قط (جنس)

(تم التحويل من Felis)
للاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر Felis (disambiguation)

قط
Temporal range: المسيني – الهولوسين 6.2–0 م‌س
The six wild Felis species; from top-left, clockwise: European wildcat (F. silvestris), jungle cat (F. chaus), African wildcat (F. lybica), black-footed cat (F. nigripes), sand cat (F. margarita), Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
التصنيف العلمي e
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): الحياة
مملكة: الحيوانية
Phylum: حبليات
Class: الثدييات
تحت فصيلة: قطية
الجنس: القط
لينايوس، 1758
الأنواع
Native Felis range

القطط (الاسم العلمي: Felis)، هو جنس تحت الفصيلة القطية، بما فيها القطط المنزلية المألوفة وأقاربها البرية. تتوزع الأنواع البرية على نطاق واسع في جميع أنحاء أوروبا وجنوب ووسط آسيا، وأفريقيا؛ وانتشرت القطط المنزلية في جميع أنحاء العالم. The genus includes the domestic cat. The smallest of the seven Felis species is the black-footed cat with a head and body length from 38 إلى 42 cm (15 إلى 17 in). The largest is the jungle cat with a head and body length from 62 إلى 76 cm (24 إلى 30 in).[1]

Genetic studies indicate that the Felinae genera Felis, Otocolobus and Prionailurus diverged from a Eurasian progenitor of the Felidae about 6٫2 مليون سنة مضت, and that Felis species split off 3.04 to 0.99 million years ago.[2][3]

أصل الاسم

The generic name Felis is derived from Classical Latin fēlis meaning 'cat, ferret'.[4]

التصنيف

Carl Linnaeus considered Felis to comprise all cat species known until 1758.[5] Later taxonomists split the cat family into different genera. In 1917, the British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock revised the genus Felis as comprising only the ones listed in the following table.[1] Estimated genetic divergence times of the listed species are indicated in million years ago (Mya), based on analysis of autosomal, xDNA, yDNA and mtDNA gene segments.[2]

النوع صورة الوضع والانتشار
القط الشائع (F. catus) لينايوس، 1758[5]
القط البري الأوروپي (F. silvestris) شربر، 1777[6]

diverged 1.62 to 0.59 Mya

 LC[7]

قط الأحراش (F. chaus) شربر، 1777[8]

diverged 4.88 to 2.41 Mya

 LC[9]

القط البري الأفريقي (F. lybica) فورستر، 1780[10]

diverged 1.86 to 0.72 Mya

القط أسود القدم (F. nigripes) بورشل، 1824[11]

diverged 4.44 to 2.16 Mya

 VU[12]

قط الرمال (F. margarita) لوتشه، 1858[13]

diverged 3.67 to 1.72 Mya

 LC[14]

القط الجبلي الصيني (F. bieti) Milne-إدواردز، 1892[15]

diverged 1.86 to 0.72 Mya

 VU[16]


نسالة

Felidae 

 Felinae

 

 

 Felis

 

 

 

 

 

 

Domestic cat (F. catus)

 
 

European wildcat (F. silvestris)

 
 
 

 

African wildcat (F. lybica)

 
 

Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)

 
 
 
 

Sand cat (F. margarita)

 
 
 

Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)

 
 
 

Jungle cat (F. chaus)

 
 
 
 

other Felinae lineages

 
 
 
 
 

Pantherinae

 
 

الأنواع المنقرضة

Extinct Felis species in the fossil record include:

الوصف

Felis species have high and wide skulls, short jaws and narrow ears with short tufts, but without any white spots on the back of the ears. Their pupils contract to a vertical slit.[1] A black cat from Transcaucasia described in 1904 as F. daemon by Satunin[19] turned out to be a feral cat, probably a hybrid of wildcat and domestic cat.[20] The Kellas cat is a hybrid between domestic cat and European wildcat occurring in Scotland.[21]

The Corsican wildcat is considered to have been introduced to Corsica before the beginning of the 1st millennium.[22][23] A genetic study of a dozen individuals showed that they are closely related to the African wildcat originating in the Middle East.[24]

