مارلين مونرو
Marilyn Monroe | |
|---|---|
 Monroe in 1953 | |
| وُلِدَ | Norma Jeane Mortenson[أ] يونيو 1, 1926 Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| توفي | أغسطس 4, 1962 (aged 36) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| سبب الوفاة | Barbiturate overdose |
| Burial place | Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery |
| أسماء أخرى | Norma Jeane Baker |
| المهنة |
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| سنوات النشاط | 1945–1962 |
Works | List of roles and awards |
| الزوج |
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| الوالدان |
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| الأقارب | Berniece Baker Miracle (half-sister) |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | marilynmonroe |
| التوقيع | |
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مارلين مونرو ( Marilyn Monroe ؛ /ˈmærəlɪn mənˈroʊ/ ؛ ولدت في 1 يونيو 1926 - 4 أغسطس 1962) كانت ممثلة أمريكية و model, and singer. Known for playing comic "blonde bombshell" characters, she became one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s and early 1960s, as well as an emblem of the era's sexual revolution. She was a top-billed actress for a decade, and her films grossed $200 million (equivalent to $Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=USD (parameter 1) not a recognized index. billion in 2022) by the time of her death in 1962.[3] Long after her death, Monroe remains a pop culture icon.[4] In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked her as the sixth-greatest female screen legend from the Golden Age of Hollywood.
Born and raised in Los Angeles, Monroe spent most of her childhood in a total of 12 foster homes and an orphanage[5] before marrying James Dougherty at age sixteen. She was working in a factory during World War II when she met a photographer from the First Motion Picture Unit and began a successful pin-up modeling career, which led to short-lived film contracts with 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures. After a series of minor film roles, she signed a new contract with Fox in late 1950. Over the next two years, she became a popular actress with roles in several comedies, including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business, and in the dramas Clash by Night and Don't Bother to Knock. Monroe faced a scandal when it was revealed that she had posed for nude photographs prior to becoming a star, but the story did not damage her career and instead resulted in increased interest in her films.
By 1953, Monroe was one of the most marketable Hollywood stars. She had leading roles in the film noir Niagara, which overtly relied on her sex appeal, and the comedies Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire, which established her star image as a "dumb blonde". The same year, her nude images were used as the centerfold and cover of the first issue of Playboy magazine. Monroe played a significant role in the creation and management of her public image throughout her career, but felt disappointed when typecast and underpaid by the studio. She was briefly suspended in early 1954 for refusing a film project but returned to star in The Seven Year Itch (1955), one of the biggest box office successes of her career.
When the studio was still reluctant to change Monroe's contract, she founded her own film production company in 1954. She dedicated 1955 to building the company and began studying method acting under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio. Later that year, Fox awarded her a new contract, which gave her more control and a larger salary. Her subsequent roles included a critically acclaimed performance in Bus Stop (1956) and her first independent production in The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). She won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for her role in Some Like It Hot (1959), a critical and commercial success. Her last completed film was the drama The Misfits (1961).
Monroe's troubled private life received much attention. She struggled with addiction and mood disorders. Her marriages to retired baseball star Joe DiMaggio and to playwright Arthur Miller were highly publicized, but ended in divorce. On August 4, 1962, she died at age 36 from an overdose of barbiturates at her Los Angeles home. Her death was ruled a probable suicide.
