قائمة الثدييات

Mammalia is a class of vertebrate animals. Members of this class are called mammals. It comprises 5,909 extant species, which are grouped into 163 families, themselves grouped into 27 orders in 3 major divisions. These orders can contain between one and thousands of species, grouped into genera and then into families. Mammals are characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding their young, a neocortex region of the brain, and fur or hair. Mammals are native to all major land masses and the oceans, and can be found worldwide. They live in every habitat on Earth. The basic mammalian body type is quadrupedal, with most mammals using four limbs for terrestrial locomotion, but in some the limbs are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees or underground. They range in length from Kitti's hog-nosed bat, at 2 cm (1 in) with no tail, to the blue whale, at 32.6 m (107 ft) long, including tail.

The three major divisions of mammals are the infraclass Marsupialia, containing the marsupial animals wherein the young are carried in a pouch; the infraclass Placentalia, for which the fetus is carried in the uterus, and the order Monotremata, containing egg-laying species. Marsupialia contains 334 species, Monotremata contains 5, and Placentalia contains the vast majority of extant mammals at 5,570 species. The majority of mammals, in terms of number of species, are in the two largest orders: Rodentia, or rodents, with 2,360 species, and Chiroptera, or bats, with 1,318. The exact organization of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. In addition to the extant mammals, 70 species have been driven extinct since 1500 CE.

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The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

 التبويب

The class Mammalia consists of 5,909 extant species grouped into 1,295 genera belonging to 163 families. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 163 families can be grouped into 27 orders; these orders are divided into 3 major groupings: Marsupialia, an infraclass containing 7 orders of mammals which give birth to relatively undeveloped young that often reside in a pouch located on their mothers' abdomen for a time; Placentalia, an infraclass containing 19 orders of mammals that have fetuses that are carried in the uterus, and Monotremata, an order of egg-laying mammals. Within these groupings, the orders are organized into named clades, and some of these orders are subdivided into named suborders. An additional 70 species have been driven extinct since 1500 CE: 13 in Marsupialia and 57 in Placentalia.

Infraclass Marsupialia

• Ameridelphia
  • Order Didelphimorphia (opossums): 1 family, 93 species (1 extinct)
  • Order Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) : 1 family, 7 species
• Superorder Australidelphia
  • Order Dasyuromorphia (Australian carnivorous marsupials): 2 families, 73 species (1 extinct)
  • Order Diprotodontia (kangaroos and possums)
    • Suborder Macropodiformes (kangaroos and potoroos): 3 families, 80 species (8 extinct)
    • Suborder Phalangeriformes (possums): 6 families, 64 species
    • Suborder Vombatiformes (koala and wombats): 2 families, 4 species
  • Order Microbiotheria (monito del monte): 1 family, 2 species
  • Order Notoryctemorphia (marsupial mole): 1 family, 2 species
  • Order Peramelemorphia (bandicoots and bilbies): 3 families, 20 species (1 extinct)

Infraclass Placentalia

• Superorder Afrotheria
  • Order Afrosoricida (golden moles and tenrecs)
    • Suborder Chrysochloridea (golden moles): 1 family, 21 species
    • Suborder Tenrecomorpha (otter shrews and tenrecs): 2 families, 34 species
  • Order Hyracoidea (hyraxes): 1 family, 5 species
  • Order Macroscelidea (elephant shrews): 1 family, 19 species
  • Order Proboscidea (elephants): 1 family, 3 species
  • Order Sirenia (sea cows): 2 families, 5 species (1 extinct)
  • Order Tubulidentata (aardvark): 1 families, 1 species
• Superorder Euarchontoglires
  • Order Scandentia (treeshrews): 2 families, 23 species
  • Order Dermoptera (colugos): 1 family, 2 species
  • Order Lagomorpha (hares and pikas): 2 families, 93 species
  • Order Primates (primates)
    • Suborder Haplorhini (monkeys and apes): 9 families, 389 species
    • Suborder Strepsirrhini (lemurs and galagos): 7 families, 142 species
  • Order Rodentia (rodents)
    • Suborder Anomaluromorpha (scaly-tailed squirrels and springhares): 2 families, 9 species
    • Suborder Castorimorpha (gophers and kangaroo rats): 3 families, 101 species
    • Suborder Hystricomorpha (porcupines, mole-rats and Neotropical spiny rats): 18 families, 301 species (15 extinct)
    • Suborder Myomorpha (mice and rats): 9 families, 1,673 species (24 extinct)
    • Suborder Sciuromorpha (dormice and squirrels): 3 families, 314 species

