
Russian samovar[99]
A typical samovar
Lodygin stamp.jpg Alexander Lodygin
(1847–1923)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الولايات المتحدة
electrical filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament
Lodygin's lamp draw
M.V. Lomonosov by L.Miropolskiy after G.C.Prenner (1787, RAN).jpg Mikhail Lomonosov
(1711–1765)
Tsardom of Russia
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
night vision telescope, off-axis reflecting telescope, coaxial rotor, original Russian hard-paste porcelain (together with Dmitry Vinogradov), re-discovery of smalt[100]
Lomonosov's drawings for his discovery of Venus atmosphere
IuriiLomonosov.jpg Yury Lomonosov
(1876–1952)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 المملكة المتحدة
first successful mainline diesel locomotive[101]
The Юэ 001 locomotive
Aleksandr Loran
(1849 – after 1911)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
fire fighting foam, foam extinguisher[102]
Modern usage of fire fighting foam.
Oleg losev.jpg Oleg Losev
(1903–1942)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
light-emitting diode, crystadine
Red, green and blue LEDs
Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy
(1909–2001)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
Buran (spacecraft), Spiral project[103][104]
Buran carried by the An-225
Arkhip Lyulka
(1908–1984)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
first double jet turbofan engine, other Soviet aircraft engines[105]

M

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Aleksandr Makarov (born 1966)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
 ألمانيا
orbitrap[106]
Ion trajectories in an Orbitrap
SO Makarov 01.jpg Stepan Makarov
(1849–1904)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
Icebreaker Yermak, the first true icebreaker able to ride over and crush pack ice
Icebreaker Yermak on the Baltic Sea before 1917
Machno.jpg Nestor Makhno
(1888–1934)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 فرنسا
(Ukraine)
tachanka
Victor Makeev
(1924–1985)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
first intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile
Scheme of R-27 missile of Makeev
Dmitri Maxutow Leutnant.jpg Dmitri Maksutov
(1896–1964)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Maksutov telescope
Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope.
Sergey Malyutin.jpg Sergey Malyutin
(1859–1937)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
(self-portrait)
matryoshka doll (together with craftsman Vasily Zvyozdochkin)[107]
Original matryoshka doll by Malyutin and Zvyozdochkin
Boris Mamyrin
(1919–2007)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
reflectron (ion mirror)[108]
Ilya Mechnikov nobel.jpg Ilya Mechnikov
(1845–1916)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 فرنسا
probiotics
DIMendeleevCab.jpg Dmitri Mendeleev
(1834–1907)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
Periodic table, a type of pycnometer, pyrocollodion, co-developer of Icebreaker Yermak, also credited with determining the ideal vodka proof as 38% (later rounded to 40%)[109]
Artem Mikoyan
(1905–1970)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
(Armenia)
(right on photo)
MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Mikhail Gurevich)[68]
Alexander Mikulin
(1895–1985)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Mikulin AM-34 and other Soviet aircraft engines, co-developer of the Tsar Tank[98][110]
Mikulin and his staff presenting Mikulin AM-34
Mikhail Mil
(1909–1970)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Mi-series helicopter aircraft, including Mil Mi-8 (the world's most-produced helicopter) and Mil Mi-12 (the world's largest helicopter)
Pavel Molchanov
(1893–1941)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
radiosonde
Alexander Morozov
(1904–1979)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
T-54/55 (the most produced tank in history), co-developer of T-34[111][112]
Mosin.jpg Sergei Mosin
(1849–1902)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
Mosin–Nagant rifle, one of the most produced ever
Motorins,
Ivan Feodorovich
(1660s – 1735)
and his son
Mikhail Ivanovich
(?–1750)
Tsardom of Russia
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
Tsar Bell, the largest bell in the world[113]
1989 CPA 6077.jpg Vera Mukhina
(1889–1953)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
welded sculpture[114]
Yevgeny Murzin
(1914–1970)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
ANS synthesizer

