إيليا پريگوجين

(تم التحويل من Ilya Prigogine)
إيليا بريگوجين
Ilya Prigogine
وُلِدَ(1917-01-25)25 يناير 1917
مويكو، روسيا
توفي28 مايو 2003(2003-05-28) (aged 86)
بروكسل, بلجيكا
القوميةبلجيكي
المدرسة الأمUniversité Libre de Bruxelles
عـُرِف بـDissipative structures
الجوائزجائزة نوبل في الكيمياء (1977)
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتالكيمياء, الفيزياء
الهيئاتجامعة بروكسل الحرة
International Solvay Institute
University of Texas, Austin
المشرف على الدكتوراهThéophile de Donder
طلاب الدكتوراهAdi Bulsara
Radu Balescu

إيليا بريگوجين Ilya Prigogine هو كيميائي وفيزيائي بلجيكي من أصل روسي ولد في 25 يناير 1917 في موسكو و توفي في 28 مايو 2003 .

ولد إيليا بريغوجي في موسكو و هرب صغيرا إلى بلجيكا . أراد أن يفهم كيف اضطر إلى هجر بلده فدخل السياسة و بدأ بدراسة الحقوق . أراد كذلك فهم تصرف المتهم فدرس علم النفس . أراد بعد ذلك فهم علم النفس و كيفية التصرف فقرر فهم كيفية عمل المخ . فدرس الكيمياء و الكيمياء الحيوية و علم الأحياء . أراد بعد ذلك فهم التفاعلات الكيميائية فدرس فيزياء الذرات .

حصل سنة 1976 على وسام رمفورد وفي سنة 1977 على جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء.

السيرة

النشأة والتعليم

Prigogine was born in Moscow a few months before the October Revolution of 1917, into a Jewish family.[1] His father, Ruvim Abramovich Prigogine (1884–1974), was a chemist who studied at the Imperial Moscow Technical School and owned a paint factory; his mother, Yulia Leivikovna Vikhman (1892–?), was a pianist who attended the Moscow Conservatory. In 1921, the factory having been nationalized by the new Soviet regime and the feeling of insecurity rising amidst the civil war, the family left Russia. After a brief period in Lithuania, they went to Germany and settled in Berlin; 8 years later, the poor economic situation and the creeping emergence of Nazism caused them to move on to Brussels, where Prigogine received Belgian nationality in 1949. His brother Alexandre (1913–1991) became an ornithologist.[2]

As a teenager, Prigogine was interested in music, history and archeology. He graduated from the Athenée d'Ixelles in 1935, majoring in Greek and Latin. His parents encouraged him to become a lawyer, and he initially enrolled in law studies at the Free University of Brussels. At that time he developed an interest in psychology and the study of behavior; in turn, reading about these subjects triggered an interest in chemistry, as chemical processes impact the mind and body; this also triggered a more fundamental interest in physics, as they explain chemistry. He ended up dropping out from the law faculty.[3]

Prigogine afterwards simultaneously enrolled in chemistry and physics at the Free University of Brussels, something he achieved with "uncommon success"; he earned the equivalent of a Master's degree in both disciplines in 1939, and a PhD in chemistry in 1941 under Théophile de Donder.[3][4]

السيرة المبكرة والحرب العالمية الثانية

He started his research career under the German occupation of Belgium. From 1940 onwards he gave clandestine lectures to students. In 1941, the university formally closed to protest the forced appointment of Flemish pro-Nazi New Order professors by the occupiers;[5] he continued giving clandestine lectures until the Liberation of Belgium in 1944. During that time window he also published 21 articles. In 1943, Prigogine and his future wife Hélène Jofé were arrested by the Germans; after multiple interventions including by the Queen Elisabeth, they were eventually released a couple of weeks later.[3]

السيرة اللاحقة

In 1951, he became a full professor at his alma mater; at 34 years old, he was the youngest ever full professor at the science faculty in Brussels.[3] In 1959, he was appointed director of the International Solvay Institute in Brussels, Belgium. In that year, he also started teaching at the University of Texas at Austin in the United States, where he later was appointed Regental Professor and Ashbel Smith Professor of Physics and Chemical Engineering. From 1961 until 1966 he was affiliated with the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago and was a visiting professor at Northwestern University.[6][7] In Austin, in 1967, he co-founded the Center for Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, now the Center for Complex Quantum Systems.[8] In that year, he also returned to Belgium, where he became director of the Center for Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics.