• Superorder Laurasiatheria
  • Order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)
    • Suborder Ruminantia (ruminants): 6 families, 227 species
    • Suborder Suina (pigs and peccaries): 2 families, 20 species
    • Suborder Tylopoda (camels): 1 family, 7 species
    • Suborder Whippomorpha (whales and hippopotamuses): 15 families, 99 species
  • Order Carnivora (wolves and cats)
    • Suborder Caniformia (wolves, weasels, and seals): 9 families, 173 species (2 extinct)
    • Suborder Feliformia (cats and mongooses): 6 families, 125 species
  • Order Chiroptera (bats)
    • Suborder Yangochiroptera (leaf-nosed and vesper bats): 14 families, 929 species (3 extinct)
    • Suborder Yinpterochiroptera (fruit and horseshoe bats): 6 families, 398 species (6 extinct)
  • Order Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs and shrews): 4 families, 485 species
  • Order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)
    • Suborder Ceratomorpha (rhinoceroses and tapirs): 2 families, 9 species
    • Suborder Hippomorpha (horses): 1 family, 9 species
  • Order Pholidota (pangolins): 1 family, 8 species
• Superorder Xenarthra
  • Order Cingulata (armadillos): 2 families, 22 species
  • Order Pilosa (sloths and anteaters)
    • Suborder Folivora (sloths): 2 families, 6 species
    • Suborder Vermilingua (anteaters): 2 families, 3 species

Order Monotremata (platypus and echidnas): 2 families, 5 species

Mammalia   Marsupialia     Paucituberculata       Didelphimorphia     Australidelphia     Microbiotheria       Diprotodontia       Notoryctemorphia       Dasyuromorphia     Peramelemorphia                 Placentalia     Xenarthra     Cingulata     Pilosa     Afrotheria       Tubulidentata       Macroscelidea     Afrosoricida           Hyracoidea       Proboscidea     Sirenia             Euarchontoglires       Scandentia       Dermoptera     Primates           Lagomorpha     Rodentia       Laurasiatheria     Eulipotyphla       Chiroptera         Artiodactyla     Perissodactyla         Pholidota     Carnivora                   Monotremata

 الثدييات

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.

 Infraclass Marsupialia

Marsupialia distribution (introduced in purple)

Marsupialia is one of the three main divisions of mammals, and contains 334 extant species. It is distinguished from the other two groups in that marsupials give birth to relatively undeveloped young that often reside in a pouch located on their mothers' abdomen for a certain amount of time. It is divided into two groupings: the superorder Australidelphia and Ameridelphia, which was previously considered a superorder but is now regarded as a paraphyletic group. Ameridelphia contains 99 extant species in 2 orders, each containing a single family: Didelphimorphia, or the opossums, and Paucituberculata, or the shrew opossums. Australidelphia contains 235 extant species in 18 families, grouped into 5 orders: Dasyuromorphia, or the Australian carnivorous marsupials; Diprotodontia, or the kangaroos and possums; Microbiotheria, or the monito del montes; and Notoryctemorphia, or the marsupial moles; and Peramelemorphia, or the bandicoots and bilbies. One additional species in Ameridelphia and twelve in Australidelphia were driven extinct in modern times.

 Ameridelphia

 Didelphimorphia

المقالة الرئيسية: List of didelphimorphs

Members of the Didelphimorphia order are called didelphimorphs or opossums. They are found in North and South America, Australia, and southeastern Asia and are omnivorous, eating insects, small vertebrates, and vegetation. Didelphimorphia comprises a single family of 92 extant species in 18 genera. One additional species was driven extinct in modern times.

 Paucituberculata

Members of the Paucituberculata order are called paucituberculatans or shrew opossums. They are found in western South America and are omnivorous, eating larva, small vertebrates, and vegetation. Paucituberculata comprises a single family of seven extant species in three genera.