ن

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Alexander Nadiradze
(1914–1987)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
(المولود في جورجيا)
First meteorological missile "M1-Meteo". First mobile ICBM (RT-21 Temp 2S), also RSD-10 Pioneer and (RT-2PM Topol)[115]
Nartov.jpg Andrey Nartov
(1683–1756)
Tsardom of Russia
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
first lathe with a mechanic cutting tool-supporting carriage and a set of gears, fast-fire battery on a rotating disc, screw mechanism for changing the artillery fire angle, gauge-boring lathe for cannon-making, early telescopic sight[116][117][118]
An old lathe (b marks the carriage)
Sergey Nepobedimiy
(1921–2014)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
first supersonic anti-tank guided missile Sturm, other Soviet rocket weaponry[119]
Nikolai Nikitin
(1907–1973)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
prestressed concrete with wire ropes structure (Ostankino Tower, The Motherland Calls), Nikitin-Travush 4000 project (precursor to X-Seed 4000)
Ostankino Tower (on the left)
Ludvig Emmanuel Nobel,.jpg Ludvig Nobel
(1831–1888)
 السويد
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
first successful oil tanker[120]
A modern oil tanker
Konstantin Novoselov at MIPT.jpg Konstantin Novoselov
(born 1974)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
 المملكة المتحدة
graphene[60] (youngest Nobel Laureate since 1973)[121]

O

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Odhner.jpg Theophil Wilgodt Odhner
(1845–1903)
 السويد
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
the Odhner Arithmometer (a mechanical pinwheel calculator)
Lucien Olivier
(1838–1883)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
(Belgian or French origin)
Russian salad (Olivier salad)

P

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Alexey Pajitnov - 2575833305 (crop).jpg Alexey Pajitnov
(born 1956)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 الولايات المتحدة
Tetris[122]
Tetris figures
Ivan Pavlov (Nobel).png Ivan Pavlov
(1849–1936)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
classical conditioning[123]
One of the Pavlov’s dogs with an implanted cannula.
Vasily petrov.jpg Vasily Petrov
(1761–1834)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
continuous electric arc, arc welding[124]
Ilya Repin Portrait of the Surgeon Nikolay Pirogov 1881.jpg Nikolay Pirogov
(1810–1881)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
early use of ether as anaesthetic, first anaesthesia in a field operation, various kinds of surgical operations
Pirotsky.jpg Fyodor Pirotsky
(1845–1898)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
electric tram
Miller's line where Pirotsky's tram was tested
Ivan Plotnikov
(1902–1995)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
kirza leather[125]
Kirza boots.
Nikolai Polikarpov
(1892–1944)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Po-series aircraft, including Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik (world's most produced biplane)
Ivan Polzunov
(1728–1766)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
first two-cylinder steam engine
Polzunov's steam engine
Pomortsev.jpg Mikhail Pomortsev
(1851–1916)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
nephoscope
Nephoscope measures the parameters of clouds
Alexander Stepanovich Popov.jpg Alexander Popov
(1859–1906)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
built an early radio receiver in the form of a lightning detector, eastern European countries claim he is the "inventor of radio"
Popov and his radio
Nikolay Popov
(1931–2008)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
first fully gas turbine main battle tank (T-80)[126]
Porokhovschikov.jpg Aleksandr Porokhovschikov
(1892 – c. 1942)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Vezdekhod (the first prototype tank, or tankette, and the first continuous track amphibious ATV)[127]
Vezdekhod tank in 1915
Major Alexander Procofieff de Seversky sits at the controls of an early aircraft, circa 1914.jpg Alexander Procofieff de Seversky
(1894–1974)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الولايات المتحدة
ionocraft, first gyroscopically stabilized bombsight, also developed air-to-air refueling
Aleksandr Prokhorov.jpg Alexander Prokhorov
(1916–2002)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
co-inventor of laser and maser
Laser beams
Petro prokopovich.jpg Petro Prokopovych
(1775–1850)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
(Ukraine)
beehive frame, queen excluder and other beekeeping novelties
A shallow super frame filled with honey
Sergei-Prokudin-Gorski-Larg.jpg Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
(1863–1944)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 فرنسا
early colour photography method based on three colour channels, also colour film slides and colour motion pictures

ر

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
ملف:Ramzin.JPG Leonid Ramzin
(1887–1948)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
straight-flow boiler (Ramzin boiler)[128]
Peter der-Grosse 1838.jpg Peter I of Russia (Romanov)
(1672–1725)
Tsardom of Russia
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
decimal currency, yacht club, sounding line with separating plummet (sounding weight probe)[129][130][131]
Sounding line throwing
Ida Rosenthal
(1886–1973)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الولايات المتحدة
(born in Belarus, Jewish descent)
modern brassiere (Maidenform), the standard of cup sizes, nursing bra, full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William)[132][133][134]
A modern brassiere
Boris Rozing.jpg Boris Rosing
(1869–1933)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
CRT television (first TV system using cathode ray tube on the receiving side)[135][136]
Eugene Roshal
(born 1972)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver[137]
FAR Manager screenshot