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حياتها
الحياة العملية
عملها المبكر: 1945–1947
الانتشار: 1948–1951
أفلام رائدة: 1952–1955
نجاح عالمي: 1954–1957
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آخر أفلامها: 1958–1962
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وفاتها
ادارة العقارات
حياتها الشخصية
العلاقات الشخصية
التحليل النفسي
السياسة
Portrayals
أفلامها
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أعمال لم تكتمل
| Film | Year | Role | Co-stars | Director | Producer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Something's Got to Give | 1962 | Ellen Wagstaff Arden | Dean Martin and Cyd Charisse | George Cukor | 20th Century Fox |
أعمال تلفزيونية
As Herself
| TV Program | Year | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| The Jack Benny Program | 1953 | 1 episode |
| Person to Person | 1955 | Television documentary |
| Premier Khrushchev in the USA | 1959 | Television documentary |
| President Kennedy's Birthday Salute | 1962 | Television movie |
| Lykke og krone | 1962 | Television documentary |
الأغاني
| Year | Film title | Song title |
|---|---|---|
| 1948 | Ladies of the Chorus | "Every Baby Needs a Da-Da-Daddy" |
| "Anyone Can See I Love You" | ||
| "Ladies Of The Chorus" | ||
| 1950 | A Ticket to Tomahawk | "Oh, What a Forward Young Man You Are" |
| 1953 | Niagara | "Kiss" |
| 1953 | Gentlemen Prefer Blondes | "Two Little Girls from Little Rock" |
| "When Love Goes Wrong" | ||
| "Bye Bye Baby" | ||
| "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" | ||
| "Four French Dances — Sur le balcon, La Tentateur, Sol taire, Parle d'affair" | ||
| "Down Boy"' | ||
| "When The Wild Wild Women Go Swimmin' Down In the Bimini Bay" | ||
| 1953 | Recordings for RCA | "She Acts Like A Woman Should" |
| "You'd Be Surprised" | ||
| "A Fine Romance" | ||
| "Do It Again" | ||
| 1954 | River of No Return | "I'm Gonna File My Claim" |
| "One Silver Dollar" | ||
| "Down In The Meadow" | ||
| "River Of No Return" | ||
| 1954 | There's No Business Like Show Business | "Heat Wave" |
| "Lazy" | ||
| "After You Get What You Want" | ||
| "A Man Chases a Girl" | ||
| 1956 | Bus Stop | "That Old Black Magic" |
| 1957 | The Prince and the Showgirl | "I Found a Dream" |
| 1959 | Some Like It Hot | "Runnin' Wild" |
| "I Wanna Be Loved By You" | ||
| "I'm Through With Love" | ||
| "Some Like It Hot" | ||
| 1960 | Let's Make Love | "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" |
| "Specialization" | ||
| "Let's Make Love" | ||
| "Incurably Romantic" | ||
| 1962 | - | "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" |
جوائز وتكريمات
- 1951 Henrietta Award: The Best Young Box Office Personality
- 1952 Photoplay Award: Fastest Rising Star of 1952
- 1952 Photoplay Award: Special Award
- 1952 Look American Magazine Achievement Award: Most Promising Female Newcomer of 1952
- 1953 Golden Globe Henrietta Award: World Film Favorite Female.
- 1953 Sweetheart of The Month (Playboy)
- 1953 Photoplay Award: Most Popular Female Star
- 1954 Photoplay Award for Best Actress: for Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire
- 1956 BAFTA Film Award nomination: Best Foreign Actress for The Seven Year Itch
- 1956 Golden Globe nomination: Best Motion Picture Actress in Comedy or Musical for Bus Stop
- 1958 BAFTA Film Award nomination: Best Foreign Actress for The Prince and the Showgirl
- 1958 David di Donatello Award (Italian): Best Foreign Actress for The Prince and the Showgirl
- 1959 Crystal Star Award (French): Best Foreign Actress for The Prince and the Showgirl
- 1960 Golden Globe, Best Motion Picture Actress in Comedy or Musical for Some Like It Hot
- 1962 Golden Globe, World Film Favorite: Female
- Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 6104 Hollywood Blvd.
- 1999 she was ranked as the sixth greatest female star of all time by the American Film Institute in their list AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars.
معرض الصور
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Legacy
According to The Guide to United States Popular Culture, "as an icon of American popular culture, Monroe's few rivals in popularity include Elvis Presley and Mickey Mouse... no other star has ever inspired such a wide range of emotions—from lust to pity, from envy to remorse."[7] Art historian Gail Levin stated that Monroe may have been "the most photographed person of the 20th century",[8] and The American Film Institute has named her the sixth greatest female screen legend in American film history. The Smithsonian Institution has included her on their list of "100 Most Significant Americans of All Time",[9] and both Variety and VH1 have placed her in the top ten in their rankings of the greatest popular culture icons of the twentieth century.[10][11]
Hundreds of books have been written about Monroe. She has been the subject of numerous films, plays, operas, and songs, and has influenced artists and entertainers such as Andy Warhol and Madonna.[12][13] She also remains a valuable brand:[14] her image and name have been licensed for hundreds of products, and she has been featured in advertising for brands such as Max Factor, Chanel, Mercedes-Benz, and Absolut Vodka.[15][16]
Monroe's enduring popularity is tied to her conflicted public image.[17] On the one hand, she remains a sex symbol, beauty icon and one of the most famous stars of classical Hollywood cinema.[18][19][20] On the other, she is also remembered for her troubled private life, unstable childhood, struggle for professional respect, as well as her death and the conspiracy theories that surrounded it.[21] She has been written about by scholars and journalists who are interested in gender and feminism;[22] these writers include Gloria Steinem, Jacqueline Rose,[23] Molly Haskell,[24] Sarah Churchwell,[16] and Lois Banner.[25] Some, such as Steinem, have viewed her as a victim of the studio system.[22][26] Others, such as Haskell,[27] Rose,[23] and Churchwell,[16] have instead stressed Monroe's proactive role in her career and her participation in the creation of her public persona.