He was a member of numerous scientific organizations, and received numerous awards, prizes and 53 honorary degrees. In 1955, Prigogine was awarded the Francqui Prize for Exact Sciences. For his study in irreversible thermodynamics, he received the Rumford Medal in 1976, and in 1977, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures".[9] In 1989, he was awarded the title of viscount in the Belgian nobility by the King of the Belgians. Until his death, he was president of the International Academy of Science, Munich and was in 1997, one of the founders of the International Commission on Distance Education (CODE), a worldwide accreditation agency.[10][11] Prigogine received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1985[12] and in 1998 he was awarded an honoris causa doctorate by the UNAM in Mexico City.

Prigogine was first married to Belgian poet Hélène Jofé (as an author also known as Hélène Prigogine) and in 1945 they had a son Yves. After their divorce, he married Polish-born chemist Maria Prokopowicz (also known as Maria Prigogine) in 1961. In 1970 they had a son, Pascal.[13]

In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.[14]

الأبحاث

Prigogine defined dissipative structures and their role in thermodynamic systems far from equilibrium,[15][16][17] a discovery that won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977.[9] In summary, Ilya Prigogine discovered that importation and dissipation of energy into chemical systems could result in the emergence of new structures (hence dissipative structures) due to internal self reorganization.[18][19][20] In his 1955 text, Prigogine drew connections between dissipative structures and the Rayleigh-Bénard instability and the Turing mechanism.[21] And his 1977 work on self-reorganization was recognized as relevant for psychology.[22]

نظرية البنى المبددة

Dissipative structure theory led to pioneering research[which?] in self-organizing systems, as well as philosophical inquiries[which?] into the formation of complexity in biological entities and the quest for a creative[vague] and irreversible role of time in the natural sciences.[مطلوب توضيح]

With professor Robert Herman, he also developed the basis of the two fluid model,[23] a traffic model in traffic engineering for urban networks, analogous to the two fluid model in classical statistical mechanics,[23][24] a common problem that had attracted Prigogine's attention some years before.[25]

Prigogine's formal concept[مطلوب توضيح] of self-organization was used also as a "complementary bridge" between general systems theory and thermodynamics, conciliating the cloudiness of some important systems theory concepts such as entropy instead of molecular disorder,[26][which?] and emergence, fluctuations and irreversibility instead of “birth and death”[27][28] with scientific rigor.[19][29]

Work on unsolved problems in physics

انظر أيضاً: Unsolved problems in physics

In his later years, his work concentrated on the fundamental role of indeterminism in nonlinear systems on both the classical and quantum level. Prigogine and coworkers proposed a Liouville space extension of quantum mechanics.[30][31]A Liouville space is the vector space formed by the set of (self-adjoint) linear operators, equipped with an inner product, that act on a Hilbert space.[32] There exists a mapping of each linear operator into Liouville space, yet not every self-adjoint operator of Liouville space has a counterpart in Hilbert space, and in this sense Liouville space has a richer structure than Hilbert space.[33] The Liouville space extension proposal by Prigogine and co-workers aimed to solve the arrow of time problem of thermodynamics and the measurement problem of quantum mechanics.[31]

Prigogine co-authored several books with Isabelle Stengers, including The End of Certainty and La Nouvelle Alliance (Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature).

The End of Certainty

In his 1996 book, La Fin des certitudes, written in collaboration with Isabelle Stengers and published in English in 1997 as The End of Certainty: Time, Chaos, and the New Laws of Nature, Prigogine contends that determinism is no longer a viable scientific belief: "The more we know about our universe, the more difficult it becomes to believe in determinism." This is a major departure from the approach of Newton, Einstein and Schrödinger, all of whom expressed their theories in terms of deterministic equations. According to Prigogine, determinism loses its explanatory power in the face of irreversibility and instability.

Prigogine traces the dispute over determinism back to Darwin, whose attempt to explain individual variability according to evolving populations inspired Ludwig Boltzmann to explain the behavior of gases in terms of populations of particles rather than individual particles.[34] This led to the field of statistical mechanics and the realization that gases undergo irreversible processes. In deterministic physics, all processes are time-reversible, meaning that they can proceed backward as well as forward through time. As Prigogine explains, determinism is fundamentally a denial of the arrow of time. With no arrow of time, there is no longer a privileged moment known as the "present," which follows a determined "past" and precedes an undetermined "future." All of time is simply given, with the future as determined or as undetermined as the past. With irreversibility, the arrow of time is reintroduced to physics. Prigogine notes numerous examples of irreversibility, including diffusion, radioactive decay, solar radiation, weather and the emergence and evolution of life. Like weather systems, organisms are unstable systems existing far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Instability resists standard deterministic explanation. Instead, due to sensitivity to initial conditions, unstable systems can only be explained statistically, that is, in terms of probability.

Prigogine asserts that Newtonian physics has now been "extended" three times:[citation needed] first with the introduction of spacetime in general relativity, then with the use of the wave function in quantum mechanics, and finally with the recognition of indeterminism in the study of unstable systems (chaos theory).