S

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Alexander Sablukov
(1783–1857)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
centrifugal fan[138]
Components of a centrifugal fan
Andrei Sakharov
(1921–1989)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
explosively pumped flux compression generator, co-developer of the Tsar Bomb, co-developer of tokamak
Franz San Galli.jpg Franz San Galli
(1824–1908)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
(Italian and German descent, born in Poland)
radiator, modern central heating[139][140]
A household radiator
Pavel Shilling.jpg Pavel Schilling
(1780–1836)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
(Estonia)
shielded cable, electric mine and electromagnetic telegraph[141]
Cooke and Wheatstone's telegraph, inspired by Schilling's one
Severin Guy Illich.png Guy Severin
(1926–2008)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
extra-vehicular activity supporting system[142]
Leonty Shamshurenkov
(1687–1758)
Tsardom of Russia
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
a device for lifting the Tsar Bell, the first self-propelling carriage (a precursor to both bicycle and automobile), projects of an original odometer and self-propelling sledge[95][143]
A reconstruction of Shamshurenkov's self-running carriage
Pyotr Shilovsky.png Pyotr Shilovsky
(1871 – after 1924)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 المملكة المتحدة
gyrocar[144]
Shilovsky's gyrocar in 1914, London
Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov 1891.jpg Vladimir Shukhov
(1853–1939)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
thermal cracking (Shukhov cracking process), thin-shell structure, tensile structure, hyperboloid structure, gridshell, modern oil pipeline, cylindric oil depot[145]
Chouvaloff.jpg Pyotr Shuvalov
(1711–1762)
Tsardom of Russia
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
invented canister shot mortar, introduced licorne into wide usage
A "secret" canister shot mortar
Igor Sikorsky
(1889–1972)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الولايات المتحدة
first four-engine fixed-wing aircraft (Russky Vityaz), first airliner and purpose-designed bomber (Ilya Muromets), modern helicopter, Sikorsky-series helicopters
Sikorsky Skycrane carrying a house
Vladimir Simonov
(1935–2020)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
APS Underwater Assault Rifle, SPP-1 underwater pistol[146][147]
Nikolay Slavyanov.gif Nikolay Slavyanov
(1854–1897)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
shielded metal arc welding[148]
Alexander Smakula
(1900–1983)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الولايات المتحدة
(Ukraine)
anti-reflective coating
Yefim Smolin
Tsardom of Russia
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
table-glass (stakan granyonyi)[149]
A classic table-glass
Igor Spassky.gif Igor Spassky
(born 1926)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
Sea Launch platform and over 200 nuclear submarines, including the world's largest submarines of Typhoon class
Starevich 1.jpg Ladislas Starevich
(1882–1965)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 فرنسا
(Polish descent)
puppet animation, live-action/animated film[150][151]
Scene from The Cameraman's Revenge animation (1911)
Boris Stechkin
(1891–1969)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
co-developer of Sikorsky Ilya Muromets and Lebedenko's Tsar Tank, developer of many Soviet heat and aircraft engines[98][152]
Alexander stoletov.jpg Aleksandr Stoletov
(1839–1896)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect
A modern solar cell
Pavel Sukhoi
(1895–1975)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Su-series fighter aircraft
Andrei Sychra
(1773/76–1850)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
(born in Lithuania, Czech ancestry)
Russian seven-string guitar
Vladimir Syromyatnikov
(1933–2006)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
Androgynous Peripheral Attach System and other spacecraft docking mechanisms
The original APAS-75 docking unit draw