 Superorder Australidelphia

 Dasyuromorphia

المقالة الرئيسية: List of dasyuromorphs

Members of the Dasyuromorphia order are called dasyuromorphs or Australian carnivorous marsupials and include the marsupial shrews and the numbat. They are found in Australia and New Guinea and are carnivorous, eating a wide variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. Dasyuromorphia comprises 2 families containing 72 extant species in 14 genera. One additional family containing a single species was driven extinct in modern times.

 Diprotodontia

المقالة الرئيسية: List of diprotodonts

Members of the Diprotodontia order are called diprotodonts and include kangaroos, wallabies, potoroos, possums, the koala, and wombats. They are found in Australia and southeastern Asia and are omnivorous, but primarily eat a wide variety of vegetation and invertebrates. Diprotodontia comprises 11 families containing 140 extant species in 39 genera. These families are divided between three suborders: Macropodiformes, containing the kangaroos, wallabies, and potoroos; Phalangeriformes, or the possums; and Vombatiformes, or the koala and wombats. Eight additional kangaroo and potoroo species were driven extinct in modern times.

 Microbiotheria

Members of the Microbiotheria order are called microbiotherians or monito del montes. They are found in southwestern South America and eat vegetation and invertebrates. Microbiotheria comprises a single family containing two extant species in a single genus.

 Notoryctemorphia

Members of the Notoryctemorphia order are called notoryctemorphs or marsupial moles. They are found in central Australia and eat insects and seeds. Notoryctemorphia comprises a single family containing two extant species in a single genus.

 Peramelemorphia

المقالة الرئيسية: List of peramelemorphs

Members of the Peramelemorphia order are called peramelemorphs and include bandicoots and bilbies. They are found in Australia and New Guinea and are omnivorous. Peramelemorphia comprises two families containing 19 extant species in 7 genera. Three additional species, including the sole member of a third family, were driven extinct in modern times.

 Infraclass Placentalia

Placentalia is one of the three main divisions of mammals, and contains the vast majority of extant species with 5,570 species. It is distinguished from the other two groups in that the placental animals have fetuses that are carried in the uterus. It is divided into four superorders: Afrotheria, Euarchontoglires, Laurasiatheria, and Xenarthra.

Afrotheria contains 87 extant species in 9 families, grouped into 6 orders: Afrosoricida, the golden moles and tenrecs; Hyracoidea, or hyraxes; Macroscelidea, or elephant shrews; Proboscidea, or elephants; Sirenia, or dugongs and manatees; and Tubulidentata, or aardvarks. Euarchontoglires contains 2,982 extant species in 56 families, grouped into 5 orders: Scandentia, or the treeshrews; Dermoptera, or the colugos; Lagomorpha, containing hares and pikas; Primates, containing monkeys and apes; and Rodentia, or rodents. Laurasiatheria contains 2,470 species in 69 families, grouped into 6 orders: Artiodactyla, containing deer, cattle, pigs, and whales; Carnivora, containing wolves, otters, seals, cats, and mongooses; Chiroptera, or bats; Eulipotyphla, containing hedgehogs, shrews, and moles; Perissodactyla, containing horses, tapirs, and rhinoceroses; and Pholidota, or pangolins. Xenarthra contains 31 species in 6 families, grouped into 2 orders: Cingulata, or armadillos, and Pilosa, the sloths and anteaters. One additional species in Afrotheria, 38 in Euarchontoglires, and 18 in Laurasiatheria were driven extinct in modern times.

 Superorder Afrotheria

 Afrosoricida

Afrosoricida distribution

المقالة الرئيسية: List of afrosoricids

Members of the Afrosoricida order are called afrosoricids and include golden moles, otter shrews, and tenrecs. They are found in Sub-Saharan Africa and eat invertebrates, fish, amphibians, lizards, and vegetation. Afrosoricida comprises three families of 55 extant species in 20 genera. These families are divided between two suborders: Chrysochloridea, or the golden moles, and Tenrecomorpha, containing the otter shrews and tenrecs.

 Hyracoidea

Members of the Hyracoidea order are called hyracoids or hyraxes. They are found in Africa and the Middle East and eat a variety of vegetation. Hyracoidea comprises a single family of five extant species in three genera.

