صول، الصومال

صول
Sool (صومالية)
صول (عربية)
Region
Dervish fort in Taleh.
Dervish fort in Taleh.
Location in Somaliland
Location in Somaliland
Country أرض الصومال
(Disputed with  أرض البنط)[1]
المركز الإداريلاس عنود
الحكومة
 • Governor(disputed January 2023Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye[2][3]
المساحة
 • الإجمالي39٬240 كم² (15٬150 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2014)
 • الإجمالي767٬428 [4]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+3 (EAT)
HDI (2017)0.327[5]
low · 4th

Sool (صومالية: Sool, العربية: صول‎) is an administrative region (gobol) in south eastern Somaliland[6]/north western Somalia[7]. It borders Togdheer to the west, Sanaag to the north, Ethiopia to the south and Nugal, Bari to the east. Its capital city is Las Anod. The region is disputed by the self-declared Republic of Somaliland and Puntland, a Federal Member State of Somalia.[8][9][10][11][12][13] The region is partially controlled by both polities.[14][15]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

النزاع الإقليمي

المقالة الرئيسية: Somaliland-Puntland dispute

Sool is disputed by Somaliland and Puntland. The former basis its claim on the British Somaliland protectorate borders, and the later on the territory inhabited by the Harti clan that established the state in 1998.[16]:36 Khatumo State and its predecessor SSC Movement which rejected both claims also made attempts to establish a separate administration in the region.

In 2003, Puntland sent troops to Las Anod under the pretext of conflict mediation and occupied it outright.[16]:63 Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict west of Las Anod. In 2007, Somaliland took military control of Las Anod. Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict near Tukaraq.[16]:68 In 2018, the Somaliland army captured Tukaraq.[17] In April 2019, the Somaliland army took control of Taleh.[18] In May 2022 Somaliland captured Bo'ame, the last town in the region outside of Somaliland control.[19]

Due to the prolonged conflict between Somaliland and Puntland, many Dhulbahante and Warsangeli living in the region do not recognize the Sool region and eastern Sanaag, as either Somaliland or Puntland.[20]


التاريخ

British Somaliland district boundaries from 1944.[21]

From 1944 to 1974, the Sool region was formerly Las Anod district. It was one of three districts under British protection. The other two districts were the Burao and hargeysa districts.[22]

In 1974 most Sool was part of the larger Nugaal region, with its capital at Garowe. It was established as a separate region in 1984 with its capital at Las Anod.[23]

السكان

خطأ لوا في وحدة:Location_map/multi على السطر 27: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Sool" does not exist.

The Sool region is almost exclusively inhabited by Dhulbahante.[24][25][26][27] Michael Walls reports:

"The residents of Sool overwhelmingly hail from a single clan grouping in the form of the Dhulbahante [...]. Sool boasts a degree of kinship homogeneity that is rare even in the Somali Horn".[28]

The Habr Je'lo clan of the Isaaq clan-family make up the vast majority of the population in western Sool, including the region's second largest town Aynaba,[29] as well as the wider Aynaba District.[30]

The Habr Yunis sub-division of the Garhajis Isaaq also inhabit the western parts of Hudun and Las Anod districts in northern Sool.[31]

The Dhulbahante sub-division of the Harti Darod clan primarily inhabits the Taleh, eastern Hudun and Las Anod districts in eastern Sool.[32][33][34] The Fiqishini sub-clan of the Habar Gidir Hawiye[35] integrated into Baho Nugaaled Dhulbahante,[36] inhabit the area around Adhi'adeye.[37][38]

Districts

The Sool region consists of 4 districts.[39]

District Grade Capital Comments Location
Las Anod A Las Anod Regional capital Las Anod in Sool (Somaliland).svg
Aynabo B Aynabo Aynabo in Sool (Somaliland).svg
Hudun C Hudun Hudun in Sool (Somaliland).svg
Taleh B Taleh Taleh in Sool (Somaliland).svg

