1765

تحويل 1-1-1765م الى هجري  (وصلة خارجية)  | تحويل 31-12-1765م الى هجري  (وصلة خارجية)  | ابحث في الموسوعة عن مواضيع متعلقة بسنة 1765

الألفية: الألفية 2
القرون: القرن 17 - القرن 18 - القرن 19
العقود: عقد 1730  عقد 1740  عقد 1750  - عقد 1760 -  عقد 1770  عقد 1780  عقد 1790
السنوات: 1762 1763 1764 - 1765 - 1766 1767 1768
1765 حسب الموضوع:
الفنون والعلوم
الآثار – العمارة – الفن – الأدب (الشعر) – الموسيقى – العلوم
البلدان
مصر - سوريا
قوائم الزعماء
حكام المستعمرات – زعماء الدول
تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات
المواليد – الوفيات
تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات
التأسيسات – الانحلالات
تصنيف الأعمال
الأعمال
1765 في التقاويم الأخرى
التقويم الگريگوري1765
MDCCLXV
آب أوربه كونديتا2518
التقويم الأرمني1214
ԹՎ ՌՄԺԴ
التقويم الآشوري6515
التقويم البهائي−79 – −78
التقويم البنغالي1172
التقويم الأمازيغي2715
سنة العهد البريطاني5 Geo. 3 – 6 Geo. 3
التقويم البوذي2309
التقويم البورمي1127
التقويم البيزنطي7273–7274
التقويم الصيني甲申年 (الخشب القرد)
4461 أو 4401
    — إلى —
乙酉年 (الخشب الديك)
4462 أو 4402
التقويم القبطي1481–1482
التقويم الديسكوردي2931
التقويم الإثيوپي1757–1758
التقويم العبري5525–5526
التقاويم الهندوسية
 - ڤيكرام سامڤات1821–1822
 - شاكا سامڤات1687–1688
 - كالي يوگا4866–4867
تقويم الهولوسين11765
تقويم الإگبو765–766
التقويم الإيراني1143–1144
التقويم الهجري1178–1179
التقويم اليابانيMeiwa 2
(明和２年)
تقويم جوچىN/A
التقويم اليوليوسيالگريگوري ناقص 11 يوم
التقويم الكوري4098
تقويم مينگوو147 قبل جمهورية الصين
民前147年
التقويم الشمسي التايلندي2308
This box:

سنة 1765 (MDCCLXV) كانت سنة بسيطة تبدأ يوم الثلاثاء (الرابط يعرض التقويم كاملاً) التقويم الگريگوري، السنة 1765 بعد الميلاد (م)، السنة 765 في الألفية 2، السنة 65 في القرن 18، والسنة 6 في عقد 1760 بين 1583 و 1929 ومع فارق 1765 is 11 يوم عن التقويم اليوليوسي، والذين ظلوا مستخدمين حتى التحول الكامل إلى التقويم الگريگوري في 1929.

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أحداث

يناير-مارس

    • Frederick the Great، the King of Prussia، issues a decree abolishing the historic punishments against unmarried women in Germany for "sex crimes", particularly the Hurenstrafen (literally "whore shaming") practices of public humiliation.[2]
    • Isaac Barré، a member of the British House of Commons for Wycombe and a veteran of the French and Indian War in the British American colonies, coins the term "Sons of Liberty" in a rebuttal to Charles Townshend's derisive description of the American colonists during the introduction of the proposed Stamp Act. MP Barré notes that "They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and unhospitable country... And yet, actuated by the principles of true English liberty, they met all these hardships with pleasure, compared with those they suffered in their own country, from the hands of those who should have been their friends." American colonists adopt the term for their own organization after reading the accounts of Barré's speech.[3]
  • February 14 - Spain's five-member "special junta", appointed by Prime Minister Jerónimo Grimaldi، delivers its report regarding "ways to address the backwardness of Spain's commerce with its colonies and with foreign nations". The report provides detailed orders to be delivered to José de Gálvez، the visitador general in charge of New Spain.[4]
  • March 9 - After a public campaign by the writer Voltaire، judges in Paris posthumously exonerate Jean Calas of murdering his son. Calas had been tortured and executed in 1762 on the charge, though his son may have committed suicide.
  • March 22 - Royal assent is given to the Duties in American Colonies Act 1765، historically referred to as the Stamp Act، imposing the first direct tax levied from Great Britain on the thirteen American colonies، effective November 1.[5] The revenue measure (which requires the purchase of a stamp to be affixed for validation of all legal documents, but also to licensed newspapers and even playing cards and dice) is made to help defray the costs for British military operations in North America، including the French and Indian War.[6]
  • March 24 - Great Britain passes the Quartering Act، requiring private households in the thirteen American colonies to house British soldiers if necessary.