ت

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Andrey Ternovskiy
(born 1992)
 روسيا
creator of Chatroulette, the first random webcam chat website
Leon Theremin.jpg Léon Theremin
(1896–1993)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 الولايات المتحدة
 روسيا
theremin, burglar alarm, terpsitone, Rhythmicon (first drum machine), The Thing (listening device)
Etherwave Theremin
Andrey Tikhonov
(1906–1993)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
magnetotellurics
Mikhail Tikhonravov
(1900–1974)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and Keldysh, designer of further Sputniks
Sputnik 1 replica
Gavriil Tikhov
(1875–1960)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
feathering spectrograph
Scheme of a spectrograph work
Fedor Tokarev
(1871–1968)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
TT-33 semiautomatic handgun and SVT-40 self-loading rifle (main Soviet guns of World War II)
A Soviet soldier with TT-33
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky,
(1857–1935)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
spaceflight (theory principles that led to numerous inventions, derived the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation)
Tsiolkovsky's drawings of astronaut in space
Tswett 01.jpg Mikhail Tsvet
(1872–1919)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
chromatography (specifically adsorption chromatography, the first chromatography method)
A modern gas chromatography system
Alexei Tupolev
(1925–2001)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
the Tupolev Tu-144 (first supersonic passenger jet)
The Soviet Union 1988 CPA 5994 stamp (Birth centenary of Andrei Tupolev, Soviet aeronautical engineer known for his pioneering aircraft designs as Director of Tupolev Design Bureau).jpg Andrei Tupolev
(1888–1972)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
turboprop powered long-range airliner (Tupolev Tu-114), turboprop strategic bomber (Tupolev Tu-95)

U

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Vladimir Utkin
(1923–2000)
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
 روسيا
railcar-launched ICBM (RT-23 Molodets), other Soviet rockets[153]
RT-23 in the St Petersburg railway museum

V

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Vladimir Vakhmistrov
(1897–1972)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
first bomber with a parasite aircraft (Zveno project)
Автопортрет. 1868.jpg Viktor Vasnetsov
(1848–1926)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
budenovka military hat
Red Army soldiers in budenovkas
Vladimir Veksler
(1907–1966)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron[34][154]
A modern synchrotron scheme

W

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Paul Walden.jpg Paul Walden
(1863–1957)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 ألمانيا
(born in Latvia, Baltic German descent)
Walden inversion, Ethylammonium nitrate (the first room temperature ionic liquid)

Y

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
Yablochkov 1.jpg Pavel Yablochkov
(1847–1894)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
Yablochkov candle (first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp)
Yablochkov demonstrates his illumination in Paris, 1878
Alexander Yakovlev
(1906–1989)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Yak-series aircraft, including Yakovlev Yak-40 (the first regional jet)
Yurkevich Normandia Model.jpg Vladimir Yourkevitch
(1885–1964)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 فرنسا
 الولايات المتحدة
modern ship hull design
Sergei Yudin
(1891–1954)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
cadaveric blood transfusion and other medical operations[155]
World War II syringe for blood transfusion

ز

پورتريه الشخص الاختراعات الصورة
1908-kl-t-zamenhof.jpg Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof
(1859–1917)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
(Poland)
Esperanto language
Zavoisky.JPG Yevgeny Zavoisky
(1907–1976)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy[156]
Simulated EPR spectrum of the CH3 radical.
Nikolay Zelinsky
(1861–1953)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
the first effective filtering activated charcoal gas mask in the world
A modern Russian gas mask
NikolaiYegorovichZhukovsky.jpg Nikolai Zhukovsky
(1847–1921)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 روسيا الاشتراكية الاتحادية السوڤيتية
an early wind tunnel, co-developer of the Tsar Tank[98][157]
A modern wind tunnel
Zworykin docgrab.jpg Vladimir Zvorykin
(1889–1982)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الولايات المتحدة
pioneer of television technology Iconoscope, kinescope
Zworykin's draft of a UV-microscope, similar to iconoscope
Zvyozdochkin.jpg Vasily Zvyozdochkin
(1876–1956)
 الإمبراطورية الروسية
 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
matryoshka doll (together with painter Sergey Malyutin)[158]
Matryoshka doll taken apart

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ Bruno Abdank-Abakanowicz (1886). Les intégraphes (in الفرنسية). Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
  2. ^ "Invention of the Aerowagon". What Poll?. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  3. ^ "Mechanical Advantage". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  4. ^ "404. Page Not Found". Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  5. ^ Адамян Ованес Абгарович, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  6. ^ Alexandrov's biography (in روسية)
  7. ^ Alexandrov's biography Archived 3 مايو 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in روسية)
  8. ^ Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1995). Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. Paris, France: Indiana University Press. ISBN 2-910027-75-9
  9. ^ Biography of Alexeev Archived 28 أغسطس 2008 at the Wayback Machine
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