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت Pocock, R. I. (1951). Catalogue of the genus Felis. London: British Museum of Natural History.
  2. ^ أ ب Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.
  3. ^ Pecon-Slattery, J.; O'Brien, S. J. (1998). "Patterns of Y and X chromosome DNA sequence divergence during the Felidae radiation". Genetics. 148 (3): 1245–1255. doi:10.1093/genetics/148.3.1245. PMC 1460026. PMID 9539439.
  4. ^ Valpy, F. E. J. (1828). "Felis". An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language. London: A. J. Valpy.
  5. ^ أ ب Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in اللاتينية). Vol. 1 (10th reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. pp. 42–44. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "Linnaeus" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  6. ^ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Die wilde Kaze" [The wild Cat]. Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (Dritter Theil). Erlangen: Expedition des Schreber'schen Säugthier- und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes. pp. 397–402. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Yamaguchi, N.; Kitchener, A.; Driscoll, C.; Nussberger, B. (2015). "Felis silvestris". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2015: e.T60354712A50652361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T60354712A50652361.en. Retrieved 29 October 2018. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Der Kirmyschak". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 414–416. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Gray, T. N. E.; Timmins, R. J.; Jathana, D.; Duckworth, J. W.; Baral, H.; Mukherjee, S. (2016). "Felis chaus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T8540A50651463. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8540A50651463.en. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Forster, G. R. (1780). "LIII. Der Karakal". Herrn von Büffons Naturgeschichte der vierfüssigen Thiere. Mit Vermehrungen, aus dem Französischen übersetzt. Sechster Band [Mr. von Büffon‘s Natural History of Quadrupeds. With additions, translated from French. Volume 6]. Berlin: Joachim Pauli. pp. 299–319. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Burchell, W. J. (1824). "Felis nigripes". Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, Vol. II. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 592. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Sliwa, A.; Wilson, B.; Küsters, M.; Tordiffe, A. (2016). "Felis nigripes". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T8542A50652196. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8542A50652196.en. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Loche, V. (1858). "Description d'une nouvelle espèce de Chat par M. le capitaine Loche" [Description of a new species of cat, Mr. Captain Loche]. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée. 2. X: 49–50.
  14. ^ Sliwa, A.; Ghadirian, T.; Appel, A.; Banfield, L.; Sher Shah, M.; Wacher, T. (2016). "Felis margarita". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T8541A50651884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8541A50651884.en. Retrieved 29 October 2018. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Milne-Edwards, A. (1892). "Observations sur les mammifères du Thibet". Revue Générale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées. III: 670–671.
  16. ^ Riordan, P.; Sanderson, J.; Bao, W.; Abdukadir, A.; Shi, K. (2015). "Felis bieti". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2015: e.T8539A50651398. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8539A50651398.en. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  17. ^ Martelli, A. (1906). "Su due Mustelidi e un Felide del Pliocene Toscano" [About two Mustelids and one Felid of Pliocene Toscana]. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana. 25: 595–612.
  18. ^ Stach, Jan (1961). "On two carnivores from the Pliocene breccia of Węże". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 6 (4): 321–329.
  19. ^ Satunin, C. (1904). "The Black Wild Cat of Transcaucasia". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. II: 162–163. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1904.tb08325.x.
  20. ^ Bukhnikashvili, A.; Yevlampiev, I. (eds.). Catalogue of the Specimens of Caucasian Large Mammalian Fauna in the Collection (PDF). Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum.
  21. ^ Kitchener, C.; Easterbee, N. (1992). "The taxonomic status of black wild felids in Scotland". Journal of Zoology. 227 (2): 342−346. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04832.x.
  22. ^ Vigne, J.-D. (1992). "Zooarchaeology and the biogeographical history of the mammals of Corsica and Sardinia since the last ice age". Mammal Review. 22 (2): 87–96. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1992.tb00124.x.
  23. ^ Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 17−20.
  24. ^ Saplakoglu, Y. (2019). "Meet the Cat-Fox, an Oddball Feline Roaming Around a French Island". Live Science. Retrieved 25 June 2019.

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