 Macroscelidea

المقالة الرئيسية: List of macroscelids

Members of the Macroscelidea order are called macroscelids or elephant shrews. They are found in Africa and eat ants and termites, as well as other insects. Macroscelidea comprises a single family of 19 extant species in 6 genera.

 Proboscidea

Members of the Proboscidea order are called proboscids or elephants. They are found in Sub-Saharan Africa and southern and southeastern Asia and eat grass, bark, roots, leaves, shrubs, and fruit. Proboscidea comprises a single family of three extant species in two genera, in the suborder Elephantiformes.

 Sirenia

Sirenia distribution

Members of the Sirenia order are called sirenians or sea cows and include dugongs and manatees. They are found in the Indian, Pacific, and western Atlantic Oceans and in South American and western African rivers, and eat aquatic vegetation and algaes, as well as fish and invertebrates. Sirenia comprises two families of four extant species in two genera. Additionally, a single species of dugong was driven extinct in modern times.

 Tubulidentata

Members of the Tubulidentata order are called tubulidentatans or aardvarks. They are found in Africa and eat termites, as well as other insects and fruit. Tubulidentata is composed of a single species.

 Superorder Euarchontoglires

 Scandentia

المقالة الرئيسية: List of scandentians

Scandentia distribution

Members of the Scandentia order are called scandentians or treeshrews. They are found in India and southeastern Asia and eat insects and fruit, as well as small animals and plants. Scandentia comprises 2 families of 23 extant species in 4 genera.

 Dermoptera

Members of the Dermoptera order are called dermopterans or colugos. They are found in southeastern Asia and eat leaves. Dermoptera comprises a single family of two extant species in two genera.

 Lagomorpha

Lagomorpha distribution

المقالة الرئيسية: List of lagomorphs

Members of the Lagomorpha order are called lagomorphs and include hares, rabbits, and pikas. They are found worldwide and eat a variety of plant material. Lagomorpha comprises 2 families of 93 extant species in 12 genera.

 Primates

Primates distribution (non-human)

المقالة الرئيسية: List of primates

للمزيد من المعلومات on Suborder Haplorhini: List of cercopithecoids, List of hominoids, List of platyrrhines, and List of tarsiiformes

للمزيد من المعلومات on Suborder Strepsirrhini: List of lemuroids and List of lorisoids

Members of the Primates order are called primates and include monkeys and apes. Excluding humans, they are found in Central and South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia, and eat a variety of plant material, invertebrates, and small vertebrates. Primates comprises 16 families of 505 extant species in 81 genera. These families are divided between two suborders: Haplorhini, containing the apes, gibbons, New World monkeys, and tarsiers, and Strepsirrhini, containing the lemurs, galagos, and lorises.

 Rodentia

Rodentia distribution

المقالة الرئيسية: List of rodents

Members of the Rodentia order are called rodents. They are found worldwide, and eat a wide variety of plant material and invertebrates, with some species eating small vertebrates or carrion. Rodentia comprises 35 families of 2,360 extant species—about 40% of all mammal species—in 511 genera. These families are grouped into five suborders: Anomaluromorpha, containing the scaly-tailed squirrels and springhares; Castorimorpha, containing breavers, gophers, and kangaroo rats; Hystricomorpha, containing mole-rats, cavies, tuco-tucos, agoutis, and New World spiny rats and porcupines; Myomorpha, containing a wide variety of mice and rats; and Sciuromorpha, containing dormice and squirrels. Additionally, 38 species have been driven to extinction in modern times.

 Superorder Laurasiatheria

 Artiodactyla

المقالة الرئيسية: List of artiodactyls

Members of the Artiodactyla order are called artiodactyls or even-toed ungulates, and include deer, cattle, pigs, camels, whales, and dolphins. They are found worldwide on land and in oceans, and eat a wide variety of plant material, fish, and other marine animals. Artiodactyla comprises 24 families of 349 extant species in 133 genera. These families are grouped into four suborders: Ruminantia, containing deer, cattle, goats, a giraffes; Suina, containing pigs and peccaries; Tylopoda, containing camels and llamas; and Whippomorpha, containing whales, dolphins, and hippopotomuses. Three additional species have been driven to extinction in modern times.