المنشورات

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

الهامش

  1. ^ Multiple sources:
  2. ^ Louette, Michel (1992). "Obituary: Alexandre Prigogine (1913–1991)". Ibis. 134: 89–90. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb07238.x.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث Lefever, René (8 November 2013). "NOTICE BIOGRAPHIQUE D'ILYA PRIGOGINE". Hosted on ResearchGate. Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  4. ^ "FAREWELL TO ILYA PRIGOGINE (appendix)". Chaos and Innovation Research Unit, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. 6 June 2003.
  5. ^ Aron, Paul; Gotovich, José (2008). Dictionnaire de la seconde guerre mondiale en Belgique. Bruxelles: André Versaille. ISBN 9782874950018.
  6. ^ Todd May (11 September 2014). Emerging Trends in Continental Philosophy. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1317546788.
  7. ^ "Northwestern Nobels: Northwestern Magazine – Northwestern University". www.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-05.[dead link]
  8. ^ "Nobel Prize-winning physical chemist dies in Brussels at age 86". Utexas.edu. 28 May 2003. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  9. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :4
  10. ^ "History – International Academy of Science, Munich". www.ias-icsd.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  11. ^ International Council for Scientific Development. Presidium Archived 2 أبريل 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ias-icsd.org
  12. ^ "Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates". www1.hw.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  13. ^ Ilya Prigogine. (2003). Curriculum Vitae of Ilya Prigogine In Is future given. World Scientific.
  14. ^ "Notable Signers". Humanism and Its Aspirations. American Humanist Association. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  15. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :0
  16. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :1
  17. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :3
  18. ^ Nicolis, Grégoire; Prigogine, Ilya (1977). Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems : from dissipative structures to order through fluctuations (in الإنجليزية). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-02401-9.
  19. ^ أ ب Brent, Sandor B. (1978). "Prigogine's Model for Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems: Its Relevance for Developmental Psychology". Human Development. 21 (5/6): 374–387. doi:10.1159/000272417. ISSN 0018-716X. JSTOR 26765555.
  20. ^ P. T. Macklem (3 April 2008). "Emergent phenomena and the secrets of life". Journal of Applied Physiology. 104 (6): 1844–1846. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00942.2007. PMID 18202170.
  21. ^ I. Prigogine, Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, 1955
  22. ^ Brent, Sandor B. (1978). "Prigogine's Model for Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems: Its Relevance for Developmental Psychology". Human Development. 21 (5/6): 374–387. doi:10.1159/000272417. ISSN 0018-716X. JSTOR 26765555.
  23. ^ أ ب Prigogine, I.; Herman, R. (1971). KINETIC THEORY OF VEHICULAR TRAFFIC (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية).
  24. ^ Herman, Robert; Lam, Tenny; Prigogine, Ilya (1971). Kinetic Theory of Vehicular Traffic: Comparison with Data (in الإنجليزية). General Motors Research Laboratories.
  25. ^ Prigogine, I.; Andrews, F. C. (1960). "A Boltzmann-Like Approach for Traffic Flow". Operations Research. 8 (6): 789–797. doi:10.1287/opre.8.6.789. ISSN 0030-364X.
  26. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". NobelPrize.org (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-01-03.
  27. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :2
  28. ^ Prigogine, I. (1973). "Irreversibility as a Symmetry-breaking Process". Nature (in الإنجليزية). 246 (5428): 67–71. Bibcode:1973Natur.246...67P. doi:10.1038/246067a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  29. ^ Balescu, Radu (2003). "Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003)". Nature (in الإنجليزية). 424 (6944): 30. doi:10.1038/424030a. ISSN 1476-4687.
  30. ^ Petrosky, T.; Prigogine, I. (1991-06-15). "Alternative formulation of classical and quantum dynamics for non-integrable systems". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 175 (1): 146–209. Bibcode:1991PhyA..175..146P. doi:10.1016/0378-4371(91)90273-F. ISSN 0378-4371.
  31. ^ أ ب T. Petrosky; I. Prigogine (1997). "The Liouville Space Extension of Quantum Mechanics". Adv. Chem. Phys. Advances in Chemical Physics. 99: 1–120. doi:10.1002/9780470141588.ch1. ISBN 978-0-470-14158-8.
  32. ^ Gregg Jaeger: Quantum Information: An Overview, Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-0-387-35725-6, Chapter B.3 "Lioville space and open quantum systems", p. 248
  33. ^ T. Sida, K. Saitô, Si Si (eds.): Quantum Information and Complexity: Proceedings of the Meijo Winter School, 6–10 January 2003, World Scientific Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-981-256-047-6, p. 62
  34. ^ Prigogine & Stengers (1997), p. 19–20.

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