1278
| القرون: | قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14 |
| العقود: | ع1240 ع1250 ع1260 ع1270 ع1280 ع1290 ع1300 |
| السنوات: | 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14 |
| عقود: | عقد 1240 عقد 1250 عقد 1260 – عقد 1270 – عقد 1280 عقد 1290 عقد 1300 |
| سنين: | 1275 1276 1277 – 1278 – 1279 1280 1281 |
| 1278 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1278 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1278 MCCLXXVIII |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2031 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 727 ԹՎ ՉԻԷ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6028 |
| التقويم البهائي | −566 – −565 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 685 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2228 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 6 Edw. 1 – 7 Edw. 1 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1822 |
| التقويم البورمي | 640 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6786–6787 |
| التقويم الصيني | 丁丑年 (النار الثور) 3974 أو 3914 — إلى — 戊寅年 (التراب النمر) 3975 أو 3915 |
| التقويم القبطي | 994–995 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2444 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1270–1271 |
| التقويم العبري | 5038–5039 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1334–1335 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1200–1201 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4379–4380 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11278 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 278–279 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 656–657 |
| التقويم الهجري | 676–677 |
| التقويم الياباني | Kenji 4 / Kōan 1 (弘安元年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1278 MCCLXXVIII |
| التقويم الكوري | 3611 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 634 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前634年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1821 |
Year 1278 (MCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
أحداث
حسب المكان
أوروبا
- May 1 – William of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea, dies. By the terms of the Treaty of Viterbo, his lands passed under the direct control of Charles I, king of Sicily. Charles appoints a bailiff to rule the Latin principality.[1] In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, Nicholas III, on May 24. He promises not to attack or invade the Byzantine Empire because Nicholas has hopes to unify the Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church.[2]
- August 5 – Reconquista: Siege of Algeciras – Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King Alfonso X ("the Wise") besiege Algeciras (at this time under control of the Marinids). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the Bay of Gibraltar to prevent the supply of the city from nearby Gibraltar. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the Order of Saint Mary of Spain, a military-religious order which is concentrated in naval warfare.[3]
- August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by Kings Rudolf I of Germany in alliance with Ladislaus IV of Hungary ("the Cuman"), defeat and kill Ottokar II, ruler of Bohemia. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of Central Europe. Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.[4]
- September 29 – Reconquista: Aragonese forces led by King Peter III take the Muslim stronghold of Montesa, putting an end to two years of Mudéjar rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm and go into exile.[5]
إنجلترة
- November 17 – King Edward I ("Longshanks") raises the penalty for coin clipping from banishment to execution. All Jews are subjected to arrest and search of their homes on suspicion of coin clipping. Some 680 Jews are imprisoned in the Tower of London, with more than 300 subsequently executed. At this time, the Jewish population is believed to have been some 3,000.[6]
الشام
- January – Charles I is crowned King of Jerusalem, and is recognized by the kingdom's barons at Acre. He surrenders the vicariate of Tuscany to Nicholas III. His bailiff, Roger of San Severino, appoints various Frenchmen from Charles' court as his chief officers. Bohemond VII, count of Tripoli (and nominal Prince of Antioch), acknowledges Roger as lawful bailiff.[7]
آسيا
- May 8 – The 7-year-old Emperor Emperor Duanzong (or Zhao Shi) dies of illness. He is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing who becomes the last ruler of the Song dynasty. Meanwhile, Mongol forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan ("Great Khan") draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court.
- November 8 – Trần Thánh Tông, second emperor of Vietnam's Trần dynasty, takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for 11 years to co-rule with his son Trần Khâm.
حسب الموضوع
الفن والثقافة
- The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.
الأسواق
- Giles of Lessines writes his De usuris. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in Roman Catholic Europe.[8]
الدين
- September 8 – Pere d'Urtx, Catalan bishop of Urgell, becomes the first Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra, when he signs the paréage, establishing joint-sovereignty over the territory with Roger-Bernard III, count of Foix.
مواليد
- January 10/11 – Rita of Armenia, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1333)
- March 11 – Mary of Woodstock, English princess, nun (d. 1332)
- May 9 – Kokan Shiren, Japanese Zen patriarch (d. 1347)
- August 26 – Safi al-Din al-Hilli, Persian poet and writer (d. 1349)
- September 8 – Theobald II, English nobleman (d. 1316)
- November 10 – Philip I, Prince of Taranto, Neapolitan prince (d. 1331)
- Christopher Seton, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1306)
- Constantine I (or III), co-ruler of Cilician Armenia (d. 1310)
- Ferdinand of Majorca, Aragonese prince (infante) (d. 1316)
- Hōjō Sadaaki, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1333)
- Jean van Hocsem, Belgian monk and historian (d. 1348)
- John de Graham, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1337)
- Philip I of Piedmont, Latin prince of Achaea (d. 1334)
- Thomas of Lancaster, English nobleman (d. 1322)
وفيات
- January 3 – Ladislaus II Kán, Hungarian nobleman and knight
- January 22 – Roger de Skerning, English monk and bishop
- March 16 – William IV, German nobleman and knight (b. 1210)
- March 28 or 29 – Bertrand de Saint-Martin, French cardinal and archbishop
- May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea (b. 1211)
- May 8 – Emperor Duanzong (or Zhao Shi), Chinese emperor (b. 1270)
- June 30 – Pierre de la Broce, French nobleman and councilor
- August 16 – Napoleone della Torre (or Napo), Italian nobleman
- August 26 – Ottokar II, Bohemian nobleman and king (b. 1233)
- September or October – Robert de Chauncy, English cleric, bishop and high sheriff
- November 13 – Barnim I, German nobleman (House of Griffin)
- December 26/31 – Bolesław II the Horned, Polish nobleman (House of Piast)
- December (or 1277) – Sambor II of Tczew, German nobleman, prince and knight
- Andrew, Duke of Slavonia, Hungarian nobleman and prince (House of Árpád) (b. 1268)
- Geoffrey Chauderon, Latin nobleman and Grand Constable
- Lancelot de Saint-Maard, French nobleman and marshal
- Lanxi Daolong, Chinese-born monk and calligrapher (b. 1213)
- Lý Chiêu Hoàng, Vietnamese empress consort (b. 1218)
- Martin of Opava (or Poland), Polish bishop and chronicler
- Stephen II Báncsa, Hungarian prelate and bishop (b. 1240)
- Tudur ap Ednyfed Fychan, Welsh nobleman and politician
- Ubertino Pallavicini, Italian nobleman (House of Pallavicini)
المراجع
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 193. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 186. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
- ^ Clauss, M. (2010). Rogers, Clifford, J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Volume I, p. 552–554. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195334036.
- ^ de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 120. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
- ^ David B. Green. Haaretz – Jewish World: All Jews of England are arrested in a 'coin-clipping' scandal, retrieved on November 17, 2013.
- ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 288. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
- ^ Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
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