Owing to the contrast between her stardom and troubled private life, Monroe is closely linked to broader discussions about modern phenomena such as mass media, fame, and consumer culture.[28] According to academic Susanne Hamscha, Monroe has continued relevance to ongoing discussions about modern society, and she is "never completely situated in one time or place" but has become "a surface on which narratives of American culture can be (re-)constructed", and "functions as a cultural type that can be reproduced, transformed, translated into new contexts, and enacted by other people".[28] Similarly, Banner has called Monroe the "eternal shapeshifter" who is re-created by "each generation, even each individual... to their own specifications".[29]
Monroe remains a cultural icon, but critics are divided on her legacy as an actress. David Thomson called her body of work "insubstantial"[30] and Pauline Kael wrote that she could not act, but rather "used her lack of an actress's skills to amuse the public. She had the wit or crassness or desperation to turn cheesecake into acting—and vice versa; she did what others had the 'good taste' not to do".[31] In contrast, Peter Bradshaw wrote that Monroe was a talented comedian who "understood how comedy achieved its effects",[32] and Roger Ebert wrote that "Monroe's eccentricities and neuroses on sets became notorious, but studios put up with her long after any other actress would have been blackballed because what they got back on the screen was magical".[33] Similarly, Jonathan Rosenbaum stated that "she subtly subverted the sexist content of her material" and that "the difficulty some people have discerning Monroe's intelligence as an actress seems rooted in the ideology of a repressive era, when super feminine women weren't supposed to be smart".[34]
Notes
References
- ^ "How Did Marilyn Monroe Get Her Name? This Photo Reveals the Story". Time.
- ^ "Monroe divorce papers for auction". April 21, 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ Hertel, Howard; Heff, Don (August 6, 1962). "Marilyn Monroe Dies; Pills Blamed". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
- ^ Chapman 2001, pp. 542–543; Hall 2006, p. 468.
- ^ "Marilyn Monroe". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
- ^ Rosemary Hanes with Brian Taves. "Moving Image Section—Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division" مكتبة الكونگرس. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ Chapman 2001, pp. 542–543.
- ^ "Filmmaker interview – Gail Levin". Public Broadcasting Service. July 19, 2006. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
- ^ Frail, T.A. (November 17, 2014). "Meet the 100 Most Significant Americans of All Time". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
- ^ "Beatles Named 'Icons of Century'". BBC. October 16, 2005. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
- ^ "The 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons Complete Ranked List" (Press release). VH1. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015 – via PR Newswire.
- ^ Churchwell 2004, pp. 12–15; Hamscha 2013, pp. 119–129.
- ^ Schneider, Michel (November 16, 2011). "Michel Schneider's Top 10 Books About Marilyn Monroe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ Rudnick, Paul (June 14, 1999). "The Blond Marilyn Monroe". Time. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ Churchwell 2004, pp. 33, 40.
- ^ أ ب ت Churchwell, Sarah (January 9, 2015). "Max Factor Can't Claim Credit for Marilyn Monroe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 25, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ Fuller & Lloyd 1983, p. 309; Marcus 2004, pp. 17–19, 309; Churchwell 2004, pp. 21–42.
- ^ Churchwell 2004, p. 8.
- ^ Stromberg, Joseph (August 5, 2011). "Remembering Marilyn Monroe". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
- ^ Wild, Mary (May 29, 2015). "Marilyn: The Icon". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
- ^ Fuller & Lloyd 1983, p. 309; Steinem & Barris 1987, pp. 13–15; Churchwell 2004, p. 8.
- ^ أ ب "Happy Birthday, Marilyn". The Guardian. May 29, 2001. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ أ ب Rose 2014, pp. 100–137.
- ^ Haskell 1991, pp. 254–265.
- ^ Banner, Lois (July 21, 2012). "Marilyn Monroe: Proto-feminist?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
- ^ Steinem & Barris 1987, pp. 15–23; Churchwell 2004, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Haskell, Molly (November 22, 1998). "Engineering an Icon". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ أ ب Hamscha 2013, pp. 119–129.