 Carnivora

The extant distribution and density of Carnivora species, excluding introductions

المقالة الرئيسية: List of carnivorans

Members of the Carnivora order are called carnivorans, and include dogs, bears, raccoons, weasels, seals, cats, hyenas, and mongooses. They are found worldwide on land an in oceans, and are omnivorous, with some species predominately eating plant material or aquatic animals. Carnivora comprises 16 families of 291 extant species in 131 genera. These families are grouped into two suborders: Caniformia, containing dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons, skunks, weasels, and seals, and Feliformia, containing cats, hyenas, mongooses, and civets. Six additional species have been driven to extinction in modern times.

 Chiroptera

Chiroptera distribution

المقالة الرئيسية: List of chiropterans

Members of the Chiroptera order are called chiropterans or bats. They are found worldwide, and predominately eat insects, with some species also eating fruit or fish. Chiroptera comprises 21 families of 1,318 extant species—about 20% of all mammal species—in 226 genera. These families are grouped into two suborders: Yangochiroptera, containing sheath-tailed, leaf-nosed, free-tailed, and vesper bats, and Yinpterochiroptera, containing Old World leaf-nosed, fruit, and horseshoe bats. Nine additional species have been driven to extinction in modern times.

 Eulipotyphla

المقالة الرئيسية: List of eulipotyphlans

Members of the Eulipotyphla order are called eulipotyphlans and include hedgehogs, shrews, and moles. They are found worldwide, and predominately eat insects, small vertebrates, and vegetation. Eulipotyphla comprises 4 families of 485 extant species in 53 genera. One additional species has been driven to extinction in modern times.

 Perissodactyla

المقالة الرئيسية: List of perissodactyls

Members of the Perissodactyla order are called perissodactyls or odd-toed ungulates, and include rhinoceroses, tapirs, and horses. They are found worldwide, and eat a variety of vegetation. Perissodactyla comprises 3 families of 18 extant species in 6 genera. These families are grouped into two suborders: Ceratomorpha, containing rhinoceroses and tapirs, and Hippomorpha, or horses.

 Pholidota

المقالة الرئيسية: List of pholidotans

Members of the Pholidota order are called pholidotans or pangolins. They are found in Sub-Saharan Africa and southern and southeastern Asia, and eat ants and termites, as well as other insects. Pholidota comprises a single family of eight extant species in three genera.

 Superorder Xenarthra

 Cingulata

Cingulata distribution

المقالة الرئيسية: List of cingulates

Members of the Cingulata order are called cingulates or armadillos. They are found in South America and North America, and eat insects, other invertebrates, small reptiles, amphibians, and carrion. Cingulata comprises 2 families of 22 extant species in 9 genera.

 Pilosa

Pilosa distribution

المقالة الرئيسية: List of pilosans

Members of the Pilosa order are called pilosans and include sloths and anteaters. They are found in Mexico, Central America, and South America, and the sloths eat leaves, twigs, and fruit, while the anteaters eat ants, termites, and other insects. Cingulata comprises thee families of nine extant species in four genera. These families are grouped into two suborders: Folivora, or sloths, and Vermilingua, or anteaters.

 Monotremata

Monotremata distribution

Monotremata is the smallest of the three main divisions of mammals, containing only five extant species. It is distinguished from other mammals in that the monotremes are egg-laying rather than bearing live young, but, like all mammals, the female monotremes nurse their young with milk. Unlike the other two divisions, it is considered an order rather than an infraclass, and in turn contains two families of extant species grouped together in the superfamily Ornithorhynchoidea: Ornithorhynchidae, containing only the platypus, and Tachyglossidae, containing four species of echidna in two genera. Monotremes are found in Australia and New Guinea and are carnivorous, eating insects, worms, shrimp, tadpoles, and small fish.

 Sources

• Chernasky, Amy; Motis, Anna; Burgin, Connor, eds. (2023). All the Mammals of the World. Lynx Nature Books. ISBN 978-84-16728-66-4.
• Feldhamer, G. A.; Drickamer, L. C.; Vessey, S. H.; Merritt, J. F.; Krajewski, C. (2007). Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8695-9. OCLC 124031907.
• Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
• Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
• Nowak, Ronald M. (2005). Walker's Marsupials of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8222-7.
• Power, M. L.; Schulkin, J. (2013). The Evolution of the Human Placenta. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0643-5. OCLC 940749490.
• Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.