أبريل-يونيو

  • April 4 - At Fort Tombecbe، near what is now the town of Epes, Alabama، representatives of the British Empire and of the Choctaw Indian tribe in Mississippi sign a peace treaty in the wake of French cession of claims to the British. A boundary is fixed between land to be occupied by the Choctaws and for lands which British settlers can use; in addition, the British agree to provide a police official and a gunsmith at Fort Tombecbe for the Choctaws to use for trespassing complaints and for weapons repairs. By 1775, however, the Choctaws are outnumbered in Mississippi.[7]
  • April 5 - After completing the portion of the Mason–Dixon line marking the semi-circular boundary between Pennsylvania and Delaware، English surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon begin the two and a half year process of plotting out the 230-mile boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland along the latitude of 39°43′20″ N.[8]
  • April 14 - Three days after getting the news that the Stamp Act has passed, American colonists invade the British Army arsenal near the New York City Hall and sabotage guns inside by spiking them.[9]
  • April 26 - At Saint Petersburg، German engineer Christian Kratzenstein presents to the Russian Academy of Sciences a perfected version of the arithmetical machine originally invented by Gottfried Leibniz. Kratzenstein claims that his machine solves the problem with the Leibniz machine has with calculations above four digits, perfecting the flaw where the machine is "prone to err whenever it is necessary to make a number of 9999 move to 10000", but the machine is not developed further.[10]
  • May 18 - Not long after British rule has started over the formerly French colony of Quebec، an accidental fire destroys one quarter of the town of Montreal.[11]
  • May 26 - During a stroll in the park "on a fine Sabbath afternoon" at Glasgow Green، Scottish engineer James Watt receives the inspiration that provides the breakthrough in his development of the steam engine; he recounts later that "The idea came into my mind, that as steam was an elastic body it would rush into a vacuum, and if a communication was made between the cylinder and an exhausted vessel, it would rush into it, and might be there condensed without cooling the cylinder... I had not walked further than the Golf-house when the whole thing was arranged in my mind."[12]
  • June 21 - The Isle of Man is brought under British control, the Isle of Man Purchase Act (coming into force 10 May) confirming HM Treasury's purchase of the feudal rights of the Dukes of Atholl، as Lord of Mann over the island, and revesting them into the British Crown.[13]
  • 26-27 يونيو - قصف العرائش من قِبل البحرية الفرنسية، التي تكبدت خسائر فادحة.

يوليو-ديسمبر

16 أغسطس: توقيع معاهدة الله آباد.
خريطة الهند في 1765 تبين الأقاليم الموالية للمراثا (بالأصفر)؛ والأقاليم الموالية للمغل (بالأخضر).

آسيا

مسار الحرب البورمية السيامية في 1765
  • In the Siamese-Burmese War , the Burmese ruler Hsinbyushin of the Konbaung dynasty pinched the Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya under Ekathat from the north and west, with his forces rapidly advancing on the capital of Ayutthaya . In the same year, Hsinbyushin moves its capital from Sagaing to Ava .

دوران جون بايرون حول الأرض

جون بايرون، بريشة جوشوا رينولدز.
  • الأميرال البريطان جون بايرون يبحر من ميناء پوِرتو دسيادو، في پتاگونيا، ضمن دورانه حول الأرض الذي بدأه في العام السابق، ويهبط في جزيرة سوندرز مقابل غرب فوكلاند، فيؤسس پورت إگمونت ويستولي على كل جزر فوكلاند للتاج البريطاني، دون أن يعلم أنه في ذلك الوقت كانت توجد مستوطنة فرنسية أسسها لوي أنطوان دى بوگانڤيل في العام السابق في تلك الجزر.
    The small fleet consisting of the two ships Dolphin and Tamar then sails through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific and first calls at the island of Mas Afuera - one of the Juan Fernández Islands . Heading north-west to Takaroa , Byron lands there, despite an unfriendly reception, to stock up on fresh provisions. After sailing west through various archipelagos, being the first Europeans to sight Tokelau 's Duke of York's Island (June 4) and some Gilbert Islands , Byron lands on Tinian on June 30(Northern Mariana Islands), where the expedition stays for nine weeks before heading west for home.


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أفريقيا

مجهولة التاريخ

العلوم والتكنولوجيا

  • 24 مارس - بأمر من الأرشدوقة ماريا تريسا، training school for the treatment of cattle diseases is founded in Vienna. It is the third oldest institution of its kind worldwide, after Lyon and Alfort , and the oldest in the German-speaking world.
  • ليونارد أويلر يلخص laws of motion of the rigid body in his work Theoria motus corporum solidorum .
  • أكاديمية المناجم في فرايبورگ، ساكسونيا، يؤسسها Franz Xaver von Sachsen according to the plans of Friedrich Wilhelm von Oppel , Carl Wilhelm Benno von Heynitz and Friedrich Anton von Heynitz under the name Kurfürstlich-Sächsische Bergakademie zu Freiberg as a training center for miners. The Bergakademie is the oldest mining scientific educational institution in the world that still exists .
  • الطبيب إرازموس داروِن يؤسس الجمعية القمرية في برمنگهام، a society of people interested in science in Great Britain , consisting of poets , theologians , inventors , doctors , writers , physicists , chemists and industrialists. At a time when it is otherwise difficult to communicate and share knowledge, participants will discuss their latest research and findings to learn from and inspire one another. The society gets its name because the members meet once a month on a full moon due to the lack of street lighting , so that they can drive home after the meeting in natural light in the evening.