- ^ Banner, Lois (August 5, 2012). "Marilyn Monroe, the Eternal Shape Shifter". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ Thomson, David (August 6, 2012). "The Inscrutable Life and Death of Marilyn Monroe". New Republic. Archived from the original on December 10, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ Kael, Pauline (July 22, 1973). "Marilyn: A Rip-Off With Genius". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ Bradshaw, Peter (May 9, 2012). "Cannes and the Magic of Marilyn Monroe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (January 9, 2000). "Some Like It Hot". Roger Ebert.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
- ^ Rosenbaum, Jonathan (December 1, 2005). "Marilyn Monroe's Brains". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
انظر أيضا
- مارلين مونرو في الثقافة العامة
- Berniece Baker Miracle، أخت غير شقيقة لمارلين مونرو
- John F. Kennedy document hoax
هوامش
المصادر
- Churchwell, Sarah (2004). The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0-8050-7818-5.
- Clayton, Marie (2004). Marilyn Monroe: Unseen Archives. Barnes & Noble Inc. ISBN 0-7607-4673-7.
- Evans, Mike (2004). Marilyn: The Ultimate Book. MQ Publications. ASIN B000FL52LG.
- Kouvaros, George. ""The Misfits": What Happened Around the Camera". Film Quarterly. University of California Press. 55 (4): 28–33. doi:10.1525/fq.2002.55.4.28. JSTOR 1213933.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Gilmore, John (2007). Inside Marilyn Monroe, A Memoir. Ferine Books, Los Angeles. ISBN 0-97889680-7.
- Goode, James (1986). The Making of "The Misfits". Limelight Editions, New York. ISBN 0-87910-065-6.
- Guiles, Fred Lawrence (1993). Norma Jean: The Life of Marilyn Monroe. Paragon House Publishers. ISBN 1-55778-583-X.
- Harris, Warren G. (2002). Clark Gable, A Biography. Aurum Press, London. ISBN 1-85410-904-9.
- Jacke, Andreas: Marilyn Monroe und die Psychoanalyse. Psychosozial Verlag, Gießen 2005, ISBN 978-3-89806-398-2, ISBN 3-89806-398-4
- Jewell, Richard B. (1982). The RKO Story. Octopus Books, London. ISBN 0-706-41285-0.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Meaker, M. J. Sudden Endings: 13 Profiles in Depth of Famous Suicides Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, NY: 1964 p. 26–45: "Marilyn and Norma Jean: Marilyn Monroe"
- Mecacci, Luciano (2009). Freudian Slips: The Casualties of Psychoanalysis from the Wolf Man to Marilyn Monroe. Vagabondd Voices, Sulaisiadar 'san Rudha (Scotland). ISBN 978-0-9560560-1-6.
- Monroe, Marilyn (2000). My Story. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1102-2. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Olivier, Laurence (1982). Confessions of an Actor. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-14-006888-0.
- Riese, Randall (1988). The Unabridged Marilyn. Corgi Books, London. ISBN 0-552-99308-5.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Russell, Jane (1986). An Autobiography. Arrow Books, London. ISBN 0-09-949590-2.
- Server, Lee (2001). Robert Mitchum, Baby I Don't Care. St. Martin's Press, New York. ISBN 0-571-20994-7.
- Spoto, Donald (2001). Marilyn Monroe: The Biography. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1183-9.
- Staggs, Sam (2000). All About "All About Eve". St. Martin's Griffin, New York. ISBN 0-312-27315-0.
- Summers, Anthony (1985). Goddess, The Secret Lives of Marilyn Monroe. Guild Publishing, London. ISBN 0-575-03641-9.
وصلات خارجية
- مارلين مونرو at the Internet Movie Database
- Marilyn Monroe at the TCM Movie Database
- مارلين مونرو at AllMovie
- Works by or about مارلين مونرو in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Gallery: Marilyn Monroe: Life and Times – Life Magazine
- What Really Killed Marilyn, article by Clare Boothe Luce for Life Magazine, 7 August 1964.
- "Marilyn!", essay by Dan Callahan for Alt Screen on the occasion of a retrospective at BAMcinématek
قالب:Arthur Miller قالب:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century
- الصفحات بخصائص غير محلولة
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- Pages with errors in inflation template
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- مارلين مونرو
- مواليد 1926
- وفيات 1962
- ممثلات من القرن 20
- Actors Studio alumni
- ممثلون أقدموا على الانتحار
- University High School (Los Angeles, California) alumni
- مغنيات أمريكيات
- ممثلات أمريكيات
- حائزو جائزة گولدن گلوب لأفضل موسيقى أو كوميديا ممثلة (فيلم)
- Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
- متحولون من المسيحية إلى اليهودية
- Drug-related suicides in California
- انتحارات أنثوية
- Former Christian Scientists
- عارضات أزياء منتحرات
- أشخاص من لوس أنجلس، كاليفورنيا
- Playboy Playmates (1953–1959)
- RCA Victor artists
- Torch singers
- يهود أمريكان
- منتحرون