القرى

الخريطة

  • خريطة منطقة صول
  • Somaliland-Sool Region.svg

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ "Somalia country profile". BBC. 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  2. ^ "Sool Governor Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye in yagoori conference".
  3. ^ "Gudomiyaha Gobalka sool Abdikarin Haji Diiriye koormeray taliska sool".
  4. ^ "Population Estimation Survey 2013" (PDF). Federal Republic of Somalia. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  5. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  6. ^ UNSOM (2022-06-22). "Catching up on human rights needs in Sool and Sanaag after four years". Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  7. ^ "Detailed Site Assessment (DSA): Sool region, Somalia (March 2022)". reliefweb.int. 2022-04-20. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  8. ^ "Completed Project". www.eth.mpg.de (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  9. ^ "Are Somaliland, Puntland ready for war over land?". The East African (in الإنجليزية). 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  10. ^ "Somalia: No elections in disputed regions, Puntland says - Somalia". ReliefWeb (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  11. ^ "Averting War in Northern Somalia". Crisis Group (in الإنجليزية). 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  12. ^ Mahmood, Omar S. (2019-11-01). "Overlapping Claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The Case of Sool and Sanaag". Africa Portal. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  13. ^ ISSAfrica.org (2019-12-09). "The various layers to the Somaliland-Puntland discord". ISS Africa (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  14. ^ "BFA Staatendokumentation/ Andreas Tiwald, Analyse zu Somalia - Lagekarten zur Sicherheitslage". Austrian Federal Office for Immigration and Asylum: 8. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  15. ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office: 74. February 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  16. ^ أ ب ت Markus Virgil Hoehne (2015). "Between Somaliland and Puntland" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  17. ^ "Somalia: Puntland and Somaliland forces clash in Tukaraq". crisis24.garda.com. 2018-05-25. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  18. ^ "Somaliland Oo Xoog Kula Wareegtay Degmada Taleex Ee Gobolka Sool". mareeg.com. 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
  19. ^ Office, News (2022-05-18). "Ciidamada Somaliland oo qabsaday degmada Boocame ee Gobolka Sool". Puntland Post (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-06-13. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  20. ^ Ahmed M. Musa (2021). "Lasanod: City at the margins" (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
  21. ^ "Development map, roads, 1944". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  22. ^ "Development map, roads, 1944". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  23. ^ "Somalia (1988)". CIA. December 1988. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
  24. ^ "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 10.
  25. ^ Hohne, Markus V. (2006). "Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (3): 405. doi:10.1017/S0022278X06001820. S2CID 54173895.
  26. ^ "Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia" (PDF). Horn of Africa Bulletin. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  27. ^ International Crisis Group. "Somaliland: The Strains of Success" (PDF): 4. Retrieved 20 September 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ^ Walls, Michael. "Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?". Africa Research Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  29. ^ Renders, Marleen (2012). Consider Somaliland : state-building with traditional leaders and institutions. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-22254-0. OCLC 775301944. Eastern Sanaag and Sool had not been Egal's priority. The president did not strictly need these regions to be under his military control in order to preserve and consolidate his position politically or in terms of resources.
  30. ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information Report - Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office: 74. February 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  32. ^ Walls, Michael. "Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?". Africa Research Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  33. ^ "Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia" (PDF). Horn of Africa Bulletin. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  34. ^ "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 10.
  35. ^ Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. London. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5. OCLC 976483444.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  36. ^ Political Orientations and Repertoires of Identification: State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia, 2011, Markus Hoehne, p. 285, "Schlee (1994 [1989]: 223) confirmed that... Fiqishiini ’."
  37. ^ "Waqtiga Celeema saarka Sultaanka Beesha FIQISHINI oo la shaaciyey". halgan.net. 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
  38. ^ "Qaban-Qaabada Suldaanka Beesha Fiqishini Oo Laga Dareemayo Degmada Laascaanood Iyo Wufuud Kusii Qulqulaysa Adhicadeeye". laascaanood.com. 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
  39. ^ "Sool Region" (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2013.

وصلات خارجية

Coordinates: 8°23′46″N 47°41′29″E / 8.39611°N 47.69139°E / 8.39611; 47.69139

قالب:Regions of Somaliland

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=صول،_الصومال&oldid=2881098"