المجتمع

الذئب الذي قتله فرانسوا أنطوان، حين قدمه إلى لويس الخامس عشر.
گوته قبيل أن يبدأ الدراسة في لايپزيگ، لوحة زيتية بريشة يوهان كرن.
  • 21 سبتمبر - After several battues and other methods used by Jean-Baptiste Louis François Boulanger Duhamel to hunt the so-called » Beast of Gévaudan « were unsuccessful, the royal agent François Antoine killed a handsome wolf who was known at the king's court as a »Beast« is presented. Since further attacks of the beast do not appear at first, Antoine receives the bounty placed on the beast. But on December 2nd, two children were attacked again.
  • Beginning of October: At the request of his father , Johann Wolfgang Goethe began studying law in Leipzig , later referred to as “ Little Paris ”. He moves into his apartment in a courtyard building of the Grosse Feuerkugel house on Neumarkt. However, he soon gave preference to Christian Fürchtegott Gellert 's poetry lectures , to which the students could present their attempts at writing. He also took drawing lessons from the Saxon court painter Adam Friedrich Oeser , with whose daughter Friederike Elisabeth he became close friends.

خرائط تاريخية ومناظر

پانوراما روما، 1765، بريشة جوزپى ڤازي.


مواليد

Nicéphore Niépce
William IV of the United Kingdom
Robert Fulton

مجهولة التاريخ


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وفيات

Mikhail Lomonosov

المراجع

  1. ^ Abdul Majed Khan, The Transition in Bengal, 1756-75: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan (Cambridge University Press, 2007) p69
  2. ^ Isabel V. Hull, Sexuality, State, and Civil Society in Germany, 1700-1815 (Cornell University Press, 1997) p127
  3. ^ Jonathan Mercantini, The Stamp Act of 1765: A History in Documents (Broadview Press, 2017) p71
  4. ^ Stanley J. Stein and Barbara H. Stein, Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003) p69
  5. ^ "Sunday's and Monday's Posts", in The Leeds Intelligencer, March 26, 1765, p3
  6. ^ Richard Archer, As If an Enemy's Country: The British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2010) pp20-21
  7. ^ "Mississippi", by Kathrin Dodds, in Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia, ed. by Daniel S. Murphree (ABC-CLIO, 2012) p611
  8. ^ Andro Linklater, The Fabric of America: How Our Borders and Boundaries Shaped the Country and Forged Our National Identity (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009) p29
  9. ^ Edward Robb Ellis, The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History (Basic Books, 2011)
  10. ^ Matthew L. Jones, Reckoning with Matter: Calculating Machines, Innovation, and Thinking about Thinking from Pascal to Babbage (University of Chicago Press, 2016) p133
  11. ^ William Henry Atherton, Montreal, 1535-1914: Under British rule, 1760-1914" (S. J. Clarke, 1914) p397
  12. ^ H. W. Dickinson, James Watt: Craftsman and Engineer (Cambridge University Press, 1936) pp36-37
  13. ^ Hartley Booth, V. E.; Sells, Peter (1980). British extradition law and procedure: including extradition between the United Kingdom and foreign states, the Commonwealth and dependent countries and the Republic of China. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff. p. 5. ISBN 978-90-286-0079-9. OCLC 6890466.
  14. ^ Nicholas K. Robinson, Edmund Burke: A Life in Caricature (Yale University Press, 1996) p17
  15. ^ Arrell M. Gibson, Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border (University of Oklahoma Press, 1975)
  16. ^ "Nanicksah", in Native Peoples A to Z: A Reference Guide to Native Peoples of the Western Hemisphere, ed. by Donald Ricky (Native American Book Publishers, 2009) p1779
  17. ^ John Wiley Spiers, How Small business Trades Worldwide (Writer's Showcase, 2001) p86
  18. ^ "Karim Khan Zand (ca. 1705-1779)" in The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, by Mehrdad Kia (ABC-CLIO, 2017) p133
  19. ^ Bert Anson, The Miami Indians (University of Oklahoma Press, 2000) p74
  20. ^ Robert Blair St. George, Conversing by Signs: Poetics of Implication in Colonial New England Culture (University of North Carolina Press, 2000) p246
  21. ^ Bhattacherje, S. B. (May 1, 2009). Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. A-96. ISBN 9788120740747. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  22. ^ Bisha, Robin (2002). Russian Women, 1698-1917 Experience and Expression: An Anthology of Sources. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 162–163.
  23. ^ "Biografia de José María Morelos". Biografiasyvidas.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  24. ^ Abela, Joe (1999). "Filippo Castagna u Birżebbuġa". Leħen il-Banda (in المالطية). Għaqda San Pietru Fil-Ktajjen A.D. 1957. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019.
  25. ^ "Smithsonian History, James Smithson". Smithsonian Institution Archives